1988 PONTIAC FIERO torque

REAR AXLE 4B-1
SECTION 4B
REAR AXLE
NOTICE: All rear axle attaching fasteners are an necessary.
Do not use a replacement part of lesser
important part in that they could affect the quality
or substitute design. Torque values must
performance of vital parts and systems, and/or be
used as specified during reassembly to assure
could result in major repair expense. They must proper retention
of all parts. (There is to be no
be replaced with one of the same part number or welding
as it may result in extensive damage and
with an equivalent part if replacement becomes weakening
of the metal.)
CONTENTS
General Description .................................. 4B-1
Standard Rear Axle ................... .. ............ 4B- 1
Diagnosis and Testing ............................... 4B-1
Axle Noises ......................... .. ................ 4B-3
Gear Noise ...................... .. .................. 4B-3
Bearing Noise ........................................ 4B-3
Rear Wheel Bearing Noise ....................... 4B-3
Knock at Low Speeds ............................. 4B-3
Backlash Clunk ...................................... 4B-3
Rear Axle Standard and Limited Slip .......... 4B-3
Pre-Repair Investigation and Trouble
Diagnosis
................................................. 4B-4
Gear Tooth Nomenclature ....................... 4B-4
Tooth Contact Pattern Test ..................... 4B-4
Effects of Increasing Load on
Teeth Contact Pattern
.......................... 4B-4
Adjustments Affecting Tooth
Contact
.................................................. 4B-6
Effects of Pinion Position on Tooth
Pattern
................... ... .................... 4B-6
General information ....................... .. ..... 4B-8
Limited-Slip Rear Axle ............................... 4B-8
On-Vehicle Service ............................. .. ....... 4B-8
Carrier Cover and Gasket .......................... 4B-8
............................................. Axle Shaft 4B-8
Oil Seal and/or Bearing (With
Axle Shaft Removed)
............................. 4B-9
........................................ Pinion Oil Seal 4B-9
........................................... Pinion Flange 4B- 10
..................................... Rear Wheel Bolt 4B- 1 1
.................................................... Unit Repair 4B-1 1
..................................... Rear Axle Assembly 4B- 1 1
Disassembly of Rear Axle
............................................... Assembly 4B- 1 1
.. ..................................... Case Assembly ... 4B- 12
Drive Pinion, Bearing and Races ............. 4B- 12
............................... Bearing Replacement 4B- 12
...................... Setting Drive Pinion Depth 4B- 13
........................................ Rear Axle Case 4B- 14
Side Bearing Preload Adjustment ............ 4B- 15
.................................................. Drive Pinion 4B- 16
Rear Axle Backlash Adjustment .............. 4B- 17
........... Limited Slip Rear Axle (Cone Type) 4B-17
...................................... Auburn Cone Type 4B- 18
.............................................. Specifications 4B- 19
.............................................. Special Tools 4B-20
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
STANDARD REAR AXLE Operation
The rear axle assembly is of the semi-floating type
in which the car weight is carried on the axle housing.
The rear axle assembly is designed for use with an open
drive line and coil springs. The rear axle has a
hypoid
type ring gear and pinion with the centerline of the
pinion gear below the centerline of the ring gear.
All parts necessary to transmit power from the
propeller shaft to the rear wheels are enclosed in a When
the vehicle turns a corner, the outer rear
wheel must turn faster than the inner wheel. The inner
wheel, turning slower than the outer wheel, slows its
differential side gear (as the axle shaft is splined to the
side gear) and the differential pinion gears will roll
around the slowed differential side gear, driving the
other differential side gear and wheel faster.
DIAGNOSIS AND "TESTING
salisbury type axle housing (a carrier casting with tubes Many
noises reported as coming from the rear
pressed and welded into the carrier to form a complete axle assembly actually
originate from other sources
carrier and tube assembly). A removable steel cover such as
tires, road surfaces, wheel bearings, engine,
bolted to the rear of the carrier permits service of the transmission,
muffler or body drumming. A thorough
rear axle without removing the entire assembly from and
careful check should be made to determine the
the car. source
of the noise before disassembling the rear axle.

4B-4 REAR AXLE
d. Incorrect driveline angle.
Noise changes on a different type of road.
a. Road noise.
b. Tire noise.
Noise tone lowers as car speed is lowered.
a. Tire noise.
