Parking systems
General information
Applies to vehicles: with parking system plus/rear view cam
era/peripheral cameras
Depending on your vehicle's equipment, various
parking aids will help you when parking and ma
neuvering.
The
parking system plus assists you when park
ing by audibly and visually indicating objects de
tected
in front of and behind the vehicle
r::!:>page 114.
The rear view camera shows the area behind the
vehicle in the Infotainment display. This display
assists you when you are cross or parallel parking
r::!:> page 115. In addition, you are assisted by the
functions from the parking system plus
r::!:>page 114.
The peripheral cameras assist you with parking
and maneuvering. You are aided by various cam
e ras depending on the vehicle equipment leve l
¢ page 118. In addition, you are assisted by the
functions from the parking system plus
r::!:>page 114.
A WARNING
-Always look for traffic and check the area
around your vehicle by looking at it directly
as well. The parking system cannot replace
the driver's attention. The driver is always
responsible for safety during parking and
for all other maneuvers.
-
-Please note that some surfaces, such as
clothing, are not detected by the system.
- Sensors and cameras have blind spots in
which people and objects cannot be detect ed. Be especially cautious of children and
animals.
- The sensors can be displaced by impacts or
damage to the radiator grille, bumper,
wheel housing and the underbody. The park
ing systems may become impaired as a re
sult. Have your authorized Audi dealer or
qualified workshop check their function.
- Make sure the sensors are not covered by
stickers, deposits or any other obstructions
Parking systems
as it may impair the sensor function. For in
formation on cleaning, refer to
r::!:>page203.
(D Note
-Some objects are not detected by the sys
tem under certain circumstances:
- Objects such as barrier chains, trailer draw
bars, vertical poles or fences
- Objects above the sensors such as wall ex tensions
- Objects with specific surfaces or struc
tures such as chain link fences or powder
snow.
- If you continue driving closer to a low-lying
object, it may disappear from the sensor
range. Note that you will no longer be
warned about this obstacle.
(D Tips
- The system may provide a warning even
though there are no obstacles in the cover age area in some situations, such as:
- certain road surfaces or for long grass.
- external ultrasonic sources e.g. from cleaning vehicles.
- heavy rain, snow or thick vehicle exhaust.
- We recommend that you practice parking in
a traffic-free location or parking lot to be
come familiar with the system. When doing
this, there should be good light and weath
er conditions.
- You can change the volume and pitch of the
signals as well as the display
r::!:>page 123.
-Please refer to the instructions for towing a
trailer
r::!:>page 123.
-What appears in the infotainment display is
somewhat time-delayed.
113
Intelligent Technology
will switch on again automat ically when condi
tions have returned to normal.
Steering recommendation
The ESC helps to stabilize the veh icle by changing
the steering torque.
In vehicles with dynam ic steering*, ESC also
helps to stabilize the steering in critical situa
tions.
Selective wheel torque control
Selective wheel torque control is used when driv
ing on curves . The front wheel on the inside of
the curve or both wheels on the inside of the
curve are braked selectively as needed. This al
lows more precise driving in curves.
Automatic post-collision braking system
The "Automatic post-collision braking system"
can help to reduce the risk of slid ing and of other
coll is ions after an accident . If the airbag control
module detects a collision above a certain vehicle
speed, the vehicle is braked by the ESC.
The vehicle does not brake automat ically if:
- the driver presses the accelerator pedal, or
- the braking force generated by the pressed
brake pedal is greater than the braking force
that would be initiated by the system, or
- the ESC, the brake system or the vehicle electri
cal system are not functioning.
Switchin on/off
A WARNING
- The ESC and its integrated systems cannot
overcome the limits posed by natural physi
cal laws. This is especially important on slip
pery or wet roads. If the systems beg in act
ing to stabilize your vehicle, yo u should im
mediately alter your speed to match the
road and traffic conditions . Do not let the
increased safety provided tempt you into
taking risks. This could increase your risk of
a co llision.
- Please note the risk of a collision increases
when driving fast, especially through curves
and on slippery or wet roads, and when driv
ing too close to objects ahead. The ESC and
its integrated systems cannot always pre
vent collisions -there is still a risk of acci
dents!
