2000 TOYOTA CAMRY ground clearance

APPENDIX ± TOYOTA TACOMA
U.S.A. & CanadaItemArea
Body Type
Vehicle Grade
Model Code
OverallLength mm (in.)
Width mm (in.)
Height* mm (in.)
Wheel Base mm (in.)
TreadFront mm (in.)
Rear mm (in.)
Effective Head RoomFront mm (in.)
Rear mm (in.)
Front mm (in.)
Rear mm (in.)
Front mm (in.)
Rear mm (in.)
Front mm (in.)
Rear mm (in.) Effective Leg Room
Shoulder Room
Overhang
Min. Running Ground Clearance mm (in.)
Angle of Approach degrees
Angle of Departure degrees
Curb Weight
Gross Vehicle WeightFront kg (lb)
Rear kg (lb)
Total kg (lb)
Front kg (lb)
Rear kg (lb)
Total kg (lb)
Fuel Tank Capacity (US.gal., Imp.gal)
Luggage Compartment Capacity m
3 (cu.ft.)
Max. Speed km / h (mph)
Max. Cruising Speed km / h (mph)
Max. Permissible
Speed
Turning Diameter
(Outside Front)1st Gear km / h (mph)
2nd Gear km / h (mph)
3rd Gear km / h (mph)
4th Gear km / h (mph)
Wall to Wall m (ft.)
Curb to Curb m (ft.)
Engine Type
Valve Mechanism
Bore x Stroke mm (in.)
Displacement cm
3 (cu.in.)
Compression Ratio
Carburetor Type
Research Octane No. RON
Max. Output (SAE-NET) kW / rpm (HP@rpm)
Max. Torque (SAE-NET) N
.m / rpm (lb-ft@rpm)
Battery Capacity (5HR) Voltage & Amp. hr.
Generator Output Watts
Starter Output kW
Clutch Type
Transmission Type
Transmission Gear
Ratio
Transfer Gear Ratio H4 / L4
Differential Gear Ratio (Front / Rear)
Brake Type
Parking Brake Type
Brake Booster Type and Size in.
Proportioning Valve Type
Suspension Type
Stabilizer Bar
Steering Gear Type
Steering Gear Ratio (Overall)
Power Steering TypeIn First
In Second
In Third
In Fourth
In Fifth
In Reverse
Front
Rear
Front
Rear
Front
Rear
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
Major Dimensions & Vehicle Weights Performance Engine Engine
Chassis
Electrical
Regular Cab
Length mm (in.)
Width mm (in.)
Height mm (in.)DLX
Cargo Space
Differential Gear Size (Front / Rear) in.
140
RZN196L-CRPDKAB VZN195L-CRPDKAB RZN191L-TRPDKAB
5135 (202.2)
4665 (183.7)
1690 (66.5), 1720 (67.7)*6, 1765 (69.5)*7


1705 (67.1), 1730 (68.1)*6
1715 (67.5), 1745 (68.7)*6
3095 (121.9)
2625 (103.4)
1460 (57.5), 1500 (59.1)*6


1455 (57.3), 1495 (58.9)*6


984 (38.7), 975 (38.4)*10
980 (38.6)*8, 979 (38.5)*9
898 (35.4)
Ð
1088 (42.8)


690 (27.2)
Ð
1375 (54.1)


1355 (53.3)
Ð
ÐÐÐ
ÐÐÐ
ÐÐÐ
800 (31.5)


1240 (48.8)


280 (11.0), 315 (12.4)*
6
280 (11.0), 310 (12.2)*6
32, 35*6


24, 26*6


820 (1807) 870 (1917) 780 (1720)
620 (1366)
595 (1312)
1440 (3173) 1490 (3233) 1375 (3031)
ÐÐÐ
ÐÐÐ
2315 (1050)


68 (18.0, 15.0)


ÐÐÐ
161 (100)


ÐÐÐ
38 (24) 41 (25) 38 (24)
71 (44) 75 (47) 71 (44)
107 (66) 103 (64) 107 (66)
ÐÐÐ
12.9 (42.3)
11.2 (36.7)
12.2 (40.0)
10.5 (34.4)
3RZ-FE 5VZ-FE 3RZ-FE
16-Valve, DOHC 24-Valve, DOHC 16-Valve, DOHC
95.0 x 95.0 (3.74 x 3.74) 93.5 x 82.0 (3.68 x 3.23) 95.0 x 45.0 (3.74 x 3.74)
2694 (164.3) 3378 (206.1) 2694 (164.3)
9.5 : 1 9.6 : 1 9.5 : 1
SFI


