2017 CHEVROLET EXPRESS CARGO VAN power steering fluid

Chevrolet Express Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-9967827) - 2017 - crc - 5/6/16
166 Driving and Operating
Drunk Driving
Death and injury associated withdrinking and driving is a globaltragedy.
{Warning
Drinking and then driving is very
dangerous. Your reflexes,
perceptions, attentiveness, and
judgment can be affected by even
asmallamountofalcohol.You
can have a serious—or even
fatal—collision if you drive after
drinking.
Do not drink and drive or ride with
adriverwhohasbeendrinking.
Ride home in a cab; or if you are
with a group, designate a driver
who will not drink.
Control of a Vehicle
Braking, steering, and acceleratingare important factors in helping tocontrol a vehicle while driving.
Braking
Braking action involves perceptiontime and reaction time. Deciding topush the brake pedal is perceptiontime. Actually doing it isreaction time.
Average driver reaction time isabout three-quarters of a second. Inthat time, a vehicle moving at100 km/h (60 mph) travels 20 m(66 ft), which could be a lot ofdistance in an emergency.
Helpful braking tips to keep in mindinclude:
.Keep enough distance betweenyou and the vehicle in frontof you.
.Avoid needless heavy braking.
.Keep pace with traffic.
If the engine ever stops while thevehicle is being driven, brakenormally but do not pump thebrakes. Doing so could make thepedal harder to push down. If theengine stops, there will be somepower brake assist but it will beused when the brake is applied.
Once the power assist is used up, itcan take longer to stop and thebrake pedal will be harder to push.
Steering
Hydraulic Power Steering
Yo u r v e h i c l e h a s h y d r a u l i c p o w e rsteering. It may requiremaintenance. SeePower SteeringFluid0232.
If power steering assist is lostbecause the engine stops orbecause of a system malfunction,the vehicle can be steered but mayrequired increased effort. See yourdealer if there is a problem.
Caution
If the steering wheel is turned
until it reaches the end of its
travel, and is held in that position
for more than 15 seconds,
damage may occur to the power
steering system and there may be
loss of power steering assist.

Chevrolet Express Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-9967827) - 2017 - crc - 5/2/16
214 Vehicle Care
Vehicle Care
General Information
General Information . . . . . . . . . . 215California Proposition65 Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215California PerchlorateMaterials Requirements . . . . . 215Accessories andModifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Vehicle Checks
Doing Your OwnService Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216Hood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217Engine CompartmentOverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218Engine Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219Engine Oil Life System . . . . . . . 221Automatic TransmissionFluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222Engine Air Cleaner/Filter . . . . . . 225Cooling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226Engine Coolant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227Engine Overheating . . . . . . . . . . 230Engine Fan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231Power Steering Fluid . . . . . . . . . 232Washer Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233Brakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233Brake Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Battery - North America . . . . . . 236Rear Axle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236Noise Control System . . . . . . . . 237Starter Switch Check . . . . . . . . . 238Automatic Transmission ShiftLock Control FunctionCheck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238Ignition Transmission LockCheck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239Park Brake and P (Park)Mechanism Check . . . . . . . . . . 239Wiper Blade Replacement . . . . 239
Headlamp Aiming
Headlamp Aiming . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Bulb Replacement
Bulb Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . 240Halogen Bulbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240Headlamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241Front Turn Signal, Sidemarker,and Parking Lamps . . . . . . . . . 242Ta i l l a m p s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 3Center High-MountedStoplamp (CHMSL) . . . . . . . . . 244License Plate Lamp . . . . . . . . . . 244Replacement Bulbs . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Electrical System
Electrical System Overload . . . 245Fuses and Circuit Breakers . . . 246
Engine Compartment FuseBlock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246Floor Console Fuse Block . . . . 249
Wheels and Tires
Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252All-Season Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253Winter Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253All-Terrain Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253Tire Sidewall Labeling . . . . . . . . 254Tire Designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256Tire Terminology andDefinitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257Tire Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260Tire Pressure MonitorSystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261Tire Pressure MonitorOperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262Tire Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265Tire Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265Dual Tire Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . 266When It Is Time for NewTires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267Buying New Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268Different Size Tires andWheels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269Uniform Tire QualityGrading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270Wheel Alignment and TireBalance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271Wheel Replacement . . . . . . . . . . 271