- Press the accelerator pedal carefully when
accelerating on even, slippery surfaces such
as ice and snow. The drive wheels can spin
even when these control systems are instal
led and this can affect driving stability and
increase the risk of a collision.
{l) Tips
-ABS and ASR only function correctly when
all four wheels are equipped with identical
tires. Different tire sizes can lead to a reduc
tion in engine power.
- You may hear noises when the systems de
scribed are working.
ESC turns on automatically when you start the engine.
Fig. 177 Center conso le; !j. OFF button
188
The following examples are unusual situations
where it may make sense to switch sport mode
on in order to allow the wheels to spin:
- Rock ing the vehicle to free it when it is stuck
- Driving in deep snow or on loose ground
- Driving with snow chains
Indicator lights and m essa ges
• Do not dri ve v ehicle : steerin g defe ctive
If th is ind icator light turns on and stays on and
this message appears, the power steer ing may
h ave fa iled.
Stop the vehicle in a safe locat ion as soon as pos
sib le . Do
not continue dr iving. See an authorized
Aud i deale r or autho rized Aud i Serv ice Facility fo r
assistance .
'1:I Stee ring: System fau lt You ca n continu e
dri ving
If the indicator light turns on and the message
appears, the steering may be more difficult to
move or more sensit ive tha n usual. The steering
wheel may also be at an angle when driving
stra ight.
Drive s lowly to your author ized Audi dealer or au
thor ized Audi Service Fac ility to have the mal
function corrected.
kr.ij D ynam ic steering : Ini tializing
If the indicator lig ht ls b link ing and th is message
appears, dynamic steering* is being initialized.
Once you start the engine after this is finished,
the steering wheel will be easy to move. Re-in iti
alization m ight be necessary if the steering wheel
was moved hard to the left and right wh ile the
ve hicle was not moving . The display turns off if
the initialization was successfu l.
{D) Tips
-If the . or '1:I indicator light only stays on
for a short time, you may continue driving .
- The dynamic steering stability systems
¢ page 187 are not available in the event of
a system ma lf u nction.
- For additional informat io n on dynamic
steering, refer to¢ page 100.
Intelligent Technology
All wheel drive (quattro)
Applies to vehicles: with all wheel drive
In all wheel drive, all four wheels are powered.
General informat ion
In all whee l dr ive, the dr iving power is div ided be
tween all fou r wheels . This happens automatical
ly depending on yo ur driving behavior as we ll as
the cur rent road conditions . Refer to ¢ page 187,
E lectronic Stabilization Control (ESC).
A center d ifferential d istribu tes the driving power
variab ly to the front and rear axle. It works to
gether with selective whee l torque contro l, w hich
activates when driving through curves
¢ page 188. With the sport d ifferential*, power
distribution to the rear wheels is variable and can
be adjusted with drive select¢ page 100 .
The all wheel drive concept is designed for high
engine power. Your vehicle is except ionally pow
erfu l and has excellent driv ing characteristics
both under normal driving conditions and on
snow and ice . Always read and follow safety pre
cautions ¢
..1:)..
Winter tires
By using all wheel dr ive, your veh icle has good
forward motion with standard tires in w inter con
ditions. However, in w inter we recommend using
winter or all seaso n tires on all four wheels, be
ca use this will improve the brak ing effect.
Snow chains
If there are snow chain laws, snow cha ins must
also be used on veh icles w ith all wheel dr ive
¢ page 246 , Snow chains .
Replacing tires
For vehicles with a ll wheel drive, on ly wheels with
the same roll ing circumference should be used.
Avo id whee ls with different tread depths
¢ page 238, New tires or wheels .
Offroad vehicle?
Your Audi is not an offroad vehicle - there is not
enough ground clearance. For this reason, avoid
difficult terrain. ..,.
191
Wheels
th e av ail able cargo and lug
g age load capa cit y of your vehi
cl e.
.,.Ch eck th e tire s idewall
(¢
pa ge 231, fig. 193) to deter
mine the d esignated load r atin g
for a sp ecifi c tire .
Wheel bolts and rims
Wheel bolts
W heel bo lt s must be clean and loosen/t ighten
easi ly.
