Tableofcontents
AboutthisOwner'sManual......5Warmandcold...2.2.0...eeeeeee
Climatecontrolsystem............0.0.
SUIMIMAFY:« «225%:222%:seenseos6
QuickACCESS8:6 6icibsewseeewe6DeIVING).«cisco62eseoeencesaewe6
Cockpitoverview.............-0000-56Generalinformation.................
Indicatorlightsoverview...........0..7Steeritig
Displayandoperation............10Electromechanicalparkingbrake.......
Instrumentcluster...............10Starting todrive..............02000--
Instrumentclusteroverview...........10SpOrtyCrivinGiesx «wus4 werom2 2mewn28g
Coolanttemperatureindicator.........10Automatictransmission.............
Tachometer.........0.0 eeeeeeee11Trailertowing...........00000000000-
OdOMeterws ywax«game2 2Beeesdemeg11
Outsidetemperaturedisplay...........11Driverassistance.................
Fuellevel...........0...cee eee eeeee 12.Assistsystems...................
Multifunctionsteeringwheel..........12Speedwarningsystem................
Vehiclefunctions«csv.eeveeweveo15Cruise controlsystem.............0--
Messages...0.0.0.0eeeeeeeeeeee16Audiactivelaneassist................
Laptinienwesxxaugsseae5oo8 2ROS
Startinganddriving.............21,Audisideassisthersosswans5 3suesosaves«3
Openingandclosing.............21:Audidriveselect(drivesettings)........
Cenitrallocking2.2%ssiesssscenescece21
Luggagecompartmentlid.............27Parking1d).«vc.2siesoore6 ooo
Powerwindows...............00000528Introduction.............0.0.0.2eee
Garagedooropener...........--...--29Rearparkingsystem............-....
Parkingsystemplus...605sseeeesees
LightsandVision.................32Rearviewcamera......2.0...ceceeee
Exteriorlighting................0000832Adjusting thedisplayandthewarning
Interiorlighting’:«gems=:sewssesees34TONGScon& ©peaseewegeSeeGeSeege
NISION.« scernsoosoenene@ ocvesimevsaeeen&8awa35ErrorM@SSAQESiiossseceea«ssennieooeee
Windshieldwipers............-...0--36
Digital.compass:;«acssscesseewesace38IntelligentTechnology...........
Electronicstabilizationcontrol(ESC)....
Seats...0...eee40Brakes...6...eeeeee
Generalinformation.................40Steering«eee«=neue=¢oeseeeeeee
Fromtsseats«scwessstvcivesosees3 2serenaa40Allwheeldrive(quattro)..............
Rearbenchseat..................00.AlRearspoiler...1.2.0...ceceeeeeee
Energymanagement................-
Stowingandusing...............42Informationaboutdata recordedby
Ashtray...2.eeeeeeee42vehiclecontrolmodules...............
Cigarettelighter.................005.42
POWerSOUIGCESex5:2sporesa ¢eames« 5ewe&42Infotainmentsystem............
SEOMAGEScisceessc+cynanesw wanmuens© &catesWewceases43MultiMediaInterface............
Luggagecompartment...............44Trafficsafetyinformation.............
IMEROAUCHOMee+ 5anessen&3wepee& =Be
MMIOn/Offknobwithjoystickfunction..
MMIoperation...............0..000.
MMEt0UChices« «eesyoeeeteees eee
8S1012721BA
Instrumentcluster
—Thefrontspoileralsohelpstodistribute
coolingaircorrectlywhiledriving.Ifthe
spoilerisdamaged,thecoolingeffectwill
beimpairedandtheriskoftheengineover-
heatingwillincrease.SeeanauthorizedAu-
didealerorauthorizedAudiServiceFacility
forassistance.
Tachometer
Thetachometer(2)>page10,fig.3displaysthe
enginespeedinrevolutionsperminute(RPM).
Thebeginningoftheredzoneinthetachometer
indicatesthemaximumpermissibleenginespeed
forallgearsoncetheenginehasbeenbrokenin.
Beforereachingtheredzone,youshouldshiftin-
tothenexthighergear,choosethe"D"or"S"se-
lectorleverposition,orremoveyourfootfrom
theacceleratorpedal.