Chevrolet Express Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-9967827) - 2017 - crc - 5/2/16
Vehicle Care 219
1.Battery - North America0236.
2. Radiator Pressure Cap. SeeCooling System0226.
3. Coolant Recovery Tank. SeeCooling System0226.
4. Automatic Transmission FluidDipstick. See“Checking theFluid Level”underAutomaticTr a n s m i s s i o n F l u i d0222.
5. Engine Oil Fill Cap. See“Whento Add Engine Oil”underEngine Oil0219.
6. Engine Oil Dipstick. See“Checking Engine Oil”underEngine Oil0219.
7.Engine Air Cleaner/Filter0225.
8. Power Steering FluidReservoir. SeePower SteeringFluid0232.
9. Brake Master CylinderReservoir. SeeBrakeFluid0234.
10. Windshield Washer FluidReservoir. See“Adding WasherFluid”underWasherFluid0233.
Engine Oil
For diesel engine vehicles, see“Engine Oil”in the Duramax dieselsupplement.
To e n s u r e p r o p e r e n g i n eperformance and long life, carefulattention must be paid to engine oil.Following these simple, butimportant steps will help protectyour investment:
.Use engine oil approved to theproper specification and of theproper viscosity grade. See“Selecting the Right Engine Oil”in this section.
.Check the engine oil levelregularly and maintain theproper oil level. See“CheckingEngine Oil”and“When to AddEngine Oil”in this section.
.Change the engine oil at theappropriate time. SeeEngine OilLife System0221.
.Always dispose of engine oilproperly. See“What to Do withUsed Oil”in this section.
Checking Engine Oil
Check the engine oil level regularly(every 650 km (400 mi), especiallyprior to a long trip. The engine oildipstick handle is a loop. SeeEngine Compartment Overview0218for the location.
{Warning
The engine oil dipstick handle
may be hot; it could burn you.
Use a towel or glove to touch the
dipstick handle.
If a low oil Driver Information Center(DIC) message displays, check theoil level.
Follow these guidelines:
.To g e t a n a c c u r a t e r e a d i n g , p a r kthe vehicle on level ground.Check the engine oil level afterthe engine has been off for atleast two hours. Checking theengine oil level on steep gradesor too soon after engine shutoffcan result in incorrect readings.Accuracy improves when

Chevrolet Express Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-9967827) - 2017 - crc - 5/2/16
232 Vehicle Care
outside temperatures, the fan speedincreases as the clutch more fullyengages, so an increase in fannoise may be heard. This is normaland should not be mistaken as thetransmission slipping or makingextra shifts. It is merely the coolingsystem functioning properly. The fanwill slow down when additionalcooling is not required and theclutch partially disengages.
This fan noise may be heard whenstarting the engine. It will go awayas the fan clutch partiallydisengages.
Power Steering Fluid
The power steering fluid reservoir isin the engine compartment on thedriver side of the vehicle. SeeEngine Compartment Overview0218for reservoir location.
When to Check Power Steering
Fluid
It is not necessary to regularlycheck power steering fluid unlessthere is a leak suspected in thesystem or an unusual noise isheard. A fluid loss in this systemcould indicate a problem. Have thesystem inspected and repaired.
How to Check Power Steering
Fluid
To c h e c k t h e p o w e r s t e e r i n g f l u i d :
1. Turn the key off and let theengine compartmentcool down.
2. Wipe the cap and the top of thereservoir clean.
3. Unscrew the cap and wipe thedipstick with a clean rag.
4. Replace the cap andcompletely tighten it.
5. Remove the cap again andlook at the fluid level on thedipstick.
The level should be at the COLDFILL mark. If necessary, add onlyenough fluid to bring the level up tothe mark.
To p r e v e n t c o n t a m i n a t i o n o f b r a k efluid, never check or fill the powersteering reservoir with the brakemaster cylinder cover off.
What to Use
Caution
Use of the incorrect fluid may
damage the vehicle and the
damages may not be covered by
the vehicle warranty. Always use
the correct fluid listed in
Recommended Fluids and
Lubricants0305.
To d e t e r m i n e w h a t k i n d o f f l u i d t ouse, seeRecommended Fluids andLubricants0305.Alwaysusetheproper fluid. Failure to use theproper fluid can cause leaks anddamage hoses and seals.