91


112 / 4800 (150@4800) 142 / 4800 (190@4800) 112 / 4800 (150@4800)
240 / 4000 (177@4000) 298 / 3600 (220@3600) 240 / 4000 (177@4000)
12-55 12-48, 55*
412-55
840
840
1.4, 2.0*
31.4, 1.8*41.4, 2.0*3
ÐÐÐ
A340E


2.804


1.531


1.000


0.705


ÐÐÐ
2.393


ÐÐÐ
Ð / 3.909, 4.300*
6Ð / 3.909, 4.100*1Ð / 3.909, 4.300*6
Ð/8º


Ventilated Disc


L.T. Drum


L.T. Drum


Tandem 8º + 9º


LSP & BV


Double Wishbone, Coil


Rigid Leaf


STD


ÐÐÐ
Rack and Pinion


19.4


Integral Type


*
3: Unladen Vehicle *3: With Moon Roof *6: With 31 x 10.5R 15 Tire or P265 / 75R 15 Tire *10: With Moon Roof
*1: With 31 x 10.5 R15 Tire or P265 / 75R15 Tire *4: Option *7: With Wheel Opening Extention

APPENDIX ± 4RUNNER
4-Door WagonItemArea
Body Type
Vehicle Grade
Model Code
OverallLength mm (in.)
Width mm (in.)
Height* mm (in.)
Wheel Base mm (in.)
TreadFront mm (in.)
Rear mm (in.)
Effective Head RoomFront mm (in.)
Rear mm (in.)
Front mm (in.)
Rear mm (in.)
Front mm (in.)
Rear mm (in.)
Front mm (in.)
Rear mm (in.) Effective Leg Room
Shoulder Room
Overhang
Min. Running Ground Clearance mm (in.)
Angle of Approach degrees
Angle of Departure degrees
Curb Weight
Gross Vehicle WeightFront kg (lb)
Rear kg (lb)
Total kg (lb)
Front kg (lb)
Rear kg (lb)
Total kg (lb)
Fuel Tank Capacity (US.gal., Imp.gal)
Luggage Compartment Capacity m
3 (cu.ft.)
Max. Speed km / h (mph)
Max. Cruising Speed km / h (mph)
Max. Permissible
Speed
Turning Diameter
(Outside Front)1st Gear km / h (mph)
2nd Gear km / h (mph)
3rd Gear km / h (mph)
4th Gear km / h (mph)
Wall to Wall m (ft.)
Curb to Curb m (ft.)
Engine Type
Valve Mechanism
Bore x Stroke mm (in.)
Displacement cm
3 (cu.in.)
Compression Ratio
Carburetor Type
Research Octane No. RON
Max. Output (SAE-NET) kW / rpm (HP@rpm)
Max. Torque (SAE-NET) N
.m / rpm (lb-ft@rpm)
Battery Capacity (5HR) Voltage & Amp. hr.
Generator Output Watts
Starter Output kW
Clutch Type
Transmission Type
Transmission Gear
Ratio
Transfer Gear Ratio H4 / L4
Differential Gear Ratio (Front / Rear)
Brake Type
Parking Brake Type
Brake Booster Type and Size in.
Proportioning Valve Type
Suspension Type
Stabilizer Bar
Steering Gear Type
Steering Gear Ratio
Power Steering TypeIn First
In Second
In Third
In Fourth
In Fifth
In Reverse
Front
Rear
Front
Rear
Front
Rear
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
Major Dimensions & Vehicle Weights Performance Engine Engine
Chassis
Electrical
U.S.A.
Length mm (in.)
Width mm (in.)
Height mm (in.)Ð SR5 Limited
Cargo Space
Differential Gear Size (Front / Rear) in.
142

4RUNNER
RZN180L-GKMSKA RZN180L-GKPSKA VZN180L-GKPGKA VZN180L-GKPZKA
4655 (183.2)