Similar noise is produced with car standing and
driving.
a. Engine noise.
b. Transmission noise.
Vibration. a. Rough rear wheel bearing.
b. Unbalanced
or damaged propeller shaft.
c. Tire unbalance.
d. Worn
universal joint in propeller shaft.
e. Incorrect driveline angle.
f. Mis-indexed propeller shaft at pinion
flange.
g. Pinion
flange
runout too great.
A knock or click approximately every two
revolutions of the rear wheel.
a. A rear wheel bearing.
Noise most pronounced on turns.
a. Rear
axle side gear and pinion noise.
A continuous low pitch whirring or scraping
noise starting at relatively low speed.
a. Pinion bearing noise.
Drive noise, coast noise or float noise.
a. Ring and
pinion gear noise.
Clunk on acceleration or deceleration.
a. Worn rear
axle pinion shaft in case or side
gear hub counterbore in case worn oversize.
b. Insufficient
lubrication on propeller shaft
slip yoke.
c. Worn U-joints on
propeller shaft. Front or
rear.
Groan in "Forward" or "Reverse".
a. Wrong
or contaminated lube in rear axle.
b. Worn bushings.
Chatter on turns.
a. Wrong
or contaminated lube in rear axle.
b. Clutch
cone worn and/or
spring(s) worn.
Clunk or knock on rough road operation.
a. Excessive end play of axle shafts to
differential cross shaft.
b. Worn bushings.
PRE-REPAIR INVESTIGATION AND TROUBLE
DIAGNOSIS
A careful1 diagnosis of the rear axle prior to
disassembly will often reveal valuable information as to
the extent and type of repairs or adjustments necessary.
Since frequent causes of axle noises are improper
backlash, pinion bearing pre-load, or side bearing
pre-load, or a combination, a few simple adjustments
may be all that are necessary to correct a problem.
Therefore, before removing the rear axle from the
housing, the following checks should be made with the
results recorded and analyzed:
1) Backlash; 2) Total Assembly
Preload; 3) Tooth Contact Pattern Test;
4)
Fluid Level; and 5) Fluid Contamination.
Use care at all times to keep dirt and other foreign
matter, such as grinder dust, soot or sand, away from
differential to prevent possibility of subsequent failure.
The pinion and ring gear must be completely
assembled, installed and all pre-load and backlash
adjustments completed prior to the start of this method
of pinion depth setting. The following procedure can
be used in place of the gage method of pinion depth
setting.
Gear Tooth Nomenclature
The side of the ring gear tooth which curves
outward, or is convex, is referred to as the "drive" side.
The concave side is the "coast" side. The end of the
tooth nearest center of ring gear is referred to as the
"toe" end. The end of the tooth farthest away from the
center is the "heel" end. Toe end of tooth is smaller
than heel end.
It is very important that tooth contact be tested
before the rear axle carrier assembly is disassembled.
Variations in the carrier or pinion rear bearing may
cause the pinion to be too far away from, or close to,
the ring gear. Thus, the tooth contact must be tested
and corrected, if necessary, or the gears may be noisy.
Tooth Contact Pattern Test
1. Wipe oil out of carrier and carefully clean each
tooth of ring gear.
2. Use gear marking compound part number
1052351 or equivalent and apply this mixture
sparingly to all ring gear teeth, using a medium
stiff brush. When properly used, the area of
pinion tooth contact will be visible when hand
load is applied.
3. Tighten bearing cap bolts to 75
N.m (55 lb. ft.).
4. Expand
brake shoes using parking brake cables
until a torque of 54 to
70 N-m (40-50 lb. ft.) is
required to turn the pinion.
A test made without loading the gears will not
give a satisfactory pattern. Turn pinion flange
with wrench so that ring gear rotates one full
revolution, then reverse rotation so that ring gear
rotates one revolution in opposite direction.
5. Observe
pattern on ring gear teeth and compare
with Fig. 3.
Effects of Increasing Load on Teeth Contact
Pattern
When "load" on ring and pinion gear is
increased, such as when car is accelerated forward
from standstill or from normal drive, the tooth contact
will tend to spread out and, under very heavy load, will
extend from near toe to near heel on the drive side. The
entire contact also tends to shift toward heel under
increasingly heavier loads and will become somewhat
broader with respect to tops and bottoms of teeth. The
patterns obtained by this tooth contact pattern test
approximate a light load and, for this reason, they will
extend only about halfway.

