Page 1985 of 5267
6. With the tappet in place, rotate the trough one half
turn so the open side is down (toward crankshaft).
7. Remove the tappet installation tool from the tappet.
8. Re-install a dowel rod and secure the rod with a
rubber band.
9. Rotate the trough one half turn and repeat the pro-
cedure for the remaining tappets.
10. Install the camshaft (Refer to 9 - ENGINE/EN-
GINE BLOCK/CAMSHAFT & BEARINGS (IN
BLOCK) - INSTALLATION).
Page 1986 of 5267

PISTON & CONNECTING ROD
DESCRIPTION
PISTONS
The piston is constructed of aluminum and is gravity
cast, free floating design. The piston incorporates a
centrally located high swirl combustion bowl, and uti-
lizes a “keystone” style top compression ring, and a
“Tapered Face” intermediate ring, for superior cylinder
wall scraping. Piston cooling nozzles cool the piston
and pin with engine oil supplied by the crankshaft
main journals. All pistons are gallery cooled and utilize
J-jet piston cooling nozzles. Pistons are directional in
order to provide clearance to piston cooling nozzles.
CONNECTING RODS
The connecting rods are a split angle design. They
have a pressed-in-place wrist pin bushing that is lubri-
cated by piston cooling nozzle oil spray.
Machined connecting rods are no longer used in
the diesel engine. Do not install machined con-
necting rods into an engine that has fractured split
connecting rods.
Fractured split connecting rods are first manufactured
asasinglepieceandthenfracturedintotwopieces.Fracturedsplitconnecting rods can be identified by a rough
and irregular surface at the connecting rod split face. To properly assemble the rod cap to the connecting rod, the
bearing tangs on the connecting rod and cap must be located on the same side of the rod. The long end of the
connecting rod must be assembled on theintake or camshaft side of the engine.
Each matched fractured split connecting rod and cap is an assembly and are not interchangeable. If a connecting
rod or cap is damaged, the entire assembly must be replaced.
STANDARD PROCEDURE - HEAD GASKET SELECTION
1. Measure piston protrusion for all six pistons.
2. Calculate the average piston protrusion. Maximum allowable protrusion is 0.516 mm (0.020 inch).
NOTE: There are two different head gaskets available. One gasket is for Average piston protrusion less than
0.30 mm (0.011 inch). The other gasket is for Average piston protrusion greater than 0.30 mm (0.011 inch)
Page 1987 of 5267

REMOVAL
1. Disconnect the battery cables.
2. Remove the cylinder head (Refer to 9 - ENGINE/CYLINDER HEAD - REMOVAL).
3. Remove the oil pan and suction tube (Refer to 9 - ENGINE/LUBRICATION/OILPA N - R E M O VA L ) .
4. Remove bolts and the block stiffener.
5. Using Miller Tool 7471-B crankshaft barring tool, rotate the crankshaft so all of the pistons are below TDC.
6. Before removing the piston(s) from the bore(s):
a. Remove any carbon ridge formations or deposits at the top of the bore witha dull scraper or soft wire brush.
b. If cylinder bore wear ridges are found, use a ridge reamer to cut the ridgefrom the bore. DO NOT remove
more metal than necessaryto remove the ridge.
7. Remove the J-jet cooling nozzles.
NOTE: If cylinders have ridges, the cylinders are oversize and will more than likely need boring.
8. Using a hammer and steel stamp, stamp the cylinder number in the top of eachpiston.Thefrontofthepiston
is identified by a stamping on the top of the piston. DO NOT stamp in the outside 5 mm (.197 in.) of the piston
diameter. DO NOT stamp over the piston pin.
9. Mark the connecting rod and cap with the corresponding cylinder numbers.
10. Remove the connecting rod bolts and rod caps. Use care so the cylinder bores and connecting rods are not
damaged.
11. Use a hammer handle or similar object to push the piston and connecting rod through the cylinder bore.
12. Store the piston/rod assemblies in a rack.
CLEANING—PISTON AND CONNECTING ROD
CAUTION: DO NOT use bead blast to clean the pistons. DO NOT clean the pistonsandrodsinanacidtank.
PISTON
Clean the pistons and pins in a suitable solvent, rinse in hot water and blowdry with compressed air. Soaking the
pistons over night will loosen most of the carbon build up. De-carbon the ringgrooveswithabrokenpistonringand
again clean the pistons in solvent. Rinse in hot water and blow dry with compressed air.
CONNECTING ROD
Clean the connecting rods in a suitable solvent, rinse in hot water and blowdry with compressed air.
INSPECTION
INSPECTION - PISTONS
PISTON SKIRT DIAMETER (MIN.)
101.775 mm (4.006 in. )
Inspect the pistons for damage and excessive wear. Check top of the piston,ring grooves, skirt and pin bore. Mea-
sure the piston skirt diameter. If the piston is out of limits, replace the piston.
Page 1988 of 5267
The upper groove only needs to be inspected for dam-
age. Use a new piston ring (2) to measure the clear-
ance in the intermediate ring groove. Minimum
clearance is 0.045 mm (0.0018 inch), maximum clear-
ance is 0.095 mm (.0037 inch). If the clearance of the
intermediate ring exceeds specifications, replace the
piston (3).
Use a new oil ring to measure the clearance in the oil
groove. Minimum clearance is 0.040 mm (0.0016
inch), maximum clearance is 0.085 mm (.0033 inch). If
the clearance exceeds specifications, replace the
piston.
Measure the pin bore (2). The maximum diameter is
40.012 mm (1.5753 inch), Minimum is 40.006 mm
(1.575 inch). If the bore is over limits, replace the pis-
ton (1).
Inspect the piston pin for nicks, gouges and excessive
wear. Measure the pin diameter (1). The minimum
diameter is 39.990 mm (1.5744 inch), maximum
40.003 mm (1.5749 inch). If the diameter is out of lim-
its, replace the pin (1).
Page 1989 of 5267