Enginespeedlimitation
Appliesto:vehicleswith centerarmrest
IftheByindicatorlightturnson,theenginewill
beautomaticallylimitedtotheRPMdisplayedin
theinstrumentcluster.Thisprotectstheengine
fromoverheating.
Theenginespeedlimitationdeactivatesoncethe
engineisnoLongerinthecriticaltemperature
rangeandyouhavereleasedtheacceleratorped-
alonce.
Iftheenginespeedlimitationwasactivatedby
anenginecontrolmalfunction,theBindicator
lightalsoturnson.Makesuretheenginespeed
doesnotgoabovethespeeddisplayed,forexam-
plewhendownshifting.Drivetoanauthorized
AudidealerorauthorizedAudiServiceFacilityim-
mediatelytohavethemalfunctioncorrected.
@)Note
Theneedleinthetachometermayonlybein
theredareaofthegaugeforashortperiodof
timebeforethereisariskofdamagingthe
engine.Thelocationwheretheredzonebe-
ginsvariesdependingontheengine.
Odometer
Fig.4Instrumentcluster:odometerandresetbutton
Thetripodometerandodometeraredisplayedin
thestatusline©)>page10,fig.3.
Thetripodometershowsthedistancedriven
sinceitwaslastreset.Itcanbeusedtomeasure
shortdistances.Theodometershowsthetotal
distancethatthevehiclehasbeendriven.
Resettingthetripodometer
>Presstheresetbutton[0-9]ontheinstrument
cluster.Thetripodometerwillberesettozero.
G@)Tips
Distancesaredisplayedinmi(miles)orkm
(kilometers).
Outsidetemperature
display
Theoutsidetemperatureisdisplayedinthesta-
tusline©>page10,fig.3.
Ifyourvehicleisstationaryorifyouaredrivingat
verylowspeeds,thetemperaturedisplayedin
theinstrumentclustermaybeslightlyhigher
thantheactualtemperatureoutsideduetoheat
radiatingfromtheengine.
Attemperaturesbelow41°F (+5°C),asnowflake
symbolappearsinfront ofthetemperaturedis-
play>A.
ZA\WARNING
Donotassumetheroadsarefreeoficebased
ontheoutsidetemperaturedisplay.Beaware
thattheremaybeiceonroadsevenwhenthe
11
8S1012721BA
Instrumentcluster
Vehiclefunctions
On-boardcomputer
Dependingonthevehicleequipment,youmaybe
abletoaccessthefollowinginformationinthis
orderontheon-boardcomputer>page10,fig.3
@:
—Timeanddate>page169
—Averageconsumption
—Short-termmemoryoverview
—Long-termmemoryoverview
—Energyconsumers>page15
—
Driverassistance
—Trafficsignrecognition
Theshort-termmemorycollectsdrivinginforma-
tionfromthetimetheignitionisswitchedonun-
tilitisswitchedoff.Ifyoucontinuedrivingwithin
twohoursafterswitchingtheignitionoff,the
newvaluesareincludedwhencalculatingthecur-
renttripinformation.
Unliketheshort-termmemory,thelong-term
memoryisnoterasedautomatically.Youcanse-
lectthetimeperiodforevaluatingtripinforma-
tionyourself.
Energyconsumers*
The Energyconsumersviewlistsotherequip-
mentthatiscurrentlyaffectingfuelconsump-
tion.Thedisplayshowsuptothreeequipment
items.Theequipmentusingthemostpoweris
listedfirst.Ifmorethanthreeitemsusingpower
areswitchedon,theequipmentthatiscurrently
usingthemostpowerisdisplayed.Achartalso
showsyouthecurrenttotalofallotherconsum-
ers.
Fuelconsumption
Thecurrentfuelconsumptioncan beshownusing
abargraph.Theaverageconsumptionstoredin
theshort-termmemoryisalsodisplayed.Ifthe
barisgreen,yourvehicleissavingfuelthrough
oneofthefollowingfunctions:
—Recuperation:electricalenergycanbestoredin
thebatterywhenthevehicleiscoastingordriv-
ingdownhill.Thebarwillmovetoward(1.
Engineoiltemperaturedisplayandboost
indicator
Appliesto:vehicleswithengineoiltemperaturedisplay/boost
indicator
Theengineoiltemperaturedisplayandboostin-
dicatorareonlyshownintheenhancedvieworin
thesportview>page13.
