1999 LAND ROVER DISCOVERY ESP

ENGINE - V8
OVERHAUL 12-2-67
35. Check that cutter blades are adjusted so that
middle of blade contacts area of material to be
cut. Use light pressure and only remove the
minimum of material necessary.
36.Clean valve seat and valve.
Reassembly
1.Clean spring caps, collets and valve springs.
2.Lubricate new valve stem oil seal with clean
engine oil and fit seal.
3.Lubricate valve with clean engine oil and fit
valve.
4.Fit spring and cap, compress spring using tool
LRT-12-034 and fit collets.
5.Release valve spring and remove tool LRT-12-
034.
6.Fit cylinder head gasket.

+ ENGINE - V8, OVERHAUL, Gasket -
cylinder head.
Piston assemblies
$% 12.17.02.01
Disassembly
1.Remove cylinder head.

+ ENGINE - V8, OVERHAUL, Gasket -
cylinder head.
2.Remove oil pick-up strainer.

+ ENGINE - V8, OVERHAUL, Strainer
- oil pick-up.
3.Suitably identify each connecting rod and
piston assembly to its respective cylinder bore.
4.Remove 2 bolts securing each connecting rod
bearing cap.
5.Remove connecting rod bearing cap and
collect connecting rod bearings.
6.Remove ridge of carbon from top of cylinder
bores.
7.Carefully push each piston assembly from the
top of the cylinder.
CAUTION: Ensure that connecting rods do
not contact cylinder bores.
8.Refit bearing cap onto connecting rod, lightly
tighten dowel bolts.
9.Suitably identify each piston to its respective
connecting rod.

ENGINE - V8
OVERHAUL 12-2-71
31.Using LRT-12-204, compress piston rings.
32.Insert connecting rod and piston into its
respective cylinder bore, ensuring domed
shaped boss on connecting rod faces towards
front of engine on RH bank of cylinders and
towards rear on LH bank of cylinders.
33.Clean connecting rod journal and bearing cap.
34.Lubricate connecting rod journal and
connecting rod bearings. 35.Fit connecting rod bearings and connecting rod
bearing caps ensuring they are in their correct
fitted order.
NOTE: The rib on the edge of the bearing cap
must face towards the front of the engine on the
RH bank of cylinders and towards the rear on
the LH bank.
36.Fit bolts and tighten to 20 Nm (15 lbf.ft) then
turn a further 80°.
37.Fit oil pick-up strainer.

+ ENGINE - V8, OVERHAUL, Strainer
- oil pick-up.
38.Fit cylinder head gasket.

+ ENGINE - V8, OVERHAUL, Gasket -
cylinder head.

EMISSION CONTROL - V8
DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION 17-2-9
Emission Control Systems
Engine design has evolved in order to minimise the emission of harmful by-products. Emission control systems are
fitted to Land Rover vehicles which are designed to maintain the emission levels within the legal limits pertaining for
the specified market.
Despite the utilisation of specialised emission control equipment, it is still necessary to ensure that the engine is
correctly maintained and is in good mechanical order so that it operates at its optimal condition. In particular, ignition
timing has an effect on the production of HC and NO
x emissions, with the harmful emissions rising as the ignition
timing is advanced.
CAUTION: In many countries it is against the law for a vehicle owner or an unauthorised dealer to modify or
tamper with emission control equipment. In some cases, the vehicle owner and/or the dealer may even be
liable for prosecution.
The engine management ECM is fundamental for controlling the emission control systems. In addition to controlling
normal operation, the system complies with On Board Diagnostic (OBD) system strategies. The system monitors and
reports on faults detected with ignition, fuelling and exhaust systems which cause an excessive increase in tailpipe
emissions. This includes component failures, engine misfire, catalyst damage, catalyst efficiency, fuel evaporative
loss and exhaust leaks.
When an emission relevant fault is determined, the fault condition is stored in the ECM memory. For NAS vehicles,
the MIL warning light on the instrument pack will be illuminated when the fault is confirmed. Confirmation of a fault
condition occurs if the fault is still found to be present during the driving cycle subsequent to the one when the fault
was first detected.

+ ENGINE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM - V8, DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION, Description - engine
management.
The following types of supplementary control system are used to reduce harmful emissions released into the
atmosphere from the vehicle:
1Crankcase emission control – also known as blow-by gas emissions from the engine crankcase.
2Exhaust emission control – to limit the undesirable by-products of combustion.
3Fuel vapour evaporative loss control – to restrict the emission of fuel through evaporation from the fuel
system.
4Fuel leak detection system (NAS only) – there are two types of system which may be used to check the
evaporative emission system for the presence of leaks from the fuel tank to purge valve.
aVacuum leak detection test – checks for leaks down to 1 mm (0.04 in.) in diameter.
bPositive pressure leak detection test – utilises a leak detection pump to check for leaks down to 0.5 mm (0.02
in.) in diameter.
5Secondary air injection system (Where fitted) – to reduce emissions experienced during cold starting.

