2001 CHRYSLER VOYAGER Rear light

(3) Place the wheel cover on the wheel in the fol-
lowing fashion:
(a) Align the valve notch in the wheel cover with
the valve stem on the wheel.
(b) At the same time, align the two holes in the
wheel cover having the retaining tabs with the two
installed wheel nuts (Fig. 15).
(c) Press in on center of wheel cover until wheel
cover retaining tabs push past and engage rear of
previously installed wheel mounting nuts (Fig. 15).
This will hold the wheel cover in place.(4) Install andlightly tightenthe three remain-
ing wheel mounting nuts, securing the wheel cover in
place (Fig. 12).
(5) Progressively tighten all five wheel mounting
nuts in the proper sequence (Fig. 16). Tighten wheel
nuts to a torque of 135 N´m (100 ft. lbs.).
(6) Lower the vehicle.
TIRES
DESCRIPTION - TIRE
Tires are designed and engineered for each specific
vehicle. They provide the best overall performance
for normal operation. The ride and handling charac-
teristics match the vehicle's requirements. With
proper care they will give excellent reliability, trac-
tion, skid resistance, and tread life.
Driving habits have more effect on tire life than
any other factor. Careful drivers will obtain, in most
cases, much greater mileage than severe use or care-
less drivers. A few of the driving habits which will
shorten the life of any tire are:
²Rapid acceleration
²Severe application of brakes
²High-speed driving
²Taking turns at excessive speeds
²Striking curbs and other obstacles
²Operating vehicle with over or under inflated
tire pressures
Radial ply tires are more prone to irregular tread
wear. It is important to follow the tire rotation inter-
val shown in the section on Tire Rotation. This will
help to achieve a greater tread-life potential.
TIRE IDENTIFICATION
Tire type, size, aspect ratio and speed rating are
encoded in the letters and numbers imprinted on the
side wall of the tire. Refer to the chart to decipher
the tire identification code (Fig. 17).
Fig. 14 TWO WHEEL MOUNTING NUTS INSTALLED
1 - WHEEL
2 - VALVE STEM
3 - HUB PILOT
4 - NUTS
Fig. 15 WHEEL COVER INSTALLATION OVER TWO
NUTS
1 - RETAINING TABS
2 - VALVE STEM
3 - BOLT-ON WHEEL COVER
Fig. 16 NUT TIGHTENING SEQUENCE
22 - 8 TIRES/WHEELSRS
TIRES/WHEELS (Continued)

BODY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
page page
BODY
DESCRIPTION............................1
WARNING...............................2
DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING..................2
WATER LEAKS..........................2
WIND NOISE...........................3
STANDARD PROCEDURE...................4
PLASTIC BODY PANEL REPAIR.............4
HEAT STAKING.........................8
SPECIFICATIONS.........................9
SPECIAL TOOLS........................151DOOR - FRONT.........................152
DOORS - SLIDING.......................162
DECKLID/HATCH/LIFTGATE/TAILGATE.......180
EXTERIOR.............................184
HOOD................................199
INSTRUMENT PANEL....................202
INTERIOR.............................208
PAINT................................220
SEATS................................222
STATIONARY GLASS.....................243
WEATHERSTRIP/SEALS..................248
BODY
DESCRIPTION - LOCK CYLINDERS
Ignition, door, deck lid, and rear hatch lock cylin-
ders are all codable to the key. Lock barrels, tum-
blers, and tumbler springs are available to allow the
technician to change replacement locks cylinders to
match the customer's original key set. See the appro-
priate section in this manual for lock cylinder
removal. See the Moparž catalogue for part numbers
and lock coding procedures.
DESCRIPTION - VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION
Throughout this group, references to the
DaimlerChrysler Corporation vehicle family identifi-
cation code are used when describing a procedure
that is unique to that vehicle. Refer to Introduction
Group of this manual for detailed information on
vehicle identification. If a procedure is common to all
vehicles covered in this manual, no reference will be
made to a vehicle family code.