Engineoiltemperatureindicator=
Theenginehasreacheditsoperatingtempera-
turewhentheengineoiltemperatureisbetween
176°F(80°C)and248°F(120°C)undernormal
drivingconditions.Theengineoiltemperature
maybehigherifthereisheavyengineloadand
hightemperaturesoutside.Thisisnotacausefor
concernaslongasthe7}=>page239orEA
=page239indicatorlightsdonotturnon.
Boostindicator
Thecurrentengineload(meaningthecurrent
boostpressure)isindicatedbyabar.
Shiftlightindicator
Appliesto:vehicleswithshiftlightindicator
Theshiftlightindicatorinformsthedriverwhen
therpmlimitisreached.
Accessingtheshiftlightindicator
Requirement:tiptronicmodemustbeactivated
=>page62.
>Selectthesportview>page13.Theshiftlight
indicatorisdisplayedwithgreen,yellowand
redrangesintheupperareasofthetachome-
ter.
Theshiftlightindicatorwillblinkredwhenap-
proachingtheenginespeedlimit.Shifttothe
nexthighestgearattherighttime.
SeamEN
Appliesto:vehicleswithSportdisplays
Dependingonthevehicleequipment,thesport
displaysmayincludetheG-meter, theengineda-
taandthetirepressuremonitoringsystem.You
canaccessthesportdisplaysinthecentralarea
orintheadditionaldisplayinthedriverinforma-
tionsystem.>
15
8S1012721BA
Driving
@)Note
Donotleaveyourvehicleunattendedwhile
theengineisrunning,becausethisincreases
theriskofanaccident.
@Tips
Whenstoppingatatrafficsignalorstopping
incitytraffic,youcansettheparkingbrake
manually.Thevehicledoesnot havetobe
heldwiththebrakepedal.Theparkingbrake
eliminatesthetendencytocreepwhenase-
lectorleverpositionisengaged.Assoonas
youpresstheacceleratorpedal,theparking
brakereleasesautomaticallyandthevehicle
startstomove>page57.
G)Tips
—Occasionalnoiseswhentheparkingbrakeis
setandreleasedarenormalandarenota
causeforconcern.
—Theparkingbrakegoesthroughaself-test
cycleatregularintervalswhenthevehicleis
stopped.Anynoisesassociatedwiththisare
normal.
—Ifthereisapowerfailure,theparkingbrake
willnotsetif it isreleased,anditwillnot
releaseifitisset>A\.Seeanauthorized
AudidealerorauthorizedAudiServiceFa-
cilityforassistance.
Startingtodrive
Variousconvenienceandsafetyfunctionsmaybe
availablewhenthevehiclebeginsdriving,de-
pendingonvehicleequipment.
Startingonhillswiththeparkingbrakeset
Requirement:thedriver'sdoormustbeclosed.
>Tostartdrivingcomfortablywhenonahill,set
theparkingbrakeandbegindrivingasusual.
Thebrakingforce oftheparkingbrakedoesnot
releaseautomaticallyuntilthewheelsbuildup
enoughdrivingforce.
Startingonhillswithhillholdassist
Hillholdassistmakesiteasiertostartonhills.
Requirement:thedriver'sdoormustbeclosed
andtheenginemustberunning.
>Toactivatehillholdassist,pressandholdthe
brakepedalforseveralseconds.Thevehicle
mustbefacinguphill.
Afterreleasingthebrakepedal,thebrakingpow-
erismaintainedbriefly>A\topreventthevehi-
clefromrollingbackwhenstarting.Thisallows
youtobegindrivingmoreeasily.
Z\WARNING
Appliesto:vehicleswithhillholdassist
—Ifyoudonotbegindrivingimmediatelyor
theenginestallsafterreleasingthebrake
pedal,yourvehiclemaybegintorollback-
ward.Pressthebrakepedalorsetthepark-
ingbrakeimmediately.
—Theintelligenttechnologyofhillholdassist
cannotovercomethelimitationsimposedby
naturalphysicallaws.Theincreasedcomfort
offeredbyhillholdassistshouldnotcause
youtotakesafetyrisks.
—Hillholdassistcannotholdthevehiclein
placeonallhills(forexample,iftheground
isslipperyoricy).
—Toreducetheriskofanaccident,always
makesurethevehicleissituatedsafely
whilestationary.