1690 (66.5), 1730 (68.1)*
2

1800 (70.9)
1715 (67.5), 1740 (68.5)*2

1740 (68.5)
2675 (105.3)



1505 (59.3)



1495 (58.9), 1510 (59.4)*
2

1510 (59.4)
998 (39.3)



983 (38.7)



1081 (42.6)



888 (35.0)



1361 (53.6)



1354 (53.3)



1147 (45.2)



972 (38.3)



983 (38.7)



920 (36.2)



1055 (41.5), 1060 (1055)*
2

1060 (41.7)
250 (9.8), 260 (10.2)*2

260 (10.2)
32, 35*2

35
26, 28*2

28
826 (1820) 837 (1845) 869 (1915) 896 (1975)
735 (1620) 744 (1640) 764 (1685) 787 (1735)
1561 (3440) 1581 (3485) 1633 (3600) 1682 (3710)
ÐÐÐÐ
ÐÐÐÐ
2381 (5250)



70 (18.5, 15.4)



ÐÐÐÐ
165 (103)



132 (82)



42 (26) 56 (35) 56 (35), 59 (37)*
259 (37)
78 (49), 77 (48)*2104 (65), 102 (64)*2104 (65), 107 (67)*2107 (67)
121 (75), 119 (74)*2ÐÐÐ
ÐÐÐÐ
12.0 (39)



11.6 (38)



3RZ-FE
5VZ-FE

16 Valve, DOHC
24 Valve, DOHC

95.0 x 95.0 (3.74 x 3.74)
93.5 x 82.0 (3.68 x 3.23)

2694 (164.3)
3378 (206.1)

9.5 : 1
9.6 : 1

SFI



91



112 / 4800 (150@4800)
137 / 4800 (183@4800)

240 / 4000 (177@4000)
294 / 3600 (217@3600)

12 ± 55 12 ± 55, 64*
112 ± 48, 55*1

840



1.4, 1.8*
11.4, 2.0*11.4, 1.8*1

Dry, Single Plate Ð Ð Ð
W59 A340E


3.954 2.804


2.141 1.531


1.384 1.000


1.000 0.705


0.810 Ð Ð

4.091 2.393


ÐÐÐÐ
± / 3.727, ± / 4.100*
2± / 3.909, ± / 4.300*2± / 3.727, ± / 4.100*2± / 4.100
±/8º



Ventilated Disc



L.T. Drum



L.T. Drum



Tandem 8º + 9º



LSP & BV, P & BV*
3
P & BV P & BV
Double Wishbone, Coil



4 Links



STD



STD



Rack & Pinion



20.0



Integral Type



* : Unladen Vehicle *
2: With P265 / 70R16 Tire *4: Differential Gear Ratio: 4.300
*1: Option *3: With ABS *5: Model Canada

APPENDIX ± LAND CRUISER
ItemArea
Body Type
Vehicle Grade
Model Code
OverallLength mm (in.)
Width mm (in.)
Height* mm (in.)
Wheel Base mm (in.)
TreadFront mm (in.)
Rear mm (in.)
Effective Head RoomFront mm (in.)
Rear mm (in.)
Front mm (in.)
Rear mm (in.)
Front mm (in.)
Rear mm (in.)
Front mm (in.)
Rear mm (in.) Effective Leg Room
Shoulder Room
Overhang
Min. Running Ground Clearance mm (in.)
Angle of Approach degrees
Angle of Departure degrees
Curb Weight
Gross Vehicle WeightFront kg (lb)
Rear kg (lb)
Total kg (lb)
Front kg (lb)
Rear kg (lb)
Total kg (lb)
Fuel Tank Capacity (US.gal., Imp.gal.)
Luggage Compartment Capacity m
3 (cu.ft.)
Max. Speed km / h (mph)
Max. Cruising Speed km / h (mph)
Acceleration
Max. Permissible
Speed
Turning Diameter
(Outside Front)0 to 60 km / h sec.
0 to 400 m sec.
1st Gear km / h (mph)
2nd Gear km / h (mph)
3rd Gear km / h (mph)
4th Gear km / h (mph)
Wall to Wall m (ft.)
Curb to Curb m (ft.)
Engine Type
Valve Mechanism
Bore x Stroke mm (in.)
Displacement cm
3 (cu.in.)
Compression Ratio
Research Octane No. RON
Max. Output (SAE-NET) kW / rpm (HP@rpm)
Max. Torque (SAE-NET) N
.m / rpm (lb-ft@rpm)
Battery Capacity (5HR) Voltage & Amp. hr.
Generator Output Watts
Starter Output kW
Clutch Type
Transaxle Type
Transmission Gear
Ratio
Counter Gear Ratio H4 / L4
Differential Gear Ratio (Front / Rear)
Brake Type
Parking Brake Type
Brake Booster Type in.
Proportioning Valve Type
Suspension Type
Stabilizer Bar
Steering Gear Type
Steering Gear Ratio (Overall)
Power Steering TypeIn First
In Second
In Third
In Fourth
In Fifth
In Reverse
Front
Rear
Front
Rear
Front
Rear
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
Major Dimensions & Vehicle Weights Performance Engine Engine
Chassis
Electrical
U.S.A.
Wagon
Ð
Length mm (in.)
Wide mm (in.)
Height mm (in.) Cargo Space
Differential Gear Size (Front / Rear) in.
Fuel System
144