EMISSION CONTROL - V8
DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION 17-2-11
Exhaust Emission Control System
The fuel injection system provides accurately metered quantities of fuel to the combustion chambers to ensure the
most efficient air to fuel ratio under all operating conditions. A further improvement to combustion is made by
measuring the oxygen content of the exhaust gases to enable the quantity of fuel injected to be varied in accordance
with the prevailing engine operation and ambient conditions; any unsatisfactory composition of the exhaust gas is
then corrected by adjustments made to the fuelling by the ECM.
The main components of the exhaust emission system are two catalytic converters which are an integral part of the
front exhaust pipe assembly. The catalytic converters are included in the system to reduce the emission to
atmosphere of carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NO
x) and hydrocarbons (HC). The active constituents of
the catalytic converters are platinum (Pt), palladium (PD) and rhodium (Rh). Catalytic converters for NAS low
emission vehicles (LEVs) from 2000MY have active constituents of palladium and rhodium only. The correct
functioning of the converters is dependent upon close control of the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas entering
the catalyst.
The two catalytic converters are shaped differently to allow sufficient clearance between the body and transmission,
but they remain functionally identical since they have the same volume and use the same active constituents.
The basic control loop comprises the engine (controlled system), the heated oxygen sensors (measuring elements),
the engine management ECM (control) and the injectors and ignition (actuators). Other factors also influence the
calculations of the ECM, such as air flow, air intake temperature and throttle position. Additionally, special driving
conditions are compensated for, such as starting, acceleration, deceleration, overrun and full load.
The reliability of the ignition system is critical for efficient catalytic converter operation, since misfiring will lead to
irreparable damage of the catalytic converter due to the overheating that occurs when unburned combustion gases
are burnt inside it.
CAUTION: If the engine is misfiring, it should be shut down immediately and the cause rectified. Failure to do
so will result in irreparable damage to the catalytic converter.
CAUTION: Ensure the exhaust system is free from leaks. Exhaust gas leaks upstream of the catalytic
converter could cause internal damage to the catalytic converter.
CAUTION: Serious damage to the engine may occur if a lower octane number fuel than recommended is used.
Serious damage to the catalytic converter and oxygen sensors will occur if leaded fuel is used.
Air : Fuel Ratio
The theoretical ideal air:fuel ratio to ensure complete combustion and minimise emissions in a spark-ignition engine
is 14.7:1 and is referred to as the stoichiometric ratio.
The excess air factor is denoted by the Lambda symbol λ, and is used to indicate how far the air:fuel mixture ratio
deviates from the theoretical optimum during any particular operating condition.
lWhen λ = 1, the air to fuel ratio corresponds to the theoretical optimum of 14.7:1 and is the desired condition for
minimising emissions.
lWhen λ > 1, (i.e. λ = 1.05 to λ = 1.3) there is excess air available (lean mixture) and lower fuel consumption can
be attained at the cost of reduced performance. For mixtures above λ = 1.3, the mixture ceases to be ignitable.
lWhen λ < 1, (i.e. λ = 0.85 to λ = 0.95) there is an air deficiency (rich mixture) and maximum output is available,
but fuel economy is impaired.
The engine management system used with V8 engines operates in a narrower control range about the stoichiometric
ideal between λ = 0.97 to 1.03 using closed-loop control techniques. When the engine is warmed up and operating
under normal conditions, it is essential to maintain λ close to the ideal (λ = 1) to ensure the effective treatment of
exhaust gases by the three-way catalytic converters installed in the downpipes from each exhaust manifold.
Changes in the oxygen content has subsequent effects on the levels of exhaust emissions experienced. The levels
of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide produced around the stoichiometric ideal control range are minimised, but
peak emission of oxides of nitrogen are experienced around the same range.

EMISSION CONTROL - V8
17-2-12 DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION
Fuel metering
For a satisfactory combustion process, precise fuel injection quantity, timing and dispersion must be ensured. If the
air:fuel mixture in the combustion chamber is not thoroughly atomized and dispersed during the combustion stroke,
some of the fuel may remain unburnt which will lead to high HC emissions.
Ignition timing
The ignition timing can be changed to minimise exhaust emissions and fuel consumption in response to changes due
to the excess air factor. As the excess air factor increases, the optimum ignition angle is advanced to compensate for
delays in flame propagation.
Exhaust Emission Control Components
The exhaust emission control components are described below:
Catalytic converter
1Exhaust gas from manifold
2Cleaned exhaust gas to tail pipe
3Catalytic converter outer case41st ceramic brick
52nd ceramic brick
6Honeycomb structure
The catalytic converters are located in each of the front pipes from the exhaust manifolds.
The catalytic converter's housings are fabricated from stainless steel and are fully welded at all joints. Each catalytic
converter contains two elements comprising of an extruded ceramic substrate which is formed into a honeycomb of
small cells with a density of 62 cells / cm
2. The ceramic element is coated with a special surface treatment called
'washcoat' which increases the surface area of the catalyst element by approximately 7000 times. A coating is applied
to the washcoat which contains the precious elements Platinum, Palladium and Rhodium in the following relative
concentrations: 1 Pt : 21.6 PD : 1 Rh