Rims
R ims with a bol ted rim ring * or w it h bolted wheel
covers * consist of m ultip le pieces . These compo
nents we re bolted together using specia l bolts
a nd a speci al procedu re. You must not repair o r
d is a ssemble them¢
A.
A WARNING
Whee l bolts that a re tightened or repaired in
co rrectly can become loose and result in loss
o f vehicle control, which increases the risk of
an acc ident. For the correct t ightening specifi
cat io n, refer to¢
page 254 , After changing a
wheel.
- Always keep t he wheel bolts and the
t h reads in the whee l hub clean and free of
grease.
- Only use wheel bolts that fit the rim.
-Always have damaged rims repaired by an authorized Aud i dealer or authorized repair
facility . Never repair or d isassemble rims
yo urself, because th is increases the r isk of
an accident .
Winter tires
Winte r ti re s s ignificantly improve the veh icle's
h a ndling when d riving in w inte r condi tions. Be
c a use of the ir cons tru ction (width, compound,
tread pattern), summe r tires provide less trac
tion o n ice and snow.
246
.,. Use win ter tires on a ll four wheels .
.. On ly use winter tires that are approved for yo ur
veh icle.
.,. Please note that the maximum permitted
speed may be lower with winter tires¢&_ .
Your authorized Audi dealer or authorized re
pa ir fac ility can inform you about the maxim um
permitted speed for your t ires .
.,. Check t he tire p ressure afte r insta lling wheels
~ page 241.
The effectiveness of wi nter tires is reduced g reat
l y when the tread is wo rn down to a depth of
0.157 inch ( 4 mm). The chara cte ris tic s of winter
ti res a lso decrease g rea tly as the t ire ages, re
gard less o f the remaining t read.
_&. WARNING
- Never drive faster than the maximum pe r
m itted speed for your tires . This could cause
the t ires to heat up too much. This increases
the risk of an accident because it can cause
the t ire to burst .
- Always adapt your driving to the road and
traffic conditions . Drive carefully and reduce
your speed on icy or slippery roads . Even
winter t ires can lose t ract io n on black ice .
@ For the sake of the environment
Reinstall summer tires at the appropr iate
time, because they prov ide better handling
when roads are free of snow and ice. Summer
tires cause less road no ise, tire wear and fuel
consumpt ion.
(i_) Tips
You can also use all season tires instead of
winter tires . Please note that in some coun
tries where wint er tires are required, o nly
winter tires w it h t he
& symbol may be per
mi tted.
Snow chains
Snow chains improve trac tion in the snow.
.,. On ly install snow chai ns on the fron t wheels .
T his applies a lso to vehicles with a ll wheel
dr ive*.
-
~ Check and correc t the seating of the snow
chains if necessary after driving a few feet. Fol
l ow the instructions from the manufacturer .
~ Note the maximum permitted speed when driv
ing with snow chains. Do not exceed 30 mph
(SO km/h) .
Snow chains not only improve the
driving in win
ter road cond itions, but also the
braking.
Use of snow chains is on ly permitted with certain
rim/tire combinations due to tec hnical reasons .
Check with an authorized Audi dealer or author ized repair facility to see if you may use snow
cha ins.
You must remove the chains when driving on roads that are
free of snow. When roads are free
of snow, snow chains can impair handling and
damage the t ires, and the chains w ill quickly be
destroyed .
A WARNING
Using incorrect snow chains o r installing snow
chains incorrect ly can result in loss of vehicle
c ont rol, w hic h in cr eases the risk of a n acci
de nt.
- Snow cha ins can damage the rims/wheel
covers* if the cha ins come into d irect con
tact wi th them . Remove the whee l cove rs*
first. Use coated snow cha ins.
- Usi ng snow chai ns tha t add more than 0.4
i nch (10.5 mm) of he igh t ca n severely dam
age the wheel ho usings and othe r vehicle
components .
- Do no t install and use s now chains if there is
a mal funct ion in the adaptive air suspen
sion*, because the vehicle height wi ll be
very low. If you d rive with snow chains any
way, the wheel ho usings and othe r vehicle
components can be severely damaged.