Sportydriving
Appliesto:RSmodels
Whendrivinginasportystyle,forexampleona
drivingtrack,thewearonallvehiclecomponents
isgreatlyincreased,especiallyontheengine,
transmission,tires,brakes,andsuspension.This
canresultinincreasedwear.Alsonotethefol-
lowingpoints:
—Makesurethevehicleisingoodcondition.
Makesuretocheckthebrakepads,tiretread,
andtirepressure(whentiresarewarm).
—Beforehand,warmuptheenginebydrivingno
higherthantwo-thirdsofthemaximumpermit-
tedengineRPM.Theengineoiltemperature
mustbebroughttoaminimumof140°F
(60°C).
57
IntelligentTechnology
—Thereisnovehiclestabilizationwhen
ESC/ASRareswitchedoff.
@)Tips
—Whenthecruisecontrolsystem*isswitched
on,ESC/ASRcannotbeswitchedofforsport
modecannotbeswitchedon.
—MalfunctionsintherearspoilerortheAudi
magneticridemaymakeitimpossibleto
switchtheESC/ASRoffor toswitchsport
modeon.
Brakes
Youcanapplythevehicle'sbrakesusingthebrake
pedal.
Operatingnoise
Noisesmayoccurwhenbrakingdependingonthe
speed,
brakingforce,andoutsideconditionssuch
astemperatureandhumidity.
Brakingeffect
Theresponsetimefromthebrakesdependson
theweatherandenvironmentalconditions.To
ensuretheoptimumbrakingeffect,thebrake
systemiscleanedatregularintervals.Thisis
donebyapplyingthebrakepadstothebrakero-
torsforashortperiodoftimewhendrivingat
highspeedswhenthewindshieldwipersare
switchedon.
Ifthebrakesystembecomesdamp,forexample
afterdrivinginheavyrain,thebrakingeffectmay
bedelayed.Otherfactorsthatcouldtemporarily
increasetheresponsetimeofthebrakesinclude:
—Wetconditions
—Lowtemperatures,ice,andsnow
—Roadscoveredinsalt
—Dirtybrakepads
Corrosion
Corrosionmayformonthebrakerotorsifthereis
noheavybraking,ifthevehicleisnotdrivenfor
longperiodsoftime,orifthevehicleisnotdriv-
enfrequentlyorforlongdistances.Inthiscase,
brakingheavilyseveraltimeswhiledrivingat
highspeedscancleanthebrakerotors>A\.
86
Brakepads
Newbrakepadsdonotachievetheirfullbraking
effectduringthefirst250miles(400km).They
mustbe“brokenin”first.However,youcancom-
pensatefortheslightlyreducedbrakingforceby
pressingfirmlyonthebrakepedal.Avoidheavy
brakingduring thebreak-inperiod.
Brakepadweardependslargelyonthewaythe
vehicleisdrivenandonoperatingconditions.
Brakepadwearincreaseswhendrivingfrequently
inthecityorshortdistancesorwhenusingavery
sportydrivingstyle.
Ceramicbrakes
Appliesto:vehicleswithceramicbrakes
Ceramicbrakesprovideexcellentdeceleration
rates.
Thebreak-inperiodfornewceramicbrakesmay
besignificantlylongerthanforstandardbrake
rotors.Duetothepropertiesofthematerial,
theymaycausenoisesatlowerspeeds.Ceramic
brakesalsoabsorbmoremoistureinwetcondi-
tions.Therefore,therewilltemporarilybeless
brakingforcethanwhenthebrakesaredry.You
cancompensateforthisbypressingthebrake
pedalharder.
AWARNING
—Onlyapplythebrakesforthepurposeof
cleaningthebrakesystemwhenroadand
trafficconditionspermit.Youmustnoten-
dangerotherroadusersandincreasethe
riskofanaccident.
—Duetotheriskofinjury,onlyhaveanau-
thorizedAudidealerorauthorizedAudi
ServiceFacilityworkonthebrakesystem.
Incorrectrepairscouldimpairthefunction.
—Neverletthevehiclerollwhiletheengineis
stoppedbecausethisincreasestheriskofan
accident.
— Depending onvehicleequipment,thebrake
pedalmaymovedownwardautomatically
duringautonomousbrakingmaneuvers.To
reducetheriskofinjury,donotplaceyour
footunderthebrakepedal.