EMISSION CONTROL - V8
17-2-14 DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION
The heated oxygen sensor is screwed into threaded mountings welded into the top of the front exhaust pipes at
suitable locations. They are used to detect the level of residual oxygen in the exhaust gas to provide an instantaneous
indication of whether combustion is complete. By positioning sensors in the stream of exhaust gases from each
separate bank of the exhaust manifold, the engine management system is better able to control the fuelling
requirements on each bank independently of the other, so allowing much closer control of the air:fuel ratio and
optimising catalytic converter efficiency.
Two pre-catalytic converter heated oxygen sensors are mounted in the front pipes for monitoring the oxygen content
of the exhaust gas. NAS models also have two additional post-catalytic converter heated oxygen sensors in the
exhaust front pipe.
CAUTION: HO2 sensors are easily damaged by dropping, over torquing, excessive heat or contamination.
Care must be taken not to damage the sensor housing or tip.
The oxygen sensors consist of a ceramic body (Galvanic cell) which is a practically pure oxygen-ion conductor made
from a mixed oxide of zirconium and yttrium. The ceramic is then coated with gas-permeable platinum, which when
heated to a sufficiently high temperature (≥ 350° C) generates a voltage which is proportional to the oxygen content
in the exhaust gas stream.
The heated oxygen sensor is protected by an outer tube with a restricted flow opening to prevent the sensor's
ceramics from being cooled by low temperature exhaust gases at start up. The post-catalytic sensors have improved
signal quality, but a slower response rate.
The pre-catalytic and post-catalytic converter sensors are not interchangeable, and although it is possible to mount
them in transposed positions, their harness connections are of different gender and colour. It is important not to
confuse the sensor signal pins; the signal pins are gold plated, whilst the heater supply pins are tinned,
mixing them up will cause contamination and adversely affect system performance.
Each of the heated oxygen sensors have a four pin connector with the following wiring details:
lSensor signal ground (grey wire – connects to engine management ECM)
lSensor signal (black wire – connects to engine management ECM)
lHeater drive (white wire – connects to engine management ECM)
lHeater supply (white wire – connects to fuse 2, underbonnet fuse box)
The ECM connector pins for exhaust emission control are listed in the following table:
ECM Connector 2 (C635) pin-out details for exhaust emission control system
The heated oxygen sensors should be treated with extreme care, since the ceramic material within them can be easily
cracked if dropped, banged or over-torqued; the sensors should be torqued to the recommended values indicated in
the repair procedures. Apply anti-seize compound to the sensor's threads when refitting.
WARNING: Some types of anti-seize compound used in service are a health hazard. Avoid skin contact.
WARNING: To prevent personal injury from a hot exhaust system, do not attempt to disconnect any
components until the exhaust system has cooled down.
CAUTION: Do not allow anti-seize compound to come into contact with tip of sensor or enter exhaust system.
NOTE: A new HO2 sensor is supplied pre-treated with anti-seize compound.
Pin Number Function Signal Type Control
2-01 Post-cat sensor heater (RH) - NAS only Output, Drive PWM, 12 - 0V
2-07 Post-cat sensor heater (LH) - NAS only Output, Drive PWM, 12 - 0V
2-08 Post-cat sensor (RH) - NAS only Ground, Signal 0V
2-09 Pre-cat sensor (LH) Ground, Signal 0V
2-10 Pre-cat sensor (RH) Ground, Signal 0V
2-11 Post-cat sensor (LH) - NAS only Ground, Signal 0V
2-13 Pre-cat sensor heater (RH) Output, Drive PWM, 12 - 0V
2-14 Post-cat sensor (RH) - NAS only Input, Signal Analogue, 0 - 1V
2-15 Pre-cat sensor (LH) Input, Signal Analogue, 0 - 1V
2-16 Pre-cat sensor (RH) Input, Signal Analogue, 0 - 1V
2-17 Post-cat sensor (LH) - NAS only Input, Signal Analogue, 0 - 1V
2-19 Pre-cat sensor heater (LH) Output, Drive PWM, 12 - 0V