DESCRIPTION - PUSH-IN FASTENERS
DaimlerChrysler Corporation uses many different
types of push-in fasteners to secure the interior and
exterior trim to the body. Most of these fasteners can
be reused to assemble the trim during various repair
procedures. At times, a push-in fastener cannot be
removed without damaging the fastener or the com-
ponent it is holding. If it is not possible to remove a
fastener without damaging a component or body, cut
or break the fastener and use a new one when
installing the component. Never pry or pound on a
plastic or pressed-board trim component. Using a
suitable fork-type prying device, pry the fastener
from the retaining hole behind the component beingremoved. When installing, verify fastener alignment
with the retaining hole by hand. Push directly on or
over the fastener until it seats. Apply a low-force pull
to the panel to verify that it is secure.
When it is necessary to remove components to ser-
vice another, it should not be necessary to apply
excessive force or bend a component to remove it.
Before damaging a trim component, verify hidden
fasteners or captured edges holding the component in
place.
DESCRIPTION
PAINT
The original equipment finish is a multi-step pro-
cess that involves cleaning, electrodeposition (e-coat),
base coat, and clear coat steps. Additionally, selected
areas of the vehicle may be coated with an anti-chip
finish.
On most vehicles a two-stage paint application
(base coat/clear coat) is used. Color that is applied to
primer is called base coat. The clear coat protects the
base coat from ultraviolet light and provides a dura-
ble high-gloss finish.
STATIONARY GLASS
Windshields are made of two pieces of glass with a
plastic inner layer. Windshields and selected station-
ary glass are structural members of the vehicle. The
windshield glass is bonded to the windshield frame
with urethane adhesive.
Windshields and other stationary glass protect the
occupants from the effects of the elements. Wind-
shields are also used to retain some airbags in posi-
tion during deployment. Urethane bonded glass is
difficult to salvage during removal. The urethane
bonding is difficult to cut or clean from any surface.
RSBODY23-1

DECKLID/HATCH/LIFTGATE/TAILGATE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
page page
EXTERIOR HANDLE
REMOVAL.............................180
INSTALLATION..........................180
HINGE
REMOVAL.............................180
INSTALLATION..........................181
LATCH
REMOVAL.............................181
INSTALLATION..........................181
LATCH STRIKER
REMOVAL.............................181
INSTALLATION..........................181
LIFTGATE
REMOVAL.............................181INSTALLATION..........................182
LIFTGATE SPOILER
REMOVAL.............................182
INSTALLATION..........................182
LOCK CYLINDER
REMOVAL.............................182
INSTALLATION..........................182
SUPPORT CYLINDER
REMOVAL.............................183
INSTALLATION..........................183
TRIM PANEL
REMOVAL.............................183
INSTALLATION..........................183
EXTERIOR HANDLE
REMOVAL
(1) Remove liftgate trim panel. (Refer to 23 -
BODY/DECKLID/HATCH/LIFTGATE/TAILGATE/
TRIM PANEL - REMOVAL)
(2) Disconnect the exterior handle electrical con-
nectors.
(3) Remove the two outer screws and the two inner
screws.
(4) Remove the exterior handle/license plate light
assembly.
INSTALLATION
(1) Route the exterior handle electrical connector
through the door and position handle.
(2) Install the two inner bolts and tighten to 40
N´m (30 ft. lbs.).
(3) Install the two out screws and tighten to 20
N´m (15 ft. lbs.).
(4) Connect the electrical connector.
(5) Install the trim panel. (Refer to 23 - BODY/
DECKLID/HATCH/LIFTGATE/TAILGATE/TRIM
PANEL - INSTALLATION)
HINGE
REMOVAL
(1) Release liftgate latch and open liftgate.
(2) Support liftgate on a suitable lifting device in
the full open position.(3) Apply several layers of duct tape on the outside
of to roof across the gap to the lift gate to hold the
liftgate in position.
(4) Remove bolts attaching liftgate hinge to roof
header.
(5) Disconnect VTSS switch from the body har-
ness.
(6) Remove bolts attaching hinge to liftgate (Fig.
1).
(7) Remove hinge from vehicle.
Fig. 1 Liftgate Hinge
1 - LIFTGATE
2 - HINGE
3 - REAR ROOF HEADER
23 - 180 DECKLID/HATCH/LIFTGATE/TAILGATERS

(5) Remove screw attaching lower trim cover to
B-pillar from below seat belt retractor.
(6) Disengage hidden clips attaching lower trim
cover to B-pillar.
(7) Remove lower B-pillar trim cover from vehicle.