4B-8 REAR AXLE
GENERAL lNFORMATlON
A universal joint connects the rear end of the
propeller shaft to a pinion flange, having a splined end
which fits over and drives the
hypoid pinion gear. The
housing is attached to the underbody through a center
bearing support. Inside the housing, an extension shaft
is splined to the drive pinion at the rear end, and to the
companion flange at the other end. Two pre-loaded
tapered roller bearings support the
hypoid pinion gear
in the carrier. The inner race of the rear bearing is a
light press fit on the pinion stem. The inner race of the
front bearing combines a light press fit to a close sliding
fit on the pinion flange end of the pinion stem. The
outer race of each bearing is pressed against a shoulder
recessed in the carrier. Tightening the pinion nut
compresses a collapsible spacer which bears against the
inner race of the front bearing and a shoulder on the
pinion stem. This spacer is used to enable accurate
bearing pre-load adjustment and
maintain a pre-load
on both front and rear pinion bearings. Adjustment of the
fore and aft position of the pinion is obtained by
placing
shims between the head of the drive pinion and
the rear pinion bearing.
The rear axle case is of
one-piece construction and is supported in the carrier
by two tapered roller side bearings. These are
pre-loaded by inserting
shims between the bearings and
the carrier. The rear axle case assembly is positioned
for proper ring gear to pinion backlash by varying the
shin1 thickness from side to side. The ring gear is bolted
to the case. Two side gears have splined bores for
driving the axle shafts. They are positioned to turn in
counterbored cavities in the case. The two rear axle
pinions have
smooth bores and are held in position by
a solid pinion cross shaft, mounted and locked in the
rear axle case. All four gears are in
mesh with each
other and because the pinion gears turn freely
on their
shaft, they act as idler gears when the rear wheels are
turning at different speeds. The pinions and side gears
are backed by steel thrust washers.
LIMITED-SLIP REAR AXLE
The operation of the Limited-Slip differential is
the same as the standard differential, except that there
is additional friction provided by the clutches or cones.
Under ordinary driving and cornering conditions, the
clutches or cones slip, allowing the outside wheel to
turn faster than the inner. Under poor traction
conditions, such as ice, snow, or loose gravel under one
driving wheel, the increased friction provided by the clutches
or cones increases the driving torque available
to the wheel with the better traction. The clutches or
cones are spring loaded to provide the increased
driving torque under extremely low traction
conditions.
Most rear axle service repairs can be made with
the rear axle assembly in the car, by raising the rear end
of the car with the rear axle hanging
on the shock
absorbers.
ON-VEHICLE SERVICE
CARRIER COVER AND GASKET
Remove or Disconnect
1. Having a container in place, remove cover bolts
and pry cover loose to drain lubricant.
2. Make sure both gasket sealing surfaces are clean.
Install or Connect
Use sealant
1052366 or cover gasket
only.
1. Torque cover bolts in a crosswise pattern to
insure uniform draw on gasket. Torque
27 N.m
(20 Ib.fr.).
2. Fill with lubricant to a level within 4.5mm (3116")
or filler plug hole. Refer to specifications for correct
lubricant usage and quantity.
Axle Shaft
a Remove or Disconnect
1. Raise car and remove wheel and brake drum.
2. Clean all dirt from area of carrier.
3. Remove bolts and differential carrier cover and
allow lubricant to drain.
4. Remove pinion shaft lock screw and pinion shaft.
1 -PINION SHAFT 2-PINION SHAFT 1
SCREW 520122 48
Fig. 401 Pinion Shaft Lock Bolt
5. Push flanged end of axlc shalt inward to pcrmil
removal of "C" locks, thcn rcmovc axlc shafts
being
careful not to cl;uii~~gc oil scal (Fig. 402).
6. Remove axlc shaft from housing, bcing curcl'ul not
to
damage oil scal.

REAR AXLE 48-9
lnstall or Connect
1. Slide axle shaft into place taking care that splines
on end of shaft do not damage oil seal and that
they engage with splines of rear axle side gear.
2. Install
axle shaft
"C" lock on bottom end of axle
shaft and push shaft outward so that shaft lock
seats in counterbore of rear axle side gear.
