canno
tacce ptresponsibility fort his type of dam‐
age.
Alw ayso bser vethem aximum permissible speed
specified fort he summer tires youh ave installed
(/ page228).
Onc eyou ha veinstalled thes ummer tires:
R Chec kthe tir epressur e(/pag e217 )
R Restar tt he tir epressur emonitor
(/ page223) Information on M+S tires
At temp eratures belo w50°F(10°C) use winter
tires or all-season tires –botha remar kedw ith
M+S.
Onl ywinter tires bearing the004D snowflake
symbol in addition totheM +S marking pr ovide
th eb estp ossible grip in wintr yroad conditions.
Only these tires will allo wdriving saf etys ystems
suc hasA BS and ESP ®
to also function optimally
in winter .Thes etires ha vebeen de veloped specif‐
icall yfor driving in sno w.
Use M+S tires of thes ame mak eand tread on all
wheels tomaintain saf ehandling characteristics.
Alw ayso bser vethem aximum permissible speed
specified fort he M+S tires youh ave installed
(/ page228).
If yo ui nstall M+S tires that ha vealowe rmaxi‐
mum permissible speed than them aximum
design speed of thev ehicle, af fixana ppropria te
wa rning sign in thed rive r's field of vision. Yo u
can obtai nthis at aqualified specialis tworks hop.
Once youh ave installed thew inter tires, take the
fo llowing measures:
R Chec kthe tir epressur e(/pag e217 )
R Restar tt he tir epressur emonitor
(/ page223) Note
sons nowc hains &
WARNING Risk of accident du etoincor‐
re ct ins tallation of sno wchains
Ve hicles with rear-wheel drive: ifyo uh ave
ins talled sno wchains tothef ront wheels,
th ey ma ydraga gains tthe vehicle body or
ch assis components.
This could cause damag etothevehicle or the
tires. #
Neverins tall sno wchains on thef ront
wheels. #
Onlyins tall sno wchains on ther ear
wheelsinp airs. #
Vehicles with twin tires: installthe
sno wchains totheo uter wheels. &
WARNING Risk of accident du eto
unsuitable sn ow chains
Ve hicles wit hall-wheel driv edonothave suf‐
fi cient clea rance on thef ront axle forc om‐
mercial lyavailable sn ow chains.
When youi nstall commerciall yavailable sn ow
ch ains ,the sno wchains ma ycom eloose and
damag echassi scomponent sorbrake hoses. #
Only ins tall sno wchains appr ovedby
Mercedes-Benzf orthese tires. Fo
rs afet yr easons, Mercedes-Benz recommends
th at youo nlyu se sn owchains that ha vebeen
ch eckeda nd appr oved.Youc an obtain informa‐
tio na bout sn ow chains from an yqualified spe‐
cialis tworks hop.
* NO
TEDama getothew heel trim from
mounted sno wchains If sno
wchains are mounted tosteel wheels,
th ew heel trims can be damaged. #
Remo vethew heel trims of steel wheels
befor emounting sno wchains. Obser
vethef ollowing no tesw hen using snow
ch ains:
R Snow ch ains ar eonlyp ermissible forc ertain
wheel/tir ecombinations .You can obtain
information on them at aqualified specialist
wo rkshop.
R Fors afet yr easons, onl yuse sn owchains that
ha ve been specifically appr ovedfor your vehi‐
cle byMercedes-Benz, or sno wchains with
th es ame quality standard.
R The sn owchains mus tberetightene dafter
driving appr oximatel y0.6 miles (1 km). This is
th eo nlyw aytoensur ethe sno wchains are
optimall yseated wit hclearanc etoadjacent
components.
R Vehicles with all-wheel drive: install snow
ch ains tothew heels on ther ear axle. On
ve hicles wit htwin tires, ins tallth es now
ch ains totheo uter wheels. Obser vethem an‐
ufacturer's ins tallation instructions. 216
Wheels and tires
R
Use sno wchains only when ther oad sur face
is comple tely sno w-covered. Re mo vethe
sno wchains as soon as possiblew henyou
come toaroad that is no tsnow-covered.
R Local regulations ma yrestrict theu se of
sno wchains. Obser vethea pplicable regula‐
tions befor einstal ling sno wchains.
R Activat eall-whee ldrive before driving of fwith
sno wchains (/ page125, 124, 125).