INSTALLATION
(1) Place lower B-pillar trim cover in position on
vehicle.
(2) Insert seat belt through hole in lower B-pillar
trim.
(3) Engage hidden clips attaching lower trim cover
to B-pillar.
(4) Install screw attaching lower trim cover to
B-pillar below seat belt retractor.
(5) Install access cover.
(6) Install upper B-pillar trim cover.
(7) Place seat belt anchor in position on floor so
webbing is pointed rearward and slightly outboard.
(8) Install bolt attaching lower seat belt anchor to
floor. Tighten all seat belt bolts to 39 N´m (29 ft. lbs.)
torque.(9) Verify that seat belt anchor does not interfere
with seat track travel.
B-PILLAR UPPER TRIM
REMOVAL
(1) Remove bolt attaching lower seat belt anchor to
floor.
(2) Lower shoulder belt height adjuster to the bot-
tom of travel.
(3) Remove shoulder belt turning loop from height
adjuster.
(4) Use a Snap-onž Trim Pad Remover tool
(A179A), or equivalent, and remove shoulder belt
height adjuster knob.
(5) Remove shoulder belt bezel from trim cover.
(6) Remove screw attaching trim cover to B-pillar
from inside bezel cavity.
(7) Disengage hidden clips attaching trim cover to
B-pillar.
(8) Remove B-pillar trim cover from vehicle (Fig. 4)
.
INSTALLATION
(1) Insert seat belt through B-pillar trim and web
guide.
Fig. 3 Lower B-pillar Trim Cover
1 - LOWER B-PILLAR TRIM
2 - ACCESS PANEL
3 - SEAT BELT RETRACTOR
4 - B-PILLAR
Fig. 4 Upper B-pillar Trim Cover
1 - CLIP
2 - B-PILLAR
3 - SHOULDER BELT ADJUSTER
4 - HIDDEN CLIPS
5 - B-PILLAR TRIM
23 - 210 INTERIORRS
B-PILLAR LOWER TRIM (Continued)

(2) Place B-pillar trim cover in position on vehicle.
(3) Engage hidden clips attaching trim cover to
B-pillar.
(4) Install screw attaching trim cover to B-pillar
inside bezel cavity.
(5) Install shoulder belt bezel into trim cover.
(6) Install height adjuster knob.
(7) Install shoulder belt turning loop onto height
adjuster. Tighten bolt to 39 N´m (29 ft. lbs.) torque.
(8) Place seat anchor in position on floor so web-
bing is pointed rearward and slightly outboard.
(9) Install bolt attaching lower seat belt anchor to
floor. Tighten seat belt bolt to 39 N´m (29 ft. lbs.)
torque.
CARPETS AND FLOOR MATS
REMOVAL
(1) Remove front seats. (Refer to 23 - BODY/
SEATS/SEAT - REMOVAL).
(2) Remove front center console.
(3) Remove the remaining seats. Refer to the Own-
er's Manual for the proper procedures.
(4) Remove front cowl panels and sill plates.
(5) Remove sliding door sill plates. (Refer to 23 -
BODY/INTERIOR/SLIDING DOOR SILL PLATE -
REMOVAL).
(6) Remove the cargo organizer, if equipped.
(7) Remove liftgate scuff plate. (Refer to 23 -
BODY/INTERIOR/LIFTGATE SCUFF PLATE -
REMOVAL).
(8) Remove lower B-pillar trim covers.
(9) Remove D-pillar trim covers.
(10) Remove Quarter trim panels.
(11) Remove floor escutcheons (Fig. 5).
(12) Remove the floor console trays. (Refer to 23 -
BODY/INTERIOR/FLOOR CONSOLE TRAY -
REMOVAL).
(13) Remove push-in fasteners attaching carpet to
floor in front seat area.
(14) Roll carpet from under instrument panel to
center of sliding door.
(15) Roll carpet forward away from rear door open-
ing.
(16) Extract carpet through sliding door opening
(Fig. 6).
INSTALLATION
(1) Insert carpet through sliding door opening.
(2) Roll carpet rearward toward rear door opening.
(3) Roll carpet under instrument panel.
(4) Install push-in fasteners through carpet and
grommet into floor to attach carpet to floor in front
seat area.CAUTION: Ensure that the correct fasteners are
installed in the proper locations. Damage to the fuel
tank may result.