8S1012721BA
CheckingandFilling
Audirecommends
Sbastrol|BIDEPrarzssional
AudirecommendsusingtheLongLifehigh-per-
formanceengineoilfromAudiGenuineParts.
IYTet
Engineoilpressure
2Turnoffengine!Oilpressuretoolow
Stopdrivingandswitchtheengineoff.Checkthe
engineoillevel>page239.
—Iftheengineoillevelistoolow,addengineoil
=>page240.Onlycontinuedrivingoncethein-
dicatorlightturnsoff.
—Iftheengineoilleveliscorrectandtheindica-
torlightstillturnson,turntheengineoffand
donotcontinuedriving.SeeanauthorizedAudi
dealerorauthorizedAudiServiceFacilityforas-
sistance.
Engineoillevel
Appliesto:vehicleswithoillevelwarning
3Pleasecheckoillevel
—Youmaycontinuedrivingforthetimebeing.
Checktheengineoillevelassoonas possible
=>page239,Checkingtheengineoillevel.
—Iftheengineoilleveliscorrectandtheindica-
torlightstillturnson,driveatlowengine
speedtoanauthorizedAudidealerorauthor-
izedAudiServiceFacility.
Engineoilsensor
2Oillevelsensor:oilchangenecessary.Please
contactService
Fuelhasenteredtheengineoil.Thiswillcause
theengineoilleveltoriseslowlyandtheengine
oilqualitytodecrease.Donotextractengineoil
toreducethelevel,becausethiswillincreasethe
riskofenginedamage.DrivetoanauthorizedAu-
didealerorauthorizedAudiServiceFacilityim-
mediatelytohaveengineoilextracted.
3Oillevelsystem:malfunction!Pleasecon-
tactService
Thesensorthatcheckstheengineoillevelhas
malfunctioned.DrivetoanauthorizedAudideal-
erorauthorizedAudiServiceFacilityimmediately
tohavethemalfunctioncorrected.
&Oilpressuresensor:malfunction!Please
contactService
Thesensorthatcheckstheengineoilpressure
hasmalfunctioned.DrivetoanauthorizedAudi
dealerorauthorizedAudiServiceFacilityimmedi-
atelytohavethemalfunctioncorrected.
Enginewarm-uprequest*
iPleasedrive towarmupengine
Fuelhasenteredtheengineoil,eitherduetolow
outsidetemperaturesorfrequentshortdrives.
Driveuntiltheengineiswarmso thatthefuelin
theengineoilwillevaporate.Avoidhighengine
speeds,fullaccelerating,andheavyengineloads
whendoingthis.
@)Tips
TheoilpressurewarningEEisnot anoillevel
indicator.
Alwayschecktheoillevelregularly.
Checkingtheengineoillevel
Q
BsVv-0588
&
Fig.183Oildipstick(example):checkingtheengineoillev-
el
Observethesafetyprecautions>A\inGeneral
informationonpage236.
>»Parkthevehicleonalevelsurface.
>Shuttheengineoffwhenitiswarm.
>Waitapproximatelytwominutes.
>Openthehood>page237.
>Removetheoildipstick>page238,fig. 182,
wipeitoffwithacleanclothandinsertitallthe
wayinagain.
>Removetheoildipstickagainandthenreadthe
oillevel>tableonpage240.
239
>
8S1012721BA
CheckingandFilling
>Addmoreoilifnecessary.
>Closetheengineoilfillercapandpushthedip-
stickallthewayin.
>Closethehood>page237.
ZAWARNING
—Whenaddingoil,donotletoildripontohot
enginecomponents.Thisincreasestherisk
ofafire.
—Youmustsealthecapontheoilfilleropen-
ingcorrectlyso thatoildoesnotleakouton-
tothehotengineandexhaustsystemwhen
theengineisrunning,becausethisisafire
hazard.
—Alwayscleanskinthoroughlyifitcomesinto
contactwithengineoil.
—Engineoilispoisonousandmustbekeptout
ofreachofchildren.
—Storetheengineoilsecurelyintheoriginal
container.
@Note
— TheNewVehicleLimitedWarrantydoesnot
coverdamageormalfunctionsiftherecom-
mendedintendeduseofthevehicleand
maintenancemeasureslistedinthe Audi
Owner'sManualandtheWarranty&Main-
tenanceBookletwerenotfollowed.