3. Position
rear axle pinion shaft through case and
pinions, aligning hole in shaft with lock screw
hole. Install lock screw and torque to 27
N-m (20
1b.ft.l
4. using a new gasket, install carrier cover and
torque
bolts to 27 N-m (20 1b.ft.). Fig. 403 Axle Shaft Bearing and Seal Remover
5. Fill
axle with lubricant to a level within 9.5mm
(3/8") of filler hole. See specifications for proper
lubricant.
6. Install brake drum and wheel.
7. Lower
car and test operation of axle.
Fig. 402 Axle Shaft "C" Locks
Oil Seal and/or Bearing (With Axle Shaft
Removed)
Remove or Disconnect
1. Remove seal
from housing with a pry bar behind
steel case of seal, being careful not to damage
housing.
1 --BEARING 2- DRIVE HANDLE J-8092
3-AXLE SHAFT BEARING INSTALLER J-23765
5201 25-48
Fig. 404 Axle Shaft Bearing Installer
Fig.
405 Installing Axle Shaft Seal
Pinion Oil Seal
Remove or Disconnect
I
2.
Install axle shaft bearing remover J 22813-01 and 1. Mark the drive shaft and pinion flange so they I
remove bearing and seal. See Fig. 403. can
be reassembled in the same position. I
Install or Connect
1. Lubricate new bearing with gear lubricant and in-
stall bearing so that tool bottoms against shoulder in
housing, using tools
5-23765 and 5-8092. See Fig.
404.
2. Lubricate new seal lips with gear lubricant. Position
seal on tool and position
seal into housing bore.
Tap seal into place so that it is flush with axle tube
Fig. 405. 2.
With rear
wheels off floor, turn rear wheels and
tap brake backing plates with a soft hammer to
ensure that brakes are free.
3. Mark
the position of the pinion flange, pinion
shaft and nut so the proper pinion bearing
pre-load can be maintained.
4. Remove pinion flange nut and washer.
5. With suitable container in place to hold fluid,
remove pinion flange.

48-10 REAR AXLE
6. Remove oil seal by driving it out of carrier with
a blunt chisel. Do not damage carrier. Discard
seal,
7. Examine seal surface of pinion flange for tool
marks, nicks, or damage. If damaged, replace
flange as outlined under Pinion Flange
Replacement.
8. Examine carrier bore and remove any burrs that
might cause leaks around the O.D. of the seal.
1 1. J 8614-10 PINION FLANGE REMOVER JIOOO~-~B-F I
Fig. 406 Removing Pinion Flange Nut
Install ar Connect
1.
Install new seal as shown in Fig. 408.
2. Apply special seal lubricant, No. 1050169 or
equivalent to the O.D. of the pinion flange and
sealing lip of new seal.
3. Install pinion flange and tighten nut to the same
position as marked in step 3. While holding
pinion flange as shown in Fig. 406. Tighten nut
to
1.59mm (1/16") beyond alignment marks.
1. PINION FLANGE Fig.
408 Installing Pinion
Oil Seal
2. Mark drive shaft and pinion flange, then
disconnect rear joint and support drive shaft out
of the way. If joint bearings are not retained by
a retainer strap, use a piece of tape to hold
bearings on their journals.
3. Check pre-load with a torque wrench and record.
This will give combined pinion bearing, carrier
bearing, axle bearing and seal pre-load.
Fig. 409 Checking Pinion Predoad
4.
Remove pinion flange nut and washer.
5. With a suitable container in place to hold any
fluid that may drain from the rear axle, remove
the pinion flange.
Install or Connect
1. Apply special seal lubricant, No. 1050169 or
equivalent, to the O.D. of the new pinion flange
then install pinion flange, washer and pinion
flange nut finger tight.
2. While holding pinion flange, tighten the nut a
little at a time and turn drive pinion several
revolutions after each tightening to set the rollers.
Fig. 407 Removing or Installing Pinion Flange Check the pre-load of bearings each time with a
torque wrench until pre-load is 0.3-0.6
N-m (3-5
Pinion Flange 1b.in.) more than reading obtained in Step 3.
Remove or Disconnect 3.
Connect drive shaft to rear axle pinion flange.
Refer to Torque Specifications.
1. Raise car and remove both rear wheels and 4. Install drums and wheels.
drums. 5. Check and add correct lubricant as necessary.