LAND CRUISER
UZJ100L-GNPEKA
4890 (192.5)
1940 (76.4)
1860 (73.2)
2850 (112.2)
1620 (63.8)
1615 (63.6)
1018 (40.1), 995 (39.2)*
1
1005 (39.6), 992 (39.1)*1, 993 (39.1)*1,
2
1074 (42.3)
870 (34.3), 752 (29.6)*3
1558 (61.3)
1552 (61.1)
1176 (46.3)
1081 (42.6)
1053 (41.5)
895 (35.2)
1145 (45.1)
250 (9.8)
31
24
1230 (1605)
1090 (955)
2320 (2560)
Ð
Ð
3110 (3495)
96 (25.4, 21.1)
Ð
175 (109)
140 (87)
9.9
17.6
24 (15)*
4, 60 (38)*5
44 (28)*4, 110 (69)*5
68 (43)*4, 168 (105)*5
Ð
12.7 (41.7)
12.1 (39.7)
2UZ-FE
32-Valve, DOHC
94.0 x 84.0 (3.70 x 3.31)
4664 (284.5)
9.6 : 1
SFI
96
172 / 4800 (230 @ 4800)
434 / 3400 (320 @ 3400)
12-64, 60*
6
960, 1200*2
2.0
Ð
A343F
2.804
1.531
1.000
0.753
Ð
2.393
1.000 / 2.488
4.300 / 4.300
8º / 9.5º
Ventilated Disc
Ventilated Disc
Drum
Hydraulic
P & B Valve
Double Wishbone
4-Link with Lateral Rod
STD
STD
Rack & Pinion
19.8
Integral Type
* : Unladed Vehicle *
2: With Dual A / C *4: Transfer in Low *6: Option
*1: With Sun Roof *3: Center Seat *5: Transfer in High