(5) Install floor escutcheons.
(6) Install the floor console trays. (Refer to 23 -
BODY/INTERIOR/FLOOR CONSOLE TRAY -
INSTALLATION).
(7) Install Quarter trim panels.
(8) Install D-pillar trim covers.
Fig. 5 Seat Escutcheons
1 - SEAT ESCUTCHEON
2 - FLOOR CARPET
Fig. 6 Floor Carpet
1 - PUSH-IN FASTENERS
2 - CARPET MAT
3 - SEAL GROMMET
4 - CARPET
RSINTERIOR23 - 211
B-PILLAR UPPER TRIM (Continued)

²Rear window defogger on/off switch. A graphic
symbol shows when the defroster is on.
²An air conditioning button that allows the com-
pressor to be turned off. A Snowflake symbol is illu-
minated when air conditioning is on, whether under
manual or automatic control.
²Rotary knob for front fan speed selection can
override the automatic controls. LEDs surrounding
the knob show the current setting.
²Rotary knob for control of the Rear system.
²A rotary knob for mode control can override the
automatic controls. LEDs surrounding the knob show
the current setting.
²Computer logic remembers the settings of the
controls when the ignition is turned off and retains
those settings after a restart. If the system is off
when the ignition is turned of, it will be off when the
engine is restarted, etc.
²Computer logic provides variable air recircula-
tion under high temperature and humidity condi-
tions. Because recirculation is generally accompanied
by increased fan noise, the proportion of recirculated
to outside air gradually approaches full recirculation
over a broad temperature range.
²A graphic symbol of the windshield that illumi-
nates when the windshield wiper deicer is active.
REAR CONTROL PANEL
A rear control panel centrally mounted on the
headliner includes a vacuum-flourescent digital dis-
play, a rocker control for temperature and rotary con-
trols for adjustment of mode and fan speed control of
the rear unit by intermediate seat passengers.
OPERATION - DUAL ZONE
²The mode control knob enables continously vari-
able proportioning of air flow between modes but has
detents adjacent to each icon.
²The blower control provides five separate speeds.
²When the fan is off, the HVAC computer closes
the recirculation door to prevent outside air from
entering the passenger compartment.
²Interior air may be recirculated to speed up
heating or cooling in all modes exccept defrost and
mix by pressing the Recirculate button on the control
panel.
²To reduce humidity for rapid defogging the A/C
compressor runs automatically in modes from ªmix'
to full defrost when outside temperautres are above
freezing.
²Air conditioning is available in any mode by
pressing the snowflake, A/C on/off, button.
OPERATION - MANUAL THREE ZONE
FRONT CONTROL PANEL
²Primary control of the rear compartment unit is
on the instrument panel. This control allows the
driver to set the rear compartment fan speed, to turn
the rear unit off, or to give control to the intermedi-
ate seat occupants by switching to the REAR posi-
tion. When the rear unit is controlled from the
instrument panel, rear air temperature is based on
the driver-side temperature control position, and the
mode (floor or overhead air) is based on the front
control's mode position.
²The mode control knob enables continously vari-
able proportioning of air flow between modes but has
detents adjacent to each icon.
²The blower control provides five separate speeds
and Off. When the fan is off, the HVAC computer
closes the recirculation door to prevent outside air
from entering the passenger compartment.
²Interior air may be recirculated to speed up
heating or cooling in all modes exccept defrost and
mix by pressing the Recirculate button on the control
panel.
²To reduce humidity for rapid defogging the A/C
compressor runs automatically in modes from ªmix'
to full defrost when outside temperautres are above
freezing.
²Air conditioning is available in any mode by
pressing the snowflake, A/C on/off, button.
REAR CONTROL PANEL
With the rear control active, temperature selection
dictates indirectly the mode (floor or overhead air) of
the rear unit: a low temperature setting directs flow
to the overhead outlets and a high temperature set-
ting to the floor.