R If sn ow ch ains ar einstalled, them aximum
permissible speed is 30 mph(50 km/h).
R Vehicles with Parking Assis t:do no tuse
Pa rking Assis tPARKTRONIC if sno wchains
ar ei nstalled.
% Youc an deactivat eESP®
to pull away .This
allo ws th ewheels tospin, achieving an
increased driving forc e. Ti
re pressure Note
sont irep ressure &
WARNING Risk of accident du etoinsuf‐
fi cient or excessiv etirep ressure
Underinfla tedoro verinfla tedt ires pose the
fo llowing risks:
R The tires ma yburst,e speciall yasthe load
and vehicle speed increase.
R The tires ma ywear excessively and/or
une venly ,w hich ma ygreatly impair tire
traction.
R The driving characteristics, as well as
st eering and braking, ma ybegreatly
impaired. #
Compl ywitht he recommended tire
pressur eand checkt he tir epressur eof
all tires including thes par ew heel regu‐
larly:
R at leas tonce amonth
R when thel oad changes
R befor eembarkin gonalongerjourney
R if operating conditions change, e.g .off-
ro ad driving #
Adjus tthe tir epressur easn ecessar y. Driving wi
thtirep ressur ethat is tooh igh or too
lo wh asthef ollowing consequences:
R Shor tent he service lif eofthe tires.
R Cause increased tir edamage.
R Adversely af fect handling characteristic sand
th us drivin gsafet y, e.g. due tohydroplaning. &
WARNING Risk of an accident du eto
insuf ficient tir epressu re
Ti re sw ithp ressur ethat is tool ow can over‐
heat and bur stas aresult.
In addition ,the ya lso suf ferf rome xcessive
and/or ir regular wear,w hic hc an significantly
impair theb raking properties and theh an‐
dling characteristics. #
Avoid excessively lo wtirep ressures in
all thet ires, including thes par ew heel. Ti
re pressur ewhichist oo lo wcan cause:
R Tire faults as aresult of overheating
R Impaired handling characteristics
R Irre gular wear
R Increased fuel consum ption &
WARNING Risk of accident from exces‐
siv etirep ressure
Ti re sw ithe xcessivel yhigh pressur ecan bur st
because they ared amaged mor eeasil yby
highw ayfill, po tholes etc.
In addition, they also suf ferf romi rregular
we ar,w hic hc an significantl yimp air theb rak‐
ing properties and theh andling characteris‐
tics. #
Avoid excessively high tir epressures in
all thet ires, including thes par ew heel. Excessively high tir
epressur ecan result in:
R Increased braking dis tance
R Impaired handling characteristics
R Irre gular wear
R Impaired drivin gcom fort
R Susceptibility todamage &
WARNING Risk of accident caused by
re peated drop in tir epressure
If th et irep ressur edrops repeatedly ,the
wheel, valveort irem aybe damaged. Wheels and tires
217
Insuf
ficient tir epressur ecan cause thet ires
to bur st. #
Inspect thet iref or signs of fore ign
objects. #
Chec kwhether thew heel or valveh as a
leak. #
Ifyo ua reunabl etorectify thed amage,
contact aqualified specialis tworks hop. Yo
uc an find information on recommended tire
pressur efor thev ehicle's factor y-ins talled tires
on thef ollowing labels:
R Tire and Loading In form atio nplacar dont he
B‑pi llarofyour vehicle (/ page224).
R Tire pressur etable on thei nside of thef uel
fi ller flap .
Obse rvet he maximum tir epressure
(/ page228).
Use asuitable pressur egaug etoc heckthe tire
pressure. The outer appearance of atired oes not
permit an yreliable conclusion about thet ire
pressure.
+ ENVIRONMEN
TALN OTE Environmental
damag eduetoinsuf ficient or excessive
tir ep ressure Insuf
ficient or excessiv etirep ressur eshort‐
ens thes ervice lif eofthe tires. #
Chec kthe tir epressur eregularly ,but at
leas tevery 14 days. Ve
hicles with atirep ressur emonitor: youc an
also checkt he tir epressur eusing theo n-board
computer.
Onl ychec ktirep ressur ewhen thet ires ar ecold.
Condition sfor cold tires:
R The vehicle has been par kedw itht he tires out
of direct sunlight foratl east thre eh ours.