APPENDIX
Curb to Curb m (ft.)
Rear
Model Code
Front mm (in.)
Rear mm (in.)4-Door Sedan
ItemArea
Body Type
Vehicle Grade
OverallLength mm (in.)
Width mm (in.)
Height* mm (in.)
Wheel Base mm (in.)
Tread
Rear mm (in.)
Effective Head Room
Front mm (in.)
Overhang
Min. Running Ground Clearance mm (in.)
Angle of Approach degrees
Angle of Departure degrees
Curb Weight
Gross Vehicle WeightFront kg (lb)
Rear kg (lb)
Total kg (lb)
Front kg (lb)
Rear kg (lb)
Total kg (lb)
Fuel Tank Capacity (US.gal., Imp. gal)
Max. Speed km / h (mph)
Max. Cruising Speed km / h (mph)
Acceleration
Wall to Wall m (ft.) 0 to 100 km/h sec.
Valve Mechanism
Brake Type
Parking Brake Type
Brake Booster Type and Size in.
Proportioning Valve Type
Suspension Type
Stabilizer Bar
Steering Gear Type
Steering Gear Ratio (Overall)
Power Steering TypeFront
Front
Rear Front
Rear
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
Major Dimensions & Vehicle Weights Performance Chassis
U.S.A.
Shoulder Room
Front mm (in.)
Rear mm (in.)
Front mm (in.)
Rear mm (in.)
Front mm (in.)
Rear mm (in.) Effective Leg Room
Turning Diameter
(Outside Front)0 to 400 m sec.
Engine
Electrical
Engine Type
Bore
Stroke mm (in.)
Differential Gear Ratio (Final) Counter Gear RatioIn Fifth
In Reverse Transmission Gear
RatioIn Third
In Fourth In First
In Second
Clutch Type
Transaxle TypeStarter Output kW Generator Output Watts Battery Capacity (5HR) Voltage & Amp. hr. Carburetor Type Compression Ratio Displacement cm
3 (cu.in.)
Max. Torque (SAE-NET) N´m/rpm (lb-ft@rpm) Research Octane No. RON
Max. Output (SAE-NET) kW/rpm (HP@rpm)
Engine
3rd Gear km/h (mph)
4th Gear km/h (mph) 1st Gear km/h (mph)
2nd Gear km/h (mph)
Max. Permissible
Speed
Luggage Compartment Capacity
28
MAJOR TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
LE
SXV23L-AEPNCA
4785 (188.4)
1780 (70.1)
1420 (55.9)
2670 (105.1)
1545 (60.8)
1520 (59.8)
980 (38.6)
940 (37.0)
1102 (43.4)
901 (35.5)
1427 (56.2)
1425 (56.1)
970 (38.2)
1140 (44.9)
130 (5.1)
165
165
860 (1896)
595 (1312)
1455 (3208)
970 (2140)
950 (2095)
1920 (4235)
135 (35.7, 29.2)*1, 43 (11.4. 9.5)*2
0.332 m3 *3, 8.921 ft3
*4
180 (112)
Ð
Ð
Ð
66 (41)
119 (74)
Ð
Ð
11.9 (39.0)
11.4 (37.4)
5S-FNE
16-Valve, DOHC
87.0
91.0 (3.43
3.58)
2164 (132.0)
11.0 : 1
SFI
130
88/5200 (118/5200)
178/2400 (131/2400)
12 ± 55
960
1.4
Ð
A140E
2.810
1.549
1.000
0.706
Ð
2.296
0.945
4.176
Ventilated Disc
L.T. Drum
Drum
Tandem 8º + 9º
Dual-P Valve
MacPherson Strut
MacPherson Strut
STD
STD
Rack and Pinion
17.4 : 1
Integral Type
*: Unladed Vehicle
*
1: Water Volume
*2: Equivalent Gasoline Capacity
*3: VDA
*4: SAE Suitcase

H01461
H02309
H02271
ABTerminal
Tc
ABOFF
Body
Ground
OFF
ON
OFF
Several
Seconds50 m sec.
50 m sec.
1 seconds
(± 0.5 sec.)
Tc
Body
Ground
1 seconds
(± 0.5 sec.)
1
23
45
DI±628
± DIAGNOSTICSSUPPLEMENTAL RESTRAINT SYSTEM
863 Author: Date:
(c) Starting with the Tc terminal, ground alternately terminal
Tc and terminal AB twice each in cycles of 1.0 seconds.
Make sure that the terminals are grounded. Ensure the
terminal Tc remain grounded.
HINT:
When alternately grounding terminals Tc and AB, release
ground from one terminal and immediately ground the other ter-
minal within an interval of 0.2 seconds.
If DTCs are not cleared, repeat the above procedure until the
codes are cleared.
(d) Several seconds after doing the clearing procedure, the
SRS warning light will blink in a 50 m sec. cycle to indicate
the codes which have been cleared.
6. Past troubles codes:
DTC CLEARANCE
(See step 5.)

