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1 Cylinder head 2 Gasket 3 Heat shield 4 Gasket 5 Exhaust manifold 6 Bolt (8 off) 7 Heat shield 8 Bolt (4 off) 9 Spacer (8 off) The high SiMo (silicon molybdenum) cast iron exhaust manifolds are unique for each cylinder bank. Each exhaust manifold
installation includes two metal gaskets and two heat shields. Spacers on the securing bolts allow the manifolds to expand and
contract with changes of temperature while maintaining the clamping loads. NOTE: LH (B bank) installation shown, RH (A bank) installation similar.
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1 Inlet camshafts 2 Exhaust camshaft 3 Inverted tooth timing chain 4 Nylon chain guide 5 Auxiliary chain tensioner 6 Auxiliary drive chain 7 Oil pump drive 8 Auxiliary drive camshaft 9 Timing chain tensioner 10 Tensioner lever 11 VCT unit 12 VCT solenoids The lightweight valve train provides good economy and noise levels and is chain driven from the crankshaft.
Double overhead camshafts on each cylinder head operate the valves. For each cylinder head, an inverted tooth timing chain
transfers drive from the crankshaft to the VCT (variable camshaft timing) unit on the front of each camshaft. Graded tappets
enable setting of inlet and exhaust valve clearances.
Each timing chain has a hydraulic tensioner operated by engine oil pressure. The chain tensioners incorporate a ratchet
mechanism, which maintains tension while the engine is stopped to eliminate start-up noise. The chains are lubricated with
engine oil from jets located at the front of the engine block. Nylon chain guides control chain motion on the drive side. VALVE TRAIN
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1 VCT units 2 Intake camshaft VCT solenoid 3 Camshaft position sensors 4 Exhaust camshaft VCT solenoid The VCT system varies the timing of the intake and exhaust camshafts to deliver optimum engine power, efficiency and emissions. The timing of the intake camshafts has a range of 62 degrees of crankshaft angle. The timing of the exhaust
camshafts has a range of 50 degrees of crankshaft angle.
In the base timing position:
The intake camshafts are fully retarded.
The exhaust camshafts are fully advanced.
VCT Operating Ranges
Camshaft Valve Opens Valve Closes Intake 29 degrees BTDC (before top dead center) to 33 degrees ATDC (after top dead center) 207 to 269 degrees ATDC Exhaust 244 to 194 degrees BTDC 6 to 56 degrees ATDC The system consists of a VCT unit and a VCT solenoid for each camshaft. The ECM controls the system using PWM (pulse width modulation) signals to the VCT solenoids.
The torsional energy generated by the valve springs and the inertia of the valve train components are used to operate the
system. Variable Camshaft Timing
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1 Bolt (3 off) 2 VCT unit 3 Filter 4 Camshaft 5 Inner plate 6 Housing and sprocket 7 Rotor assembly 8 Reed plate 9 Spring and lock pin 10 Spring (3 off) 11 Tip seal (3 off) 12 Spring (2 off) 13 Tip seal (2 off) 14 Spring The VCT units change the position of the camshafts in relation to the timing chains.
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16 Bias spring 17 Snap ring 18 Reluctor ring 19 Center plate 20 Snap ring 21 Screw (6 off) 22 Spool valve 23 Outer plate Each VCT unit is attached to the camshaft by three bolts. A rotor assembly and a reed plate are installed inside a sprocket housing, which consists of a sprocket, an outer plate and an inner plate held together by six screws.
A reluctor ring, for the CMP (camshaft position) sensor, a center plate and a bias spring are installed at the front of the VCT unit. The ends of the bias spring locate on the center plate assembly and the sprocket housing, to give a turning moment to
the camshaft in the advance direction. A snap ring locates the reluctor ring on to a sleeve installed in the center of the rotor
assembly. The opposite end of the sleeve locates in a bore in the front face of the camshaft, which contains a filter.
A spring and spool valve are installed in the rotor assembly sleeve and retained by a snap ring. The spring keeps the spool
valve in contact with the armature of the related VCT solenoid.
Each VCT unit is supplied with engine oil from an oil gallery in the cylinder head, through the camshaft front bearing cap and a bore in the center of the camshaft.
Variable Camshaft Timing Solenoids
The VCT solenoids control the position of the spool valves in the VCT units.
The VCT solenoids are installed in the front upper timing covers, immediately in front of their related VCT units. Each VCT solenoid is secured with two screws and sealed with an O-ring. A two pin electrical connector provides the interface with the
engine harness.
Each VCT solenoid incorporates a spindle that acts on the spool valve in the related VCT unit to advance and retard the camshaft timing. The VCT solenoids operate independently and are controlled by a PWM signal from the ECM. www.JagDocs.com
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Variable Camshaft Timing Operation
When the engine is running, the compression and expansion of the valve springs causes momentary increases and decreases
in the torque acting on the camshafts. These momentary changes of torque are sensed in the VCT units and used to change the camshaft timing.
ItC
em Description A Camshaft torque B Camshaft rotation (degrees) Valve opening D Peak lift E Valve closing 1 1000 rev/min 2 4000 rev/min 3 7000 rev/min 4 Inertia effects from valve train rotating components 5 Force caused by valve spring 6 Bias torque from friction
NOTE: Intake camshaft VCT unit shown. For exhaust camshaft VCT unit, read advance for retard and retard for advance.
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1 Advance chamber 2 Retard chamber 3 Sprocket housing 4 Rotor assembly 5 Lock pin 6 Sleeve 7 Engine oil supply from camshaft 8 Inlet check valve 9 Lock pin drain 10 Spool valve 11 Advance check valve 12 Retard check valve At engine start-up, once the engine oil pressure in the camshaft is sufficient to open the inlet check valve, engine oil flows
across the spool valve, through the advance and retard check valves and into the advance and retard chambers. During the
start cycle, the ECM signals the VCT solenoid to move the spool valve into the sleeve and connect the lock pin to inlet oil
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Variable Camshaft Timing Unit Schematic - Advance
To advance the camshaft timing, the ECM adjusts the signal to the VCT solenoid to move the spool valve so that the advance chamber oil passage is closed and the retard chamber oil passage is connected to inlet oil.
Each momentary increase of the torque acting on the camshaft generates a pressure pulse in the retard chamber. Oil moves
from the retard chamber, through the spool valve and the advance check valve to the advance chamber, to equalize the
pressures in the two chambers. The displacement of oil from the retard chamber causes the rotor assembly to advance in
relation to the sprocket housing. Each momentary decrease of torque acting on the camshaft also generates a pressure pulse
in the advance chamber, but, with the advance chamber oil passage closed, no movement of oil between the advance and
retard chambers occurs and the rotor assembly cannot move in the retard direction.