R The vehicle has tr aveled less than 1m ile
(1.6 km).
Ar ise in thet iret emperatur eof18°F (10°C)
increases thet irep ressur ebya pprox.10k Pa
(0. 1b ar/1.5 psi). Take this int oaccount when
ch ecking thet irep ressur eofw armt ires.
The tir epressur erecommended fori ncreased
load/spee dinthe tir epressur etable ma yaffect
th er ide comfort. &
WARNING Risk of accident du eto
unsuitable accesso ries on tir evalve
If yo um ountunsuitable accesso ries ont otire
va lves ,the tir evalves ma ybeoverloaded and
malfunction ,whic hc an cause aloss of tire
pressure. Af term arke ttirep ressur emonitor‐
ing sy stems will cause thet irev alvetor emain
open ,depending on thed esign. This can also
re sult in aloss of tir epressure. #
Only scr ewstandar dvalvec aps or valve
cap sspecifically appr ovedbyM ercedes-
Benz fory our vehicle ont othe tir evalve. Note
sont railer operation
The applicable tir epressur efor thet ires of the
re ar axle is alw ayst he recommended tir epres‐
sur efor afull load. Overvie
wofthe tirepressur etable The tir
epressur etable can be found on thes eat
base or on theB ‑pillar on thed rive r's side.
% The dat
ashown in thei mages is example
data. The tir
epressur etable sho ws therecommended
tir ep ressur efor thet ires ins talled at thef actory
on this vehicle. The recommended tir epressures
ar ev alid forc old tires and dif fere nt vehicle load
conditions.
If one or mor etires izes precede atirep ressure,
th et irep ressur einformation following is only
va lid fort hose tir esizes.
If th ep receding tir esizes ar esupplemented by
the 0091 symbol, thet irep ressur einformation
fo llowing sho wsalternativ etirep ressures.
The load condition s"partiall yladen "and "fully
laden "aredefine dinthetable forv arying
we ights.
Som etirep ressur etables onl yshowt he rim
diame teri ns tead of thec omple tetires ize, e.g.
R16.T herimd iame terisp artoft he tir esize and
can be found on thes ide wall of thet ire
(/ page228). 218
Wheels and tires
has no
treached thel eve ltot rigger illumina‐
tion of theT PMS lo wtirep ressur etelltale.
Yo ur vehicle has also been equipped wit ha
TPMS malfunction indicator toindicat ethat
th es ystem is no toperating properly .The
TPMS malfunction indicator is combined with
th el ow tirep ressur etelltale. When thes ys‐
te md etects amalfunction, thei ndicator lamp
will flash fora pproxima tely one minut eand
th en remain continuously illumina ted. This
sequence will continue upon subsequent
ve hicle start-ups as lon gasthe malfunction
ex ists.
When them alfunction indicator is illuminated,
th es ystem ma ynotbe able todetect or sig‐
nal lo wtirep ressur easi ntended. TPM Smal‐
functions ma yoccu rfor av ariety of reasons,
includin gthe ins tallation of replacement or
alternat etires or wheels on thev ehicle that
pr ev ent theT PMS from functioning properly.
Alw aysc hec kthe TPMS malfunction telltale
af te rr eplacing one or mor etires or wheels on
yo ur vehicle toensur ethat ther eplacement
or alternat etires and wheels allo wthe TPMS
to continu etofunction properly. The sy
stem checks thet irep ressur eand thet em‐
peratur eofthe tires ins talled on thev ehicle by
means of atirep ressur esensor.
Ne wt irep ressur esensors, e.g. in winter tires,
ar ea utomatically taught-in during thef irst jour‐
ne yt heya reused.
The tir epressur eand thet iret emperatur eappear
in them ultifunction displa y(/pag e171).
If th er eisas ubstantia llos soft irep ressure, a
wa rning is issued:
R Viad ispla ymessages (/ page276 )
R Viat he 0077 warning lam pinthe instrument
clus ter
It is thed rive r's responsibility tosetthe tir epres‐
sur etot herecommended cold tir epressur esuit‐
able fort he operating situation. Se tthe tir epres‐
sur efor cold tires using atirep ressu regauge.
No tethat thec orrect tir epressur efor thec urrent
ope rating situatio nmustfirst be taught-in tothe
tir ep ressur emonitoring sy stem.