Refer to Specifications for correct lubricant.

REAR AXLE 48-1 1
Rear Wheel Bolt
Remove or Disconnect 1.
1. Raise vehicle on hoist allowing axle to hang
freely. 2.
2. Remove
wheel, tire and brake drum.
3. Using Tool J 6627-A press out stud.
Fig. 4 10 Removing Wheel Bolt
REAR AXLE ASSEMBLY
Install or Connect
Fig. 4 11 Installing Wheel Bolt
UNIT REPAIR
Remove or Disconnect
Place new stud in axle flange hole. Slightly start
stud serrations in hole by firmly pressing back of
stud with your hand.
Place a flat washer on the stud and install a lug
nut with flat side first (tapered face outboard).
Tighten on lug nut drawing stud into flange until
stud head is bottomed on back side of flange.
Remove lug nut.
Reinstall brake drum (or rotor and caliper),
wheel and tire.
Lower vehicle and remove from hoist.
It is not necessary to remove the rear axle
assembly for any normal repairs. However, if the
housing is damaged, the rear axle assembly may be
removed and installed using the following procedure.
Hoist car and support at frame. Hoist must
remain under rear axle housing.
Disconnect both shock absorbers.
Remove bolt securing left side of track bar to
axle.
Remove brake line junction block bolt at axle
housing, then disconnect brake lines at junction
block.
Lower rear axle assembly on hoist and remove
springs.
Remove rear wheels and drums.
Remove rear axle cover and drain lube.
Remove axle shafts.
Disconnect brake lines from axle housing clips.
Remove brake backing plates.
Disconnect lower control arms from axle
housing.
Disconnect torque arm at axle.
Mark propeller shaft and companion flange and
disconnect shaft and support out of the way.
Remove rear axle housing.
Install or Connect
Install rear axle housing.
Install propeller shaft aligning marks made at
time of removal.
Connect torque arm to axle.
Connect lower control arms to axle.
Install brake backing plates.
Connect brake lines to axle housing.
Install axle shafts.
Install axle housing cover.
Install rear wheels and drums.
Raise axle and install springs.
Install brake line to junction block, then mount
junction block on axle housing.
Install track bar to axle.
Connect shock absorbers.
Fill axle and bleed brake system.
Remove supports and lower car.
Disassembly of Rear Axle Assembly
Before attempting any service procedures the
technician must know what type rear axle is to be
serviced. Refer to chart (Rear Axle Codes And
Identification) to identify codes, ring gear size, and
ratios. Remember that all ring gear bolts have L.H.
threads.
Most rear axle service repairs can be made by
supporting the car by the frame with the axle housing
supported and lowered to its lowest travel. On some

4B-14 REAR AXLE
plate to make sure that both pinion bearings
are properly seated.
1 - J-23597-11
2-- REAR PINION
3--- J-21777-43
4---- FRONT PINION
5- J-21777-42
6-HEX NUT
7 - J-23597-12
Fig. 607 Pinion Gage Tools - Step 1
c. Hold end of stud with wrench on its flats
and tighten hex nut until 27
N.m (20 lb. in.
). torque is required to keep gage plate in
rotation.
Step 2
Figure 608
a. Install Side Bearing Discs J 21777-45 onto
ends of Arbor Plunger Assembly
J 23597- 1.
b. Make certain that carrier housing side
bearing bores are clean, free of burrs and
position arbor into housing so that discs are
properly seated in bores and dial indicator
plunger rod is centered over "gaging area"
of gage plate.
1 - J-23597-4
3- J-21777-45
4--- PLUNGER
Fig. 608 Pinion Gage Tools
- Step 2
c.
Install side bearing caps over discs and
torque bolts to 96
N-m (70 lb. ft.).
4. Set dial indicator at ZERO. Then, position on
mounting post of the gage shaft with the contact button
touching the indicator pad. Push dial
indicator downward until the needle rotates
approximately 3/4 turn clockwise. Tighten the
dial indicator in this position and recheck.
5. Rotate arbor slowly back and forth until the dial
indicator reads the greatest deflection. At the
point of greatest deflection, set the dial indicator
to ZERO. Repeat rock action of gage shaft to
verify the ZERO setting.
6. After the ZERO setting is obtained, rotate arbor
until the plunger rod does not touch the gage
block.
