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Published: 11-May-2011
Climate Control - Air Conditioning - System Operation and Component Description
Description and Operation
General System Operation
To accomplish the transfer of heat, refrigerant is circulated around a sealed system, where it passes through two
pressure/temperature regimes. In each of the regimes the refrigerant changes state, during which process maximum heat
absorption or dissipation occurs.
The low pressure/temperature regime is from the thermostatic expansion valve, through the evaporator to the compressor. The
refrigerant decreases in pressure and temperature at the thermostatic expansion valve, then changes state from a liquid to a
vapor in the evaporator to absorb heat.
The high pressure/temperature regime is from the compressor, through the condenser and receiver drier assembly to the
thermostatic expansion valve. The refrigerant increases in pressure and temperature as it passes through the compressor, then
releases heat and changes state from a vapor to a liquid in the condenser.
Operation of the A/C (air conditioning) system is controlled by the ATC (automatic temperature control) module.
Refer to: Control Components (412-01 Climate Control, Description and Operation). The A/C system works in conjunction with: The air distribution and filtering system.
Refer to: Air Distribution and Filtering (412-01 Climate Control, Description and Operation). The heating and ventilation system.
Refer to: Heating and Ventilation (412-01 Climate Control, Description and Operation).
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1 Evaporator 2 Thermostatic expansion valve 3 High pressure servicing connection 4 Refrigerant pressure sensor 5 Engine cooling fan 6 Condenser 7 Receiver/Drier 8 A/C compressor 9 Low pressure servicing connection 10 Blower NOTE: A = Refrigerant liquid; B = Refrigerant vapor; C = Air flow.
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1 Pressure relief valve 2 Outlet port 3 Inlet port 4 Solenoid valve 5 Electrical connector 6 Pulley The A/C compressor circulates refrigerant around the system by compressing low pressure, low temperature vapor from the evaporator and discharging the resultant high pressure, high temperature vapor to the condenser.
The A/C compressor is a permanently engaged variable displacement unit which is driven by the engine accessory drive belt. To protect the system from excessive pressure, a pressure relief valve is installed in the outlet side of the A/C compressor. The pressure relief valve vents excess pressure into the engine compartment.
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Item Description 1 RH (right-hand) end tank 2 Condenser core 3 LH (left-hand) end tank 4 Mounting brackets (4 off) 5 High pressure compressor discharge line connector block 6 High pressure liquid outlet line connector block 7 Receiver/Drier outlet pipe 8 Receiver/Drier inlet pipe 9 Receiver/Drier The condenser transfers heat from the refrigerant to the surrounding air to convert the high pressure vapor from the
compressor into a liquid. The condenser is installed immediately in front of the radiator. Two brackets on each end tank attach
the condenser to the end tanks of the radiator.
The condenser is classified as a sub-cooling condenser and consists of a fin and tube heat exchanger core installed between
two end tanks. Divisions in the end tanks separate the heat exchanger into a four pass upper (condenser) section and a two
pass lower (sub-cooler) section.
The LH end tank provides the connections to the high pressure line from the A/C compressor and the high pressure liquid line to the evaporator.
The RH end tank provides the connections to the receiver drier.
Receiver Drier
The receiver drier is integrated into the RH end tank of the condenser to remove solid impurities and moisture from the refrigerant. It also provides a reservoir for liquid refrigerant to accommodate changes of heat load at the evaporator.
NOTE: The receiver drier is part of the condenser assembly and is not serviceable separately.
Refrigerant entering the receiver drier passes through a filter and a desiccant pack, then collects in the base of the unit before
flowing through the outlet pipe back to the condenser. Condenser
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Thermostatic Expansion Valve
Item Description 1 Metering valve 2 Housing 3 Diaphragm 4 Temperature sensor 5 Outlet passage from evaporator 6 Inlet passage to evaporator The thermostatic expansion valve meters the flow of refrigerant into the evaporator, to match the refrigerant flow with the
heat load of the air passing through the evaporator.
The thermostatic expansion valve is a block type valve located behind the heater assembly, and attached to the inlet and
outlet ports of the evaporator. The thermostatic expansion valve consists of an aluminium housing containing inlet and outlet
passages. A ball and spring metering valve is installed in the inlet passage and a temperature sensor is installed in the outlet
passage. The temperature sensor consists of a temperature sensitive tube connected to a diaphragm. The bottom end of the
temperature sensitive tube acts on the ball of the metering valve. Pressure on top of the diaphragm is controlled by the
evaporator outlet temperature conducted through the temperature sensitive tube. The bottom of the diaphragm senses
evaporator outlet pressure.
Liquid refrigerant flows through the metering valve into the evaporator. The restriction across the metering valve reduces the
pressure and temperature of the refrigerant. The restriction also changes the liquid stream of refrigerant into a fine spray, to
improve the evaporation process. As the refrigerant passes through the evaporator, it absorbs heat from the air flowing through
the evaporator. The increase in temperature causes the refrigerant to vaporise and increase in pressure.
The temperature and pressure of the refrigerant leaving the evaporator acts on the diaphragm and temperature sensitive tube,
which regulate the metering valve opening and so control the volume of refrigerant flowing through the evaporator. The warmer
the air flowing through the evaporator, the more heat available to evaporate refrigerant and thus the greater volume of
refrigerant allowed through the metering valve. www.JagDocs.com
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pressure/temperature regimes. Larger diameter pipes are installed in the low pressure/temperature regime and smaller
diameter pipes are installed in the high pressure/temperature regime.
Low and high pressure charging connections are incorporated into the refrigerant lines for system servicing.
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Climate Control - Control Components - Component Location
Description and Operation
NOTE: RHD (right-hand drive) vehicle shown, LHD (left-hand drive) vehicle similar.
Component Location Published: 29-May-2014
Item Description 1 Pollution sensor Comments:
where fitted 2 Sunload sensor 3 Ambient air temperature sensor 4 Windshield (Defrost) distribution stepper motor 5 Evaporator temperature sensor