2018 VOLVO S90 Owner´s Manual

WHEELS AND TIRES
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511
Tread wear indicatorThe tread wear indicator shows the status of the tire's tread.
The tread wear indicator is a narrow elevated strip running across the tire's longitudinal treadgrooves. The letters TWI (Tread Wear Indicator)are visible on the side of the tire. When approxi-mately 1.6 mm (1/16 inch) is left on the tread,the tread will be at the same height as the treadwear indicator. Replace the tire as soon as possi-ble. Tires with low tread offer very poor traction inrain or snow.
Related information
• Tires (p. 508)
Tire terminology The following is a glossary of tire-related terms.
The tire suppliers may have additional markings, notes or warnings such as standard load, radialtubeless, etc.
• Tire information placard
: A placard show-
ing the OE (Original Equipment) tire sizes,recommended inflation pressure, and themaximum weight the vehicle can carry.
• Tire Identification Number (TIN)
: A number
on the sidewall of each tire providing infor-mation about the tire brand and manufactur-ing plant, tire size and date of manufacture.
• Inflation pressure
: A measure of the
amount of air in a tire.
• Standard load
: A class of P-metric or Metric
tires designed to carry a maximum load at 35psi [37 psi (2.5 bar) for Metric tires]. Increas-ing the inflation pressure beyond this pres-sure will not increase the tires load carryingcapability.
• Extra load
: A class of P-metric or Metric
tires designed to carry a heavier maximumload at 41 psi [43 psi (2.9 bar) for Metrictires]. Increasing the inflation pressurebeyond this pressure will not increase thetire's load carrying capability.
• kPa
: Kilopascal, a metric unit of air pressure.
• PSI
: Pounds per square inch, a standard unit
of air pressure. •
B-pillar
: The structural member at the side
of the vehicle behind the front door.
• Bead area of the tire
: Area of the tire next
to the rim.
• Sidewall of the tire
: Area between the bead
area and the tread.
• Tread area of the tire
: Area of the perime-
ter of the tire that contacts the road whenmounted on the vehicle.
• Rim
: The metal support (wheel) for a tire or a
tire and tube assembly upon which the tirebeads are seated.
• Maximum load rating
: a figure indicating
the maximum load in pounds and kilogramsthat can be carried by the tire. This rating isestablished by the tire manufacturer.
• Maximum permissible inflation pressure
:
the greatest amount of air pressure thatshould ever be put in the tire. This limit is setby the tire manufacturer.
• Recommended tire inflation pressure
:
inflation pressure, established by Volvo,which is based on the type of tires that aremounted on a vehicle at the factory. Thisinformation can be found on the tire inflationplacard(s) located on the driver's side B-pillarand in the tire inflation table in this chapter.
• Cold tires
: The tires are considered to be
cold when they have the same temperatureas the surrounding (ambient) air. This tem-

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WHEELS AND TIRES
512perature is normally reached after the vehicle has been parked for at least 3 hours.
Related information
•
Tires (p. 508)
Tire sidewall designations
The following information can be found on a tire's sidewall.
Federal law mandates that tire manufacturers place standardized information on the sidewall ofall tires (see the illustration). The vehicle has been certified with certain combi- nations of wheels and tires. The following information is listed on the tire sidewall: The tire designation:
NOTE
Please be aware that the following tire desig- nation is an example only and that this par-
ticular tire may not be available on your vehi- cle.
1. 215 : the width of the tire (in millimeters)
from sidewall edge to sidewall edge. The larger the number, the wider the tire.
2. 65: The ratio of the tire's height to its width
in percent.
3. R: Radial tire (the designation RF and the
symbol indicate that the vehicle is
equipped with optional self-supporting run flat tires 3
.
4. 15: The diameter of the wheel rim (in
inches).
5. 95: The tire's load index. In this example, a
load index of 95 equals a maximum load of 1521 lbs (690 kg).
6. H: The tire's speed rating, or the maximum
speed at which the tire is designed to bedriven for extended periods of time, carryinga permissible load for the vehicle, and withcorrect inflation pressure. For example, Hindicates a speed rating of 210 km/h(130 mph).
3 Self-supporting run flat tires may not be available on all models.