EMISSION CONTROL - V8
DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION 17-2-17
Fuel Leak Detection System (positive pressure type) – NAS only
The evaporative loss control system equipped with a positive pressure type, fuel evaporation leak detection capability
is similar to the vacuum type, but it is capable of detecting smaller leaks by placing the evaporation system under the
influence of positive air pressure. The system includes an EVAPs canister and purge valve, and in addition, a leak
detection pump comprising a motor and solenoid valve.
The solenoid valve contained in the leak detection pump assembly performs a similar function to the CVS valve
utilised on the vacuum type pressure test. The solenoid valve is used to block the atmospheric vent side of the EVAP
canister under the control of the ECM so that an EVAP system leak check can be performed. At the same time,
pressurised air from the pump is allowed past the valve into the EVAP system to set up a positive pressure. The test
is carried out at the end of a drive cycle when the vehicle is stationary and the ignition is switched off. The test is
delayed for a brief period (approximately 10 seconds) after the engine is switched off to allow any slosh in the fuel
tank to stabilise. Component validity checks and pressure signal reference checking takes a further 10 seconds before
the pressurised air is introduced into the EVAP system.
During reference checking, the purge valve is closed and the leak detection pump solenoid valve is not energised,
while the leak detection pump is operated. The pressurised air is bypassed through a restrictor which corresponds to
a 0.5 mm (0.02 in) leak while the current consumption of the leak detection pump motor is monitored.
The system test uses the leak detection pump to force air into the EVAP system when the purge valve and solenoid
valves are both closed (solenoid valve energised), to put the evaporation lines, components and fuel tank under the
influence of positive air pressure. Air is drawn into the pump through an air filter which is located in the engine
compartment.
The fuel leak detection pump current consumption is monitored by the ECM while the EVAP system is under pressure,
and compared to the current noted during the reference check. A drop in the current drawn by the leak detection pump
motor, indicates that air is being lost through holes or leaks in the system which are greater than the reference value
of 0.5 mm (0.02 in). An increase in the current drawn by the leak detection pump motor, indicates that the EVAP
system is well sealed and that there are no leaks present which are greater than 0.5 mm (0.02 in).
The presence of leakage points indicates the likelihood of hydrocarbon emissions to atmosphere from the
evaporation system outside of test conditions and the necessity for rectification work to be conducted to seal the
system. Failure of the leak check will result in illumination of the Malfunction Indicator Lamp (MIL).
The fuel evaporation leak detection is part of the On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) strategy and it is able to determine
vapour leaks from holes or breaks down to 0.5 mm (0.02 in.) diameter. Any fuel evaporation leaks which occur
between the output of the purge valve and the connection to the inlet manifold cannot be determined using this test,
but these will be detected through the fuelling adaption diagnostics.
Evaporative Emission Control Components
The evaporative emission control components and the fuel evaporation leak detection test components (NAS only)
are described below:

EMISSION CONTROL - V8
17-2-24 DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION
Leak Detection Pump (NAS vehicles with positive pressure EVAP system leakage test only)
1Harness connector
2Leak detection pump motor
3Atmosphere connection to/from EVAP canister4Atmosphere connection to/from air filter
5Leak detection pump solenoid valve
The fuel evaporation leak detection pump is mounted forward of the EVAP canister on a bracket fitted beneath the
vehicle on the RH side of the vehicle chassis. The leak detection pump is fixed to the bracket by three screws through
the bottom of the bracket.
A short hose connects between the atmosphere vent port of the EVAP canister and a port at the rear of the fuel
evaporation leak detection pump. The hose is secured to the ports at each end by crimped metal band clips.
An elbowed quick fit connector on the top of the fuel evaporation leak detection pump connects to atmosphere via a
large bore pipe. The pipe is routed along the underside of the vehicle chassis and up into the RH side of the engine
compartment where it connects to an air filter canister.
The leak detection pump incorporates a 3–pin electrical connector. Pin-1 is the earth switched supply to the ECM for
control of the pump solenoid valve. Pin-2 is the earth switched supply to the ECM for the operation of the pump motor.
Pin-3 is the power supply to the pump motor and solenoid valve and is switched on at system start up via the main
relay and fuse 2 in the engine compartment fusebox.
Under normal circumstances (i.e. when the leak detection pump is not operating and the solenoid is not energised),
the EVAP canister vent port is connected to atmosphere via the open solenoid valve.
The pump is operated at the end of a drive cycle when the vehicle is stationary and the ignition is switched off.
The leak detection pump module contains an integral air by-pass circuit with restrictor (reference-leak orifice) which
is used for providing a reference value for the leak detection test. The restrictor corresponds to an air leak equivalent
to 0.5 mm (0.02 in) diameter. With the solenoid valve open and the purge valve closed, the pump forces pressurised
air through the orifice while the current drawn by the leak detection pump motor is monitored to obtain the reference
value. The orifice must be kept free from contamination, otherwise the reference restriction may appear less than for
a 0.5 mm leak and consequently adversely affect the diagnostic results.
M17 0213
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