INSPECTION - CONNECTING ROD
Inspect the connecting rod for damage and wear. The
I-Beam section of the connecting rod cannot have
dents or other damage. Damage to this part can
cause stress risers which will progress to breakage.
Measure the connecting rod pin bore (1). The maxi-
mum diameter is 40.042 mm (1.5765 inch), minimum
diameter is 40.019 mm (1.5756 inch). If out of limits,
replace the connecting rod.
INSTALLATION
1. Lubricate the cylinder bores with clean engine oil.
2. Generously lubricate the rings and piston skirts
with clean engine oil.
3. Orientate the rings on the piston (Refer to 9 -
ENGINE/ENGINE BLOCK/PISTON RINGS - STAN-
DARD PROCEDURE).
4. Compress the rings using a piston ring compressor
tool(1).Ifusingastrap-typeringcompressor,
make sure the inside end of the strap does not
hook on a ring gap and break the ring.
5. Bar the crankshaft so the rod journal for the piston
to be installed is at BDC(Bottom Dead Center).
6. Make sure the front of the piston is oriented prop-
erly according to the marking on the top of the pis-
ton and the connecting rod is oriented properly.
7. Position the piston and rod assemblyinto the cylinder bore with the front of the piston oriented properly accord-
ing to the stamping in the top of the piston. Use care when you install the piston and connecting rod so the
cylinder bore is not damaged. The long side of the connecting rod must be installed on the intake side of the
engine.
8. Push the piston into the bore until the top of the piston is approximately50 mm (2 inch) below the top of the
block. Carefully pull the connecting rod onto the crankshaft journal.
9. Use clean engine oil to lubricate the threads and under the heads of the connecting rod bolts.
10.For fractured/split type connecting rods,thelongendoftherodmustbeinstalledtowardstheintakesideof
the engine.
Page 1990 of 5267

a. The connecting rod split/face mustface toward the same side as the piston notch feature on the skirt. The
split face will face toward the exhaust side of the engine if properly installed.
11. Install the rod cap and bolts to the connecting rod. Tighten the connecting rod bolts evenly in 3 steps.
Tighten the bolts to 30 Nꞏm (22 ft. lbs.) torque.
Tighten the bolts to 60 Nꞏm (44 ft. lbs.) torque.
Rotate 60° clockwise.
12. The crankshaft must rotate freely. Check for freedom of rotation as thecaps are installed. If the crankshaft does
not rotate freely, check the installation of the rod bearing and the bearingsize.
13. Measure the side clearance between the connecting rod and the crankshaft. DO NOT measure the clearance
between the cap and crankshaft.
14. Install J-jet piston cooling nozzles.
15. Install block stiffener. Torque to 43 Nꞏm (32 ft. lbs.).
16. Install the suction tube and oil pan (Refer to 9 - ENGINE/LUBRICATION/OIL PAN - INSTALLATION).
17. Install the cylinder head onto the engine (Refer to 9 - ENGINE/CYLINDERHEAD - INSTALLATION).
18. Install a new filter and fill the crankcase with new engine oil.Prefill the filter with clean oil.
19. Connect the battery negative cables and start engine.
Page 1991 of 5267
RINGS - PISTON
STANDARD PROCEDURE - PISTON RING FITTING
1. Determine the piston diameter and obtain the
appropriate ring set. The piston rings can be iden-
tified as shown.
2. Position each ring in the cylinder and use a piston
(1) to square it with the bore at a depth (3) of 89.0
mm (3.5 inch).
PISTON RING GAP CHART
TOP RING 0.26 - 0.36 mm (0.010 - 0.014 in.)
INTERMEDIATE RING 0.85-1.15 mm (0.033 - 0.045 in.)
OIL CONTROL RING 0.25-0.55 mm (0.010 - 0.022 in.)
3. Use a feeler gauge to measure the piston ring gap.
4. The top surface of all of the compression rings are
identified with the word TOP or the supplier’s
MARK. Assemble the rings with the word TOP or
the supplier’s MARK up.
5. Position the oil ring expander (2) in the oil control
ring (1) groove (bottom groove).
NOTE: There is no (TOP) mark on the oil ring.
6. Install the oil control ring (1) with the end gap
OPPOSITE the ends on the expander.
Page 1992 of 5267
7. Install the intermediate piston ring in the second
groove.
8. Install the top piston ring in the top groove.
9. Position the rings as shown.
Install top and second compression rings on pis-
ton with ring gaps 180° apart.
Install oil control ring with ring gap 90° from top
and second ring.Do not position gaps over
wrist pin hole.