WHEELS AND TIRES
513
NOTE
The tire's load index and speed rating may not appear on the sidewall because they arenot required by law.
7.M+S or M/S = Mud and Snow, AT = All Ter-
rain, AS = All Season
8. U.S. DOT Tire Identification Number (TIN) : This begins with the letters "DOT" and
indicates that the tire meets all federalstandards. The next two numbers are thefactory code where the tire was manufac-tured, the next two are the tire size code andthe last four numbers represent the weekand year the tire was made. For example,0717 means that the tire was manufacturedduring week 7 of 2017. The numbers inbetween are marketing codes used at themanufacturer's discretion. This informationhelps a tire manufacturer identify a tire forsafety recall purposes.
9. Tire Ply Composition and Material Used :
Indicates the number of plies indicates or thenumber of layers of rubber-coated fabric inthe tire tread and sidewall. Tire manufactur-ers also must indicate the ply materials in thetire and the sidewall, which include steel,nylon, polyester, and others.
10. Maximum Load : Indicates the maximum
load in pounds and kilograms that can becarried by the tire. Refer to the vehicle's tire information placard located on the B-Pillarfor the correct tire pressure for your vehicle.
11. Treadwear, Traction, and Temperaturegrades .
12. Maximum permissible inflation pressure: the greatest amount of air pressure that should ever be put in the tire. This limit is setby the tire manufacturer.
Speed SymbolA tire's Speed Symbol (SS) indicates the maxi-mum speed for which the tire has been certifiedand should be at least equivalent to the vehicle'stop speed. Winter tires, with or without studs, are exceptions and may use a lower SS. When winter tires areinstalled, the vehicle may not be driven fasterthan the tires' SS. The vehicle's speed should always be determined by the posted speed limit and traffic and roadconditions, not the tire's SS. The following table indicates the maximum per- missible speed for each SS.
M 130 km/h (81 mph)
Q 160 km/h (100 mph)
T 190 km/h (118 mph)
H 210 km/h (130 mph)
V 240 km/h (149 mph)
W 270 km/h (168 mph)
Y 300 km/h (186 mph)
WARNING
• The wheel and tire sizes for your Volvo are specified to meet stringent stabilityand handling requirements. Unapprovedwheel/tire size combinations can nega-tively affect your vehicle's stability andhandling.
• Any damage caused by installation ofunapproved wheel/tire size combinationswill not be covered by your new vehiclewarranty. Volvo assumes no responsibilityfor death, injury, or expenses that mayresult from such installations.
Related information
•
Tires (p. 508)

WHEELS AND TIRES
514
Uniform Tire Quality Grading
ALL PASSENGER VEHICLE TIRES MUST CONFORM TO FEDERAL SAFETY REQUIRE-MENTS IN ADDITION TO THESE GRADES .
Quality grades can be found, where applica- ble, on the tire sidewall between the treadshoulder and maximum section width. Forexample: Treadwear 200 Traction AA Temperature A
TREADWEARThe treadwear grade is a comparative rating based on the wear rate of the tire when testedunder controlled conditions on a specified gov-ernment test course. For example, a tire graded150 would wear one and one half (1 ½) times aswell on the government course as a tire graded100. The relative performance of tires dependsupon the actual conditions of their use, however,and many depart significantly from the norm dueto variation in driving habits, maintenance practi-ces and differences in road characteristics andclimate.
TRACTIONThe traction grades, from highest to lowest, areAA, A, B, and C, as measured under controlledconditions on specified government test surfacesof asphalt and concrete. A tire marked C mayhave poor traction performance.
WARNING
The traction grade assigned to this tire is based on braking (straight-ahead) tractiontests and is not a measure of cornering (turn-ing) traction.
TEMPERATUREThe temperature grades are A (the highest), B, and C, representing the tire's resistance to thegeneration of heat and its ability to dissipate heatwhen tested under controlled conditions on aspecified indoor laboratory test wheel. Sustainedhigh temperature can cause the material of thetire to degenerate and reduce tire life, and exces-sive temperature can lead to sudden tire failure.The grade C corresponds to a minimum level ofperformance that all passenger vehicle tires mustmeet under the Federal Motor Safety StandardNo. 109. Grades B and A represent higher levelsof performance on the laboratory test wheel thanthe minimum required by law.
WARNING
The temperature grade for this tire is estab- lished for a tire that is properly inflated andnot overloaded. Excessive speed, under-infla-tion, or excessive loading, either separately orin combination, can cause heat buildup andtire failure.
Related information
•Tires (p. 508)
• Tire sidewall designations (p. 512)