—Onlyusehigh-gradeengineoilthatexplicit-
lymeetstheAudioilqualitystandardfor
yourvehicle.Usinganotheroilmaycause
severevehicledamage.
—Donotmixanyadditionallubricantsinto
theengineoil.Damagecausedbysuchaddi-
tivesisnotcoveredbythewarranty.
@Forthesakeoftheenvironment
—Oilshouldneverenterthesewersystemor
come
intocontactwiththeground.
—Followthelegalregulationsinthecountry
whereyouarelocatedwhendisposingof
emptyoilcontainers.
Changingengineoil
Werecommendhavingtheoilchangedatanau-
thorizedAudidealerorauthorizedAudiService
Facility.
Followthesafetyprecautions>page235,Gener-
alinformation.
Theengineoilmustbechangedattheintervals
specifiedintheWarranty&MaintenanceBook-
let.Thisisveryimportantbecausethelubrication
functionoftheoilgraduallydeclinesduringregu-
larvehicleoperation.
Theengineoilshouldbechangedmorefrequent-
lyundercertaincircumstances.Havetheoil
changedmorefrequentlyifyouoftendriveshort
distances,yourvehicleispredominantlyinstop-
and-gotrafficsituations,isinverydustyenviron-
ments,orisoperatedforlongperiodsoftimein
temperaturesbelowzero.
Cleansingadditivesintheoilmakefreshoilap-
peardarkeraftertheenginehasrunbriefly.This
isnormalandnoreasontochangetheengineoil
morefrequentlythanrecommended.
Becausecorrectlydisposingofengineoilisdiffi-
cultandspecialtoolsandtechnicalknowledge
areneededforanoilchange,havingyourengine
oilchangedby anauthorizedAudidealerorau-
thorizedAudiServiceFacilityisrecommended.
Ifyouchangetheengineoilyourself,pleasenote
thefollowingimportantinformation:
Z\WARNING
Ifyouchangetheengineoilonthevehicle
yourself,thefollowingprecautionsmustbe
followed:
—Wearprotectiveeyewear.
—Duetotheriskofscalding,allowtheengine
tocool downsufficiently.
—Maintainenoughdistancewhenyouarere-
movingtheoildrainplug.Whiledoingthis,
keep yourforearmparalleltothegroundto
reducetheriskofhotoildrippingdownyour
arm.
241
Wheels
Wheels Wheels
andTires
Generalinformation
>Checkyourtiresregularlyfor
damage,suchaspunctures,
cuts,cracks,andbulges.Remove
foreignobjectsfromthetire
tread.
>Ifdrivingovercurbsorsimilar
obstacles,driveslowlyandap-
proachthecurbatanangle.
>Havefaultytiresorrimsre-
placedimmediately.
>Protectyourtiresfromoil,
grease,andfuel.
>Marktiresbeforeremoving
themsothatthesamerunning
directioncanbemaintainedif
theyarereinstalled.
>Laytiresflatwhenstoringand
storetheminacool,drylocation
withaslittleexposuretolightas
possible.
AWARNING
—Neverdrivefasterthanthe
maximumpermittedspeedfor
yourtires.Thiscouldcausethe
tirestoheatuptoomuch.This
increasestheriskofanacci-
dentbecauseitcancausethe
tiretoburst.
248
—Alwaysadaptyourdrivingto
theroadandtrafficcondi-
tions.Drivecarefullyandre-
duceyourspeedonicyorslip-
peryroads.Evenwintertires
canlosetractiononblackice.
()Note
—Pleasenotethatsummerand
wintertiresaredesignedfor
theconditionsthataretypical
inthoseseasons.Audirecom-
mendsusingwintertiresdur-
ingthe wintermonths.Low
temperaturessignificantlyde-
creasetheelasticityofsumm-
ertires,whichaffectstraction
andbrakingability.Ifsummer
tiresareusedinverycoldtem-
peratures,crackscanformon
thetreadbars,resultingin
permanenttiredamagethat
cancauselouddrivingnoise
andunbalancedtires.
—Burnished,polishedor
chromedrimsmustnotbe
usedinwinterdrivingcondi-
tions.Thesurfaceoftherims
doesnothavesufficientcorro-
sionprotectionforthisand
couldbepermanentlydam-
agedbyroadsaltorsimilar
substances.