OPERATION - THREE ZONE ATC
Comfort temperature or perceived temperature is
affected by air flow, sun impinging on exposed skin,
etc. The air temperature may be higher or lower than
the comfort temperature. Three infrared sensors, two
in the instrument panel center stack, and one in the
overhead-mounted rear control panel, independently
measure the temperature of the driver, front passen-
ger, and rear compartment occupants to determine
their comfort level relative to the selected comfort
temperature. The HVAC computer in the control
module adjusts the air flow rate and temperature to
maintain the customer-perceived comfort tempera-
ture. The air temperature in the passenger compart-
ment at any time may be slightly higher or lower
than the comfort temperature. For instance, on
sunny summer days the air flow will probably be
cooler than the comfort temperature; on cold or
RSHEATING & AIR CONDITIONING24-3
HEATING & AIR CONDITIONING (Continued)

cloudy days and at night it will probably be slightly
warmer. Infrared Three-Zone Temperature Control
provides side-to-side and front-to-rear variation in
comfort temperature settings. The Infrared Three-
Zone Automatic Temperature Control fan provides a
continuously variable air flow rate to meet occupant
comfort requirements.
FRONT CONTROL PANEL
²AUTO HI/LO± This system features two sets of
automatic control logic that allow either a rapid cool-
down rate or a somewhat slower cool-down rate with
less fan noise. HI-AUTO controls the system to reach
its assigned temperature quickly with a higher fan
speed. LO-AUTO controls the system to reach its
assigned temperature somewhat slower with less fan
noise. Both modes will automatically engage auto
recirculation.
²DE-FROST± The front de-frost function is
active when the rear window defogger function is
active or when the defog/defrost mode is selected.
²RECIRC± The RECIRC button will close the
air inlet door. If the system is in auto recirc (indica-
tor being displayed automatically), pressing the man-
ual recirc button will disable the auto recirc function
until one of the auto keys are pressed or the ignition
is cycled. If Auto HI/LO is pressed while manual
recirc is active, manual recirc will be deactivated.
²REAR WINDOW DEFOGGER± Pushing the
button sends a PCI bus message to the Intelligent
Power Module which controls the Rear Window
Defogger and side view mirror (if equipped) circuitry.
The defogger function will be active for 10 minutes
and can be turned off by a switch press. The defogger
will function while the control is in the OFF mode.
²FAN/MODE± The Fan and Mode knobs have
17 manual selectable positions. Manually changing
either of the rotary knobs for mode or fan speed set-
tings makes control of that function alone manual for
as long as the ignition is on. If only one is changed
manually, the other remains under automatic control.
Pressing the HI-AUTO/LO-AUTO rocker switch
restores full automatic control.
²REAR CONTROL± When the Rear System
control knob is moved to the OFF position, there will
be a delay of approximately 1 second before the sys-
tem actually turns off. This delay is to prevent an
undesired blower dropout if the knob is moved
through OFF to the other selections.
²BLOWER DELAY TIMER± The word DELAY
is displayed at start-up to signify that the system is
waiting so that cold air will not be blowing. This tells
the operator that it is unnecessary to turn the sys-
tem off, raise the temperature setting or turn the fan
speed setting down to prevent cold air from blowing.
A countdown in minutes and seconds until the engineis warm enough to begin delivering heat to the pas-
sengers alternates with the DELAY message at 25
second intervals. This countdown is based on actual
measurement of the rate of engine coolant tempera-
ture change. During the delay time, Defrost mode is
selected and the fan operates at a low speed to keep
the windshield fog free.
REAR CONTROL PANEL
Primary control of the rear compartment unit is in
the instrument panel center stack. The rear unit con-
trol knob there allows the driver to turn the rear
unit off, allow control by the intermediate seat occu-
pants by switching to the REAR position, or provide
fully automatic control based on the temperature set-
ting shown on the front control display.
²REAR CONTROL± Selecting automatic control
of the rear unit at the instrument panel, illuminates
a Locked Padlock in the rear control panel display.
Selecting REAR activates the rear control panel and
the Padlock then appears unlocked.
²FAN KNOB± The rear fan control has Off and
AUTO positions and a range of manual speed set-
tings that override the AUTO setting.
²MODE KNOB± The mode control allows inter-
mediate seat occupants to manually override the
automatic mode and select any balance of air flow
between overhead and floor outlets from full over-
head to full floor.
²SET TEMP± The rear set temp control will
operate identical to the front controls. If the front
control rear set temp button is pressed simulta-
neously with the rear control head, then the front
control head press events shall have priority, i.e. if
the front user presses Rear Set Temp down and the
rear user presses Set Temp up, then the rear set
temp will decrease.
DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING - A/C COOL DOWN
TEST
The heater-A/C control module can perform an A/C
cool down test, which is a test performed during the
manufacturing process to confirm that the air condi-
tioning system is performing satisfactorily. This test
can also provide a quick confirmation of air condi-
tioning system performance to the service technician.
If the test is completed satisfactorily, no further ser-
vice is required. If the test is failed, proceed to the
A/C Performance Test to confirm the a/c system is
operating properly, or use a DRBIIItscan tool to
diagnose the A/C system control and distribution sys-
tems. Refer to the appropriate diagnostic informa-
tion.
24 - 4 HEATING & AIR CONDITIONINGRS
HEATING & AIR CONDITIONING (Continued)

CONTROLS - FRONT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
page page
A/C-HEATER CONTROL
STANDARD PROCEDURE...................8
HEATER-A/C CONTROL CALIBRATION.......8
REMOVAL...............................9
INSTALLATION............................9
A/C PRESSURE TRANSDUCER
DESCRIPTION...........................10
OPERATION.............................10
DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING.................10
A/C PRESSURE TRANSDUCER............10
REMOVAL..............................11
INSTALLATION...........................11
BLEND DOOR ACTUATOR
DESCRIPTION...........................11
OPERATION.............................12
REMOVAL..............................12
INSTALLATION...........................12
BLOWER MOTOR RELAY
DESCRIPTION...........................13
OPERATION.............................14
DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING.................14
BLOWER MOTOR RELAY.................14
REMOVAL..............................14
INSTALLATION...........................14
BLOWER MOTOR RESISTOR
DESCRIPTION...........................15
OPERATION.............................15
DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING.................15
BLOWER MOTOR RESISTOR.............15
REMOVAL..............................16
INSTALLATION...........................16
COMPRESSOR CLUTCH
DESCRIPTION...........................17
OPERATION.............................17
STANDARD PROCEDURE..................18
COMPRESSOR CLUTCH AIR GAP..........18
COMPRESSOR CLUTCH BREAK-IN.........18REMOVAL..............................18
INSPECTION............................19
INSTALLATION...........................20
COMPRESSOR CLUTCH COIL
DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING.................21
COMPRESSOR CLUTCH COIL.............21
COMPRESSOR CLUTCH RELAY
DESCRIPTION...........................21
OPERATION.............................22
DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING.................22
COMPRESSOR CLUTCH RELAY...........22
REMOVAL..............................23
INSTALLATION...........................23
EVAPORATOR TEMPERATURE SENSOR
DESCRIPTION...........................23
OPERATION.............................23
REMOVAL..............................24
INSTALLATION...........................24
INFRARED TEMPERATURE SENSOR
DESCRIPTION...........................24
OPERATION.............................25
MODE DOOR ACTUATOR
DESCRIPTION...........................25
OPERATION.............................25
REMOVAL..............................26
INSTALLATION...........................26
POWER MODULE
DESCRIPTION...........................26
OPERATION.............................27
REMOVAL..............................27
INSTALLATION...........................27
RECIRCULATION DOOR ACTUATOR
DESCRIPTION...........................28
OPERATION.............................28
REMOVAL..............................29
INSTALLATION...........................29
A/C-HEATER CONTROL
STANDARD PROCEDURE - HEATER-A/C
CONTROL CALIBRATION
The heater-A/C control module must be recali-
brated each time an actuator motor or the control
module is replaced. This is necessary so that the con-
trol module can ªlearnº the feedback voltages for
each actuator motor at both stop positions of each
door in the front HVAC unit housing. If the vehicle isso equipped, the calibration procedure also includes
rear HVAC positions for each actuator motor.
(1) Turn the ignition switch to the On position.
(2) Simultaneously depress and hold the Power
and Recirculation buttons on the heater-A/C control
for at least five seconds. The manual heater-A/C con-
trol Delay Light Emitting Diode (LED) and Recircu-
lation LED, or the Automatic Temperature Control
(ATC) heater-A/C control Delay and Recirculation
graphics will begin to flash when the calibration pro-
cedure has begun.
24 - 8 CONTROLS - FRONTRS