Chevrolet Express Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-9967827) - 2017 - crc - 5/2/16
Service and Maintenance 305
Recommended Fluids, Lubricants, and Parts
Recommended Fluids and Lubricants
This maintenance section applies to vehicles with a gasoline engine. If the vehicle has a diesel engine, see themaintenance schedule section in the Duramax diesel supplement.
Fluids and lubricants identified below by name, part number, or specification can be obtained from your dealer.
Usage Fluid/Lubricant
Automatic Transmission DEXRON®-VI Automatic Transmission Fluid.
Chassis Lubrication, Parking BrakeCable GuidesChassis Lubricant (GM Part No. 12377985, in Canada 88901242) orlubricant meeting requirements of NLGI #2, Category LB or GC-LB.
Engine Coolant 50/50 mixture of clean, drinkable water and use only DEX-COOL®Coolant.SeeEngine Coolant0227.
Engine Oil Engine oil meeting the dexos1™specification of the proper SAE viscositygrade. ACDelco dexos1 Synthetic Blend is recommended. SeeEngineOil0219.
Front Wheel Bearings Wheel bearing lubricant meeting requirements of NLGI #2, Category GC orGC-LB (GM Part No. 1051344, in Canada 993037).
Hydraulic Brake System DOT 3 Hydraulic Brake Fluid (GM Part No. 19299818, inCanada 19299819).
Key Lock Cylinders, Hood Hinges Multi-Purpose Lubricant, Superlube (GM Part No. 12346241, inCanada 10953474).
Power Steering System GM Power Steering Fluid (GM Part No. 19329450, in Canada 89021186).

Chevrolet Express Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-9967827) - 2017 - crc - 5/2/16
Index 339
E
E85 or FlexFuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Electrical Equipment,
Add-On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Electrical System
Engine Compartment Fuse
Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Floor Console Fuse Block . . . . 249
Fuses and Circuit Breakers . . . 246
Overload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Emergency
OnStar®...................... 327
Engine
Air Cleaner/Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Check and Service Engine
Soon Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Compartment Overview . . . . . . . 218
Coolant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Coolant Temperature Gauge . . . . 98
Cooling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Cooling System Messages . . . .113
Drive Belt Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . .311
Exhaust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Fan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Heater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Oil Life System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Oil Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
Oil Pressure Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Engine (cont'd)
Oil Pressure Light . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Overheating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Power Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
Running While Parked . . . . . . . . 183
Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Enhanced Technology Glass . . . . 38
Entry/Exit Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Equipment, Towing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Event Data Recorders . . . . . . . . . . 324
Extender, Safety Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Exterior Lamp Controls . . . . . . . . . 125
Exterior Lamps Off Reminder . . . 126
F
Fan
Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Fast Idle System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Filter,
Engine Air Cleaner . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Flash-to-Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Flashers, Hazard Warning . . . . . . 128
Flat Tire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Changing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
FlexFuel
E85 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Floor Mats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Fluid
Automatic Transmission . . . . . . 222
Fluid (cont'd)
Brakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Power Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Washer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Frequency Statement
Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Front Seats
Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Front Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Front Turn Signal
Bulb Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Economy Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Filling a Portable Fuel
Container . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Filling the Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Foreign Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Low Fuel Warning Light . . . . . . . 107
Requirements, California . . . . . 199
System Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
Full-Size Spare Tire . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Fuses
Engine Compartment Fuse
Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Floor Console Fuse Block . . . . 249
Fuses and Circuit Breakers . . . 246