Z02754
Z00052
Z00054
44.5°
EM0181
Margin Thickness EM±44
± ENGINE MECHANICAL (5S±FE)CYLINDER HEAD
1216 Author: Date:
6. INSPECT VALVE STEMS AND GUIDE BUSHINGS
(a) Using a caliper gauge, measure the inside diameter of the
guide bushing.
Bushing inside diameter:
6.010 ± 6.030 mm (0.2366 ± 0.2374 in.)
(b) Using a micrometer, measure the diameter of the valve
stem.
Valve stem diameter:
Intake5.970 ± 5.985 mm (0.2350 ± 0.2356 in.)
Exhaust5.965 ± 5.980 mm (0.2348 ± 0.2354 in.)
(c) Subtract the valve stem diameter measurement from the
guide bushing inside diameter measurement.
Standard oil clearance:
Intake0.025 ± 0.060 mm (0.0010 ± 0.0024 in.)
Exhaust0.030 ± 0.065 mm (0.0012 ± 0.0026 in.)
Maximum oil clearance:
Intake0.08 mm (0.0031 in.)
Exhaust0.10 mm (0.0039 in.)
If the clearance is greater than maximum, replace the valve and
guide bushing. (See page EM±50)
7. INSPECT AND GRIND VALVES
(a) Grind the valve enough to remove pits and carbon.
(b) Check that the valve is ground to the correct valve face
angle.
Valve face angle: 44.5°
(c) Check the valve head margin thickness.
Standard margin thickness:
0.8 ± 1.2 mm (0.031 ± 0.047 in.)
Minimum margin thickness: 0.5 mm (0.020 in.)
If the margin thickness is less than minimum, replace the valve.

P12754
Z00052
Z00054
44.5°
EM0181
Margin Thickness
± ENGINE MECHANICAL (1MZ±FE)CYLINDER HEAD
EM±45
1331 Author: Date:
9. INSPECT VALVE STEMS AND GUIDE BUSHINGS
(a) Using a caliper gauge, measure the inside diameter of the
guide bushing.
Bushing inside diameter:
5.510 ± 5.530 mm (0.2169 ± 0.2177 in.)
(b) Using a micrometer, measure the diameter of the valve
stem.
Valve stem diameter:
Intake5.470 ± 5.485 mm (0.2154 ± 0.2159 in.)
Exhaust5.465 ± 5.480 mm (0.2152 ± 0.2157 in.)
(c) Subtract the valve stem diameter measurement from the
guide bushing guide bushing inside diameter measure-
ment.
Standard oil clearance:
Intake0.025 ± 0.060 mm (0.0010 ± 0.0024 in.)
Exhaust0.030 ± 0.065 mm (0.0012 ± 0.0026 in.)
Maximum oil clearance:
Intake0.08 mm (0.0031 in.)
Exhaust0.10 mm (0.0039 in.)
If the clearance is greater than maximum, replace the valve and
guide bushing.
10. INSPECT AND GRIND VALVES
(a) Grind the valve enough to remove pits and carbon.
(b) Check that the valve is ground to the correct valve face
angle.
Valve face angle: 44.5°
(c) Check the valve head margin thickness.
Standard margin thickness: 1.0 mm (0.039 in.)
Minimum margin thickness: 0.5 mm (0.020 in.)
If the margin thickness is less than minimum, replace the valve.

P24458HolderGrommet
S00813
CORRECT WRONG
Clearance
IG0147
Megger
Ground
S03776
IG±4
± IGNITION (1MZ±FE)IGNITION SYSTEM
1698 Author: Date:
(g) Connect the high±tension cords to the ignition coils.
(1) Assemble the holder and grommet.
(2) Align the spline of the ignition coil with the spline of
the holder, and push in the cord.
NOTICE:
Check that the holder is correctly installed to the grommet
and ignition coil as shown in the illustration.
(3) Check that the lock claw of the holder is engaged by
lightly pulling the holder.
(h) Connect the high±tension cords to the spark plugs.
(i) Install the V±bank cover.
3. INSPECT SPARK PLUGS
NOTICE:

Never use a wire brush for cleaning.

Never attempt to adjust the electrode gap on a used
spark plug.

Spark plugs should be replaced every 100,000 km
(60,000 miles).
(a) Remove the high±tension cords set. (See step 2)
(b) Remove the ignition coils.
(c) Inspect the electrode.
Using a megger (insulation resistance meter), measure
the insulation resistance.
Standard correct insulation resistance:
10 MW or more
If the resistance is less than specified, proceed to step (e).
HINT:
If a megger is not available, the following simple method of in-
spection provides fairly accurate results.
(d) Simple Method:
(1) Quickly race the engine to 4,000 rpm 5 times.
(2) Remove the spark plug. (See step (e))
(3) Visually check the spark plug.
If the electrode is dry ... OK
If the electrode is wet ... Proceed to step (f)
(4) Install the spark plug. (See step (i))