In mos tcases, thet irep ressur emonitoring sys‐
te mw illa utomatically updat ethe ne wreference
va lues af tery ou ha vechanged thet irep ressure.
Yo uc an,h ow eve r,also updat ethe refere nce val‐ ues
byrestartin gthe tir epressur emonitoring
sy stem manuall y(/pag e223).
Sy stem limits
The sy stem ma ybeimpaired or ma ynotfunction
in thef ollowing situations:
R Ifth et irep ressur eiss etincor rectly
R Ifth er eisas udden pressur eloss caused by a
fo re ign object penetratin gthe tire, fore xam‐
ple
R Ifth er eisam alfunction caused byano ther
ra dio signal source
R Ifth er eisac hangeoft ires ize 222
Wheel sand tires
Mak
esuretoo bservethef ollowing fur ther rela‐
te ds ubject:
R Notesont irep ressur e(/pag e217 )
Ra dio-equipment appr oval of thet irep res‐
sur em onitoring sy stem
Ra dio equipment appr oval numbers Countr
yRadio equipment appr oval
number
Canada IC: 4008C- TSSRE4A
Ope ratio niss ubject tothef ollow‐
ing tw oconditions:
(1) this device ma ynotcause
harmful inter fere nce, and
(2) this device mus tacce ptany
inter fere nce received, including
inter fere nce that ma ycause
undesired operation.
Mexic oM odel:TSSRE4A &TSSSG4G6,
IFETEL: RLVHUTS17-0806
US AF CC ID:YGO TSSRE4A
Thi sd evice complie swithP art15
of theF CC Rules. Operation is
subjec ttothefollowing tw ocon‐
ditions: (1) this device ma ynot
cause harmful inter fere nce, and
(2) this device mus tacce ptany
inter fere nce received, including
inter fere nce that ma ycause
undesired operation.
WA RNING: An ychanges or modifi‐
cation no texpressly appr ovedby
th ep arty responsible forc ompli‐
ance could void theu ser's author‐
ity tooperat ethis equipment. Loading the
vehicle Ti
re and Loading Information placard &
WARNING Risk of an accident whe ndriv‐
ing wi than ove rloaded tire
Overloaded tires ma yoverheat and bur stas a
consequence. Overloaded tires can also
impair thes teering and handling characteris‐
tic sa nd lead tobrak efailure. #
Obser vethel oad rating of thet ires. #
The load rating mu stbe at leas thalf the
gros saxle weight rating of thev ehicle.
Mercedes-Ben zrecommends youu se
th el oad-bearing index, whic hisgiven in
th ev ehicle documents. #
Nevero verload thet ires by exc eeding
th em aximum load. Onl
yvehicles wit hagross vehicle weight of less
th an 10,000 lbs (4,53 6kg) ha veaT irea nd Load‐
ing In form atio nplacar dont he B-pillar on thed riv‐
er's side. 1
Tire and Loadin gInforma tionp lacard %
The dat
ashown in thei llustration is sample
data.
The Tire and Loadin gInforma tionp lacar dshows:
R The maximum number of seats indicates the
maximu mnumber of occupants permitted to
tr ave lint hevehicle.
R The maximum permissible load equals the
gros sweight of all vehicle occupants, thel ug‐
ga ge and cargo.
R The recommended tir epressu resf or cold
tires. The recommended tir epressures apply
to them aximum permissible load and up to
th em aximum permissible speed of thev ehi‐
cle.
Also obser vethef ollowing information:
R The information about permissible weight son
th ev ehicle identification plat e(/pag e245).
R The information abou ttirep ressur eont he
tir ep ressur etable . 224
Wheels and tires
1
Tread weargrade
2 Traction grade
3 Temp eratur egrade
% The dat
ashown in thei llustration is sample
data.
% This grading is no
tlegall yprescribed forC an‐
ada,b ut specified in mos tcases anyw ay.
Tr ead weargrade
The tread wear grade is acomparativ egrading
based on tread wear grade testsc onducted
under contro lled condition sonaspecified U.S.
Depa rtment of Transpor tatio nt esttrack .F or
ex ample, atireg raded 150w ould wear one and
one-half times as well on theg ove rnment test
trac kasat ireg rade d1 00.