Chevrolet Express Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-9967827) - 2017 - crc - 5/2/16
342 Index
Mirrors, Interior Rearview . . . . . . . . 36
Monitor System, Tire
Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Multi-band Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
N
Navigation
OnStar®...................... 328
New Vehicle Break-In . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Noise Control System . . . . . . . . . . 237
O
Object Detection System
Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Odometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Trip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Off-Road
Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Oil
Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Engine Oil Life System . . . . . . . 221
Engine Oil Pressure Gauge . . . . . 97
Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
Pressure Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Older Children, Restraints . . . . . . . 66
Online Owner Center . . . . . . . . . . . 315
OnStar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
OnStar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
OnStar®Additional
Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
OnStar®Connections . . . . . . . . . . . 328
OnStar®Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
OnStar®Emergency . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
OnStar®Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
OnStar®Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
OnStar®Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Operation
Infotainment System . . . . . . . . . . 136
Ordering
Service Publications . . . . . . . . . . 321
Outlets
Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Overheating, Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133, 135
P
Park
Shifting Into . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Shifting Out of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Parking
Brake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Brake and P (Park)
Mechanism Check . . . . . . . . . . 239
Over Things That Burn . . . . . . . 182
Parking Assist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Perchlorate Materials
Requirements, California . . . . . . 215
Personalization
Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Phone
Bluetooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Power
Door Locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Outlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Protection, Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Retained Accessory (RAP) . . . 180
Seat Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Steering Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Pregnancy, Using Safety Belts . . . 53
Privacy
Vehicle Data Recording . . . . . . . 324
Program
Courtesy Transportation . . . . . . 318
Proposition
65 Warning,
California . . . . . . . . . . . .215, 236, 282
R
Radio Frequency Statement . . . . 322
Radio Reception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Radios
AM-FM Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Satellite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Reading Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Chevrolet Express Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-9967827) - 2017 - crc - 5/2/16
344 Index
Service (cont'd)
Maintenance, General
Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Parts Identification Label . . . . . 308
Publications Ordering
Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Scheduling Appointments . . . . . 318
Vehicle Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Services
Special Application . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Servicing the Airbag . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Shift Lock Control Function
Check, Automatic
Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Shifting
Into Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Out of Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Side Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Sidemarker
Bulb Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Signals, Turn and
Lane-Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Sliding Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Special Application Services . . . . 302
Specifications and
Capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Speedometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
StabiliTrak
OFF Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Start Vehicle, Remote . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Starter Switch Check . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Starting the Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Fluid, Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Wheel Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Wheel Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Storage Areas
Front . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Storage Compartments . . . . . . . . . . 85
Stuck Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Sun Visors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Swing-out Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Switches
Airbag On-Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
System
Infotainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132, 325
Noise Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
T
Ta i l l a m p s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 3
Te x t Te l e p h o n e ( T T Y ) U s e r s . . . . 3 1 5
Theft-Deterrent Systems . . . . . . . . . 33
Immobilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Tires (cont'd)
All-Season . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
All-Terrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Buying New Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Changing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Different Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Dual Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Full-Size Spare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
If a Tire Goes Flat . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
Pressure Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Pressure Monitor Operation . . 262
Pressure Monitor System . . . . . 261
Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Sidewall Labeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Te r m i n o l o g y a n d D e f i n i t i o n s . . 2 5 7
Uniform Tire Quality
Grading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Wheel Alignment and Tire
Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Wheel Replacement . . . . . . . . . . 271
When It Is Time for New
Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Winter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
To w / H a u l M o d e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 7