WHEELS AND TIRES
* Option/accessory.515
Checking tire pressure
Correct inflation pressure helps improve driving stability, save fuel and increase the service life ofthe tires.
Tire pressure decreases over time, which is nor- mal. Tire pressure also varies depending on theambient temperature. Driving on under-inflatedtires could cause the vehicle to overheat and leadto damage. Tire pressure affects traveling com-fort, road noise and driving characteristics. Check the pressure in the tires every month. Use the recommended inflation pressure for cold tiresfor optimal tire performance and wear. Under-inflated or over-inflated tires could cause uneventread wear. Use an air pressure gauge and check the infla- tion pressure on all the tires, including the spare tire 4
, at least once a month and before long trips.
Volvo strongly recommends buying a reliable air pressure gauge, as the automatic gauges provi-ded at service stations may be inaccurate.
WARNING
• Under-inflation is the most common cause of tire failure and may result insevere tire cracking, tread separation, or"blow-out," with unexpected loss of vehi-cle control and increased risk of injury.
• Under-inflated tires reduce the load car-rying capacity of your vehicle.
Cold tiresInflation pressure should be checked when thetires are cold. The tires are considered to be cold when they have the same temperature as the surrounding(ambient) air. This temperature is normally reached after the vehicle has been parked for at least 3 hours. After driving for approximately 1.6 km (1 mile), the tires are considered to be warm. If you needto drive longer than that to inflate the tires, checkand record the inflation pressure of the tires firstand inflate accordingly when you arrive at thepump. When the ambient temperature changes, so does the inflation pressure. A 10-degree temperaturedrop causes a corresponding drop in inflationpressure of 1 psi (7 kPa). Check the inflationpressure of the tires regularly and adjust to the correct pressure, which can be found on the vehi-cle's tire information placard or certification label. If you check inflation pressure when the tires are warm, you should never release air. The tiresbecome warm after driving and it is normal forwarm tires to have an inflation pressure abovethe recommended pressure for cold tires. A warmtire with an inflation pressure equal to or underthe recommended pressure for cold tires couldbe significantly under-inflated.Related information
•
Adjusting tire pressure (p. 516)
• Recommended tire pressure (p. 517)
• Tire pressure monitoring system
* (p. 517)
• Tires (p. 508)
4
Not available in all models.

WHEELS AND TIRES
516
Adjusting tire pressureTire pressure decreases over time, which is nor- mal. The tire pressure must therefore beadjusted to maintain the recommended tire pres-sure.
Use the recommended inflation pressure for cold tires for optimal tire performance and wear.
NOTE
To help prevent incorrect inflation pressure, pressure should be checked when the tiresare cold. The tires are considered to be coldwhen they have reached the same tempera-ture as the ambient temperature (about 3hours after the vehicle was last driven). Afterdriving for a few kilometers, the tires will warmup and the pressure will increase.
1. Remove the valve cap from the tire and press the air pressure gauge firmly onto the valve.
2. Inflate to the recommended inflation pres- sure. 3. Screw the valve cap back on.
NOTE
•
After inflating a tire, always replace the valve cap to help prevent valve damagecaused by gravel, dirt, etc.
• Use plastic valve caps only. Metal capscould corrode and become difficult toremove.
4. Visually inspect the tire to make sure there
are no nails or other embedded objects that could puncture the tire and cause air leak-age.
5. Check the sidewalls to make sure there are no gouges, cuts, bulges or other irregulari-ties.
6. Repeat this procedure for each tire, including the spare tire 5
.
NOTE
If you have overfilled the tire, release air by pushing on the metal stem in the center ofthe valve. Then recheck the pressure withyour tire gauge. Some spare tires require higher inflation pres- sure than the other tires. Consult the tireinflation pressure table or the inflation pres-sure placard.
Related information
• Recommended tire pressure (p. 517)
• Checking tire pressure (p. 515)
• Inflate tires with the compressor included in the tire sealing system (p. 535)
• Approved tire pressure (p. 621)
5
Not available on all models.