The relativ eperform anc eoft ires depends upon
th ea ctual conditions of their use, ho wever,and
ma ydepar tsignificantl yfromt he nor mdueto
va riations in drivin ghabits, servic epractices and
dif fere nces in road characteristic sand climate
conditions.
Tr actio ngrade &
DANG ER Risk of acciden tdue toinade‐
qu atet raction
The traction grade assigned tothis tir eis
based on stra ight-ahead brakin gtraction
te sts, and does no tinclude either accelera‐
tion, cornering, hydroplaning or peak traction
ch aracteristics. #
Alwaysa dap tyour driving stylea nd
driv eatas peedtosuit thep reva iling
traf fica nd weather conditions. *
NO
TEDama getothed rive trai nfrom
wheelspin #
Avoid wheelspin. The traction grades
–fromh ighes ttolowest –
ar eA A, A, Band C. These grades relat etot he tire's ability
tocome toas tandstill on awetpave‐
ment under controlle dconditions on aspecified
U. S. go vernment test sur face mad efroma sphalt
and concr ete.
Te mp eratur egrade &
WARNING Risk of accident from tire
ove rheating and tir efailure
The temp eratur egrade fort his tir eisestab‐
lished forat iret hat is properly inflated and
no to verloaded. Excessiv espeed, underinfla‐
tion, or excessiv eloading, either separatel yor
in combination, can cause excessiv eheat
build-up and possible tir efailure. #
Obser vether ecommended tir epres‐
sures and regular lych eckt he tir epres‐
sur eofa ll tires including thes pare
wheel. #
Adjus tthe tir epressur easn ecessar y. The
temp eratur egrades ar eA(highes tgrade), B
and C. These relat etoat ire'sresis tance toheat
and its ability torelease heat on aspecified test
wheel in laborator ytests under cont rolled condi‐
tions. Sus tained high temp eratures can cause the
material of thet iretod egenerat eand reduce tire
life. In addition, excessivel yhigh temp eratures
can lead tosudden tir efailure. Grade Crefer sto
ap erform anc ewhicha ll passenger vehicle tires
mus texhibit, accordin gtotheU.S. Depa rtment
of Transpor tation's requ irements. Information on DO
Tand TIN (Tir eIdentifica‐
tion Number) U.
S. tir eregulations indicat ethat everyt irem an‐
ufacturer or retreade rmustimp rint aT IN in or on
th es ide wall of eac htirep roduced. %
The dat
ashown in thei llustration is sample
data. Wheels and tires
227
The TIN is
aunique identification number fort ires
and consists of thef ollowing components:
R DOT(Department of Transportation): tire
symbol 1indicates that thet irec omplies
wit hthe requ irements of theU .S. Depa rtment
of Transpor tation.
R Manufacturer identi fication code: manu‐
fa cturer identification code 2prov ides infor‐
matio nabout thet irem anufacturer .New tires
ha ve ac odew itht wo symbols. Retreaded
tires ha veac odew ithf our symbols.F or fur‐
th er information about retreade dtires, see
(/ page 231).
R Tire size: identifier 3describes thet ires ize.
R Tire type code: tiret ypec ode 4can be
used bythem anufacturer as acode to
describe specific characteristic softhe tire.
R Dat eofm anufactu re:date of manufacture
5 prov ides informatio nabout thea geof a
tire. The 1s tand 2nd number sindicat ethe
calendar week and the3 rdand 4t hnumbers
indicat ethe year of manufactur e(e.g. "3208"
re fers to the3 2ndw eek of they ear 2008). Information on maximum tir
eload %
The dat
ashown in thei llustration is sample
data.
Maximum tir eload 1isthem aximum permissi‐
ble weight forw hichthe tir eisa pprove d.
Do no toverload thet ires by ex ceeding them axi‐
mum permissible load. The maximum permissible
load can be found on thev ehicle's Tire and Load‐
ing In form atio nplacar dont he B-pillar on thed riv‐
er's side (/ page224). Information on maximum tir
epressure %
The dat
ashown in thei llustration is sample
data.
Maximum permitted tir epressure 1,whichis
permitted fort he tires mus tnotbe exceeded.
Exception: whe nusing the2 25/ 75R16C
12 1/120R (122L) tires as aspare wheel on the
re ar axle of Supe rSinglev ehicles wit hadista nce
limit of 62 mi (100 km) and speed limit of 34 mph
(55 km/h). Information on tir
echaracteristics %
The dat
ashown in thei llustration is sample
data.