7. Record dial reading at pointer position.
EXAMPLE: If pointer moved counterclockwise
.067" to a dial reading of .033", this indicates a
shim thickness of
,033 " .
8. Select correct pinion shim to be used during
pinion reassembly on the following basis:
All
pinions will be marked in one of three places. See
Fig. 609 for areas of pinion depth setting
marking.
Fig. 609 Pinion Marlcing
a.
If reusing production pinion and pinion is
marked
"+" (plus), correct shim will have
a thickness equal to gage reading, minus the
amount specified on pinion.
b. If production pinion is marked
"-" (minus),
correct shim will have
a thickness equal to
gage reading, plus the amount specified on
pinion.
c. If using production or service pinion which
has no marking, the correct shim will have
a thickness equal to the gage reading.
9. Remove pinion gage assembly and both pinion
bearings from case.
10. Position correct shim on pinion shaft and install
rear pinion bearing using Installer
J 21022-02.
Rear Axle Case
Assembly (With Axle Shafts Removed)
Before assembling the rear axle case, lubricate all
parts with rear axle lubricant.
1. Place side gear thrust washers over side gear hubs
and install side gears in case. If same parts are
reused, install in original sides.
2. Position one pinion (without washer) between
side gears and rotate gears until pinion is directly

REAR AXLE 48-15
Fig. 6 10 lnstalling Rear Pinion Bearing
opposite from loading opening in case. Place
other pinion between side gears so that pinion
shaft holes are in line; then rotate gears to make
sure holes in pinions will line up with holes in
case.
3. If holes line up, rotate pinions back toward load
opening just enough to permit sliding in pinion
thrust washers.
4. Install pinion shaft and pinion shaft retaining
bolt. Torque to 27
N.m (20 1b.ft.).
5. After making certain that mating surfaces of case
and ring gear are clean and free of burrs, thread
two bolts into opposite sides of ring gear; then
install ring gear on case. Install NEW ring gear
attaching bolts just snug. NEVER REUSE OLD
BOLTS. Torque bolts alternately in progressive
stages to 120
N.m (90 1b.ft.).
6. If case side bearings were removed, install
bearings as shown in Fig. 612.
1-L.H. THREAD STUDS 2-CASE 711 6" ---- 20 x 2 3-RING GEAR
Fig.
6 1 1 lnstalling Ring Gear on Differential Case
Side Bearing Preload Adjustment
The side bearing pre-load adjustment is to be
made before installing the pinion. If the pinion is
installed, remove ring gear.
Case side bearing pre-load is adjusted by
changing the thickness of both the right and left shims
by an equal amount. By changing the thickness of both
Fig. 6 12 Installing Side Case Bearings
shims equally, the original backlash will be maintained.
Production shims are cast iron and vary in
thickness from
5.33 - 6.91mm (.210" to 272") in
increments of
.05mm (.002").
Standard Service spacers are 4.32mm (.17OU)
thick and steel service shims are available from 1.02 to
2.08mm (.040" to ,082") in increments of .05mm (.
002").
Do not attempt to reinstall the production shims
as they may break when tapped into place. If service
shims were previously installed, they can be reused, but
(whether using new or old bearings) adhere to the
following procedures in all cases.
1. Before installation of case assembly, make sure
that side bearing surfaces in carrier are clean and
free of burrs. Side bearings must be oiled with
gear lube and, if the same bearings are being
reused, they must have original outer races in
place.
2. Determine the approximate thickness of shims
needed by measuring each production shim or
each service spacer and shim pack.
3. In addition to the service spacer, a service shin1
will be needed. To select a starting point in service
shim thickness use the chart shown in
Fig. 613.
4. Place case with bearing outer races in position in
carrier. Slip the service spacer between each
bearing race and carrier housing with chamfered
edge against housing.
Install the left bearing cap loose so that the case
may be moved while checking adjustments. A
bearing cap bolt can be added in the lower right
bearing cap hole. This will prevent case from
dropping while making shim adjustments.
Select one or two shims and position between the
right bearing race and the service spacer. Be sure
left bearing race and spacer are against left side
of housing.
5. Insert progressively larger feeler gage sizes
.25mm, .30mm, .36mm, etc. (.01OU, .012", .014",
etc.) between the right shim and service spacer
until there is noticeable increased drag. Push the
feeler gage downward until the end of
the gage