WHEELS AND TIRES
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* Option/accessory.517
Recommended tire pressure
The tire pressure placard on the driver's side B pillar (between the front and the rear door) indi-cates tire pressure for different loads and speedconditions.
The placard specifies the designation for the fac- tory-mounted tires on the vehicle, as well as loadlimits and inflation pressures.
Related information
• Checking tire pressure (p. 515)
• Approved tire pressure (p. 621)
Tire pressure monitoring system
*
The tire pressure monitoring system, Tyre Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS), provides awarning symbol in the instrument panel if pres-sure is too low in one or more tires.
SymbolExplanation
This symbol illuminates to indicate low inflation pressure. If there is a system malfunction, the inflation pressure warning symbolwill flash for approximately oneminute and then glow steadily.
System descriptionThe tire pressure monitoring system measures differences in rotational speed between thewheels through the ABS system to determine ifthe tires are properly inflated. If inflation pressure in a tire is too low, its diameter (and consequently its rotational speed) changes. By comparing thetires with each other, the system can determine ifthe pressure in one or more tires is too low.
General information about the tire pressure
monitoring system
In the following description, the tire monitoring system is generally referred to as TPMS. Each tire, including the spare tire (if provided) 6
,
should be checked monthly when cold and infla- ted to the inflation pressure recommended by the vehicle manufacturer on the vehicle placard ortire inflation pressure label. (If your vehicle hastires of a different size than the size indicated onthe vehicle placard or tire inflation pressure label,you should determine the proper tire inflationpressure for those tires.) As an added safety feature, your vehicle has been equipped with a tire pressure monitoringsystem (TPMS) that illuminates a low tire pres-sure telltale when one or more of your tires issignificantly under-inflated. Accordingly, when thelow tire pressure telltale illuminates, you shouldstop and check your tires as soon as possible,and inflate them to the proper pressure. Driving on a significantly under-inflated tire cau- ses the tire to overheat and can lead to tire fail-ure. Under-inflation also reduces fuel efficiencyand tire tread life, and may affect the vehicle'shandling and stopping ability. Please note thatthe TPMS is not a substitute for proper tire main-tenance, and it is the driver's responsibility tomaintain correct tire pressure, even if under-infla-tion has not reached the level to trigger illumina-tion of the TPMS low tire pressure telltale. Your vehicle has also been equipped with a TPMS malfunction indicator to indicate when thesystem is not operating properly. The TPMS mal-function indicator is combined with the low tirepressure telltale. When the system detects a mal-
6
Not available on all models.

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WHEELS AND TIRES
* Option/accessory.
518 function, the telltale will flash for approximately one minute and then remain continuously illumi-nated. This sequence will continue upon subse-quent vehicle start-ups as long as the malfunc-tion exists. When the malfunction indicator is illu-minated, the system may not be able to detect orsignal low tire pressure as intended. TPMS malfunctions may occur for a variety of reasons, including the installation of replacementor alternate tires or wheels on the vehicle thatprevent the TPMS from functioning properly. Always check the TPMS malfunction telltale after replacing one or more tires or wheels on yourvehicle to ensure that the replacement or alter-nate tires and wheels allow the TPMS to con-tinue to function properly.
Messages in the instrument panelIf tire pressure is too low, the low tire pressurewarning symbol is shown in the instrument panelalong with a message.
•
Tire pressure low Check tires, calibrate
after fill
•Tire pressure system Temporarily
unavailable
•Tire pressure system Service required
To keep in mind
• Always calibrate the system after changing wheels or adjusting tire pressure. See the tire pressure placard on the driver's side B pillarfor Volvo-recommended tire pressures.
• If you switch to a tire of another size than thefactory-mounted tires, the system must becalibrated for these tires to avoid false warn-ings.
• If a spare wheel 7
is used, it is possible that
the tire pressure monitoring system will notwork correctly due to the differencesbetween the wheels.
• The system does not replace the need forregular tire inspection and maintenance.
• It is not possible to deactivate the tire pres-sure monitoring system.
WARNING
• Incorrect inflation pressure could lead to tire failure, which could cause the driverto lose control of the vehicle.
• The system cannot predict sudden tiredamage.
Related information
•
Recommended tire pressure (p. 517)
• Viewing tire pressure status in the center display
* (p. 520)
• Action when warned of low tire pressure (p. 521) •
Calibrating the tire pressure monitoring sys- tem
* (p. 519)
7
Not available on all models.