This information describes thet ype of tir ecord
and then umber of la yers in side wall1 and
under tir etread 2. Ti
re size designation, load-bearing capacity,
speed ratin ga nd load index &
WARNING Risk of inju rythro ugh exceed‐
ing thes pecified tir eload rating or the
permissible speed rating
Exceeding thes pecified tir eload rating or the
permissible speed rating ma ylea dtot ire
dama geand tothet ires bur sting. #
Therefore, onl yuse tir etypes and sizes
appr ovedfor your vehicle model. 228
Wheels and tires
Aspec
tratio: relationship between tir eheight
and tir ewidthinp ercent.
Ti re pressure: pressureinside thet irea pplying
an outwar dforce toeve rysquar einc hoft he
tire's sur face. The tir epressur eiss pecified in
pounds per squar einc h( psi), in kilopascal (kPa)
or in bar .The tir epressur eshoul donlybec orrec‐
te dw hen thet ires ar ecold.
Ti re pressur eoncoldt ires: thet ires ar ecold
when thev ehicle has been par kedw itht he tires
out of direct sunlight foratl east thre eh our sand
th ev ehicle has been driven less than 1m ile
(1.6 km).
Ti re contact sur face: thep artoft he tir ethat
comes int ocontact wi th theroad.
Ti re bead: thep urpose of thet ireb ead is to
ensur ethat thet ires its securel yonthe wheel
ri m. Ther eareseveralw irec ores in thet ireb ead
to preve ntthet iref romc hanging lengt honthe
whee lrim.
Sid ew all: thep artoft he tir ebetwe en thet read
and thet ireb ead.
Special equipment weight: thec ombined
we ight of those optional extras that we igh more
th an ther eplaced standar dparts and mor ethan
5l bs (2. 3kg). These optiona lextras ,suc has
high-pe rformance brakes, le velc ontrol sy stem, a
ro of luggag erackorah igh-perform anc ebatter y,
ar en otincluded in thec urb weight and the
we ight of thea ccessories.
TIN (Tir eIdentification Number): auniqu eiden‐
tification number whic hcan be used byatire
manufacturer toidentify tires, fore xamp lefora
product recall, and thus identif ythe pur chasers.
The TIN is made up of them anufacturer identifi‐
cation code, tir esize, tir etype code and them an‐
ufacturing date.
Load-bearing index: thel oad-bearing inde x(also
load index) is acode that con tains them aximum
load-bearing capacity of atire.
Tr action: traction is ther esult of friction between
th et ires and ther oad sur face.
We ar indicator: narrow bars(tread wear bars)
th at ar edistributed overthe tir etread. If thet ire
tread is le velw itht he bars, thew ear limit of
1/1 6in( 1.6m m) has been reached.
Distribution of vehicl eoccupants: distribution
of vehicle occupants over designated seat posi‐
tions in avehicle. Maximum permissible pa
yload weight: nomi‐
nal load and luggag eload plus 150lbs (68 kg)
multiplied bythen umber of seats in thev ehicle. Changing
awheel Note
sons electing, installing and replacing
tires Yo
uc an ask fori nformation rega rding permit ted
wheel/tir ecombinations at aqualified specialist
wo rkshop. &
WARNING Risk of accident du etoincor‐
re ct size sofwheels and tires
If wheels and tires of thew rong size ar eused,
th ew heel brakes or wheel suspension com‐
ponents ma ybedamaged. #
Alwaysr eplace wheels and tires with
ones that fulfill thes pecification softhe
original part.
Fo rw heels, pa yattention tothef ollowing:
R Designation
R Type
R Perm issible wheel load
R Wheel of fset
Fo rtires, pa yattention tothef ollowing:
R Designation
R Manufacturer
R Type
R Load-bearing index
R Speed rating &
WARNING Risk of inju rythro ugh exceed‐
ing thes pecified tir eload rating or the
permissible speed rating
Exceeding thes pecified tir eload rating or the
permissible speed rating ma ylea dtot ire
dama geand tothet ires bur sting. #
Therefore, onl yuse tir etypes and sizes
appr ovedfor your vehicle model. #
Obser vethet irel oad rating and speed
ra ting requ ired fory our vehicle. Wheels and tires
231