Low aspect ratio tires
Your Aud i is factory -equipped with low aspect ra
tio tires . These t ires have been tho rough ly tested
and been se lected specifically for yo ur model fo r
Wheel s
their superb performance, road fee l and handling
u nder a variety of driving conditions . Ask your au
thorized Audi dea le r fo r more detai ls.
T he low aspect rat io o f th ese tires is indicated by
a n umeral of
55 or le ss in the tire's size des igna
tion . The numera l represents the ratio of the
t ir e's s idewall height in relation to its tread w idth
expressed in percentage. Conventiona l tires have
a he ight/width ratio of 60 or more.
The performance of low-aspect- ratio tires is par
ticularly sen sitive to imprope r inflat ion pres
s ure. It is the refore important that low aspect
rat io tires are inflated to the speci fied pre ssure
and that the inflation pressure i s regularly
checked and m aintain ed. Tir e pr essures should
be checked at least once a month and always
b efor e a long trip
~ page 241.
What you can do to avo id tire and rim
damage
Low aspect ratio tires can be damaged more eas i
ly by impact w ith po tholes, curbs, gullies or
ridges on the road, particularly if the tire is un
deri nflated.
In orde r to m in imize the occurrence of impact
damage to t he tires of yo ur vehicle , we recom
me nd that you observe the following pre ca u
t ions:
- Always ma intain recommended inflat ion pres
sures. Check yo ur tir e pressure every 2,000
m iles (3 ,00 0 k m) and add air if necessary.
- Dr ive ca refully on roads w it h potholes, deep
gullies o r ridges. T he impact from dr iving
t hrough or over such obstacles can damage
your tires. Impac t wi th a curb may a lso ca use
damage to your tires.
- Afte r any impac t, immed iate ly inspect yo ur
t ires or have them inspected by the nearest au
thorized A udi dealer. Rep lace a damaged tire as
soon as possible.
- Inspect your tires every 2,000 m iles (3,000 km)
for damage and wear. Damage is not a lways
easy to see. Damage can lead to loss of air and
underinflation, wh ich could eventually cause
tire fa ilure. If you believe that a tire may have
been damaged, replace the tire as soon as pos -
sible . .,.
247
Wheels
the recommended tire pressure for your vehicle
¢ page 241, fig. 196.
Tire tread circumference and vibration character
istics can change and cause a tire pressure warn
ing if:
- the tire pressure in one or more tires is too low.
- the tire has structural damage .
- the tire was replaced or the tire pressure was
changed and it was not stored¢
page 250.
-the spare tire* is installed.
Indicator lights
IE Loss of pressure in at least one tire¢&. .
Check the tires and replace or repair if necessary.
Check/correct the pressures of all four tires and
store the pressure again in the Infotainment sys
tem ¢
page 250 .
mm (Tire Pressure Monitoring System) Tire
pressure: System malfunction!.
Ifmm appears
after switching the ignition on or while driving
and the
IE indicator light in the instrument clus
ter blinks for approximately one minute and then
stays on , there is system malfunction . Try to
store the correct tire pressures¢
page 250. If
the indicator light does turn off or turns on again
after a short period of time, drive to your author
ized Audi dealer or qualified repair facility imme
diate ly to have the malfunction corrected.
A WARNING
- If the ti re pressure indicator appears in the
display, reduce your speed immediately and
avoid any hard steering or braking maneu
vers. Stop as soon as possible and check the
t ir es and their pressure .
- The driver is responsible for maintaining the
correct tire pressure. You must check the
t ir e pressure regularly.
- Under certain conditions (such as a sporty
dr iv ing style, winter cond itions or unpaved
roads), the tire pressure mon itoring system
indicator may be delayed.
- Do not use run-flat tires on your vehicle. Us
ing them when not permitted can lead to
vehicle damage or accidents.
250
(D Tips
-The tire pressure monitoring system can al
so stop working when there is an ESC mal
function.
- Using snow chains may result in a system
malfunction.
- The tires with the identification "AO" or
"RO" ¢
page 2 38 have been matched with
your Audi tire pressure monitoring system.
We recommend that you use these tires.
Storing tire pressures
If the tire pressure changes or a tire is replaced,
it mus t be confirmed in the Infotainmen t sys
tem.
... Make sure before storing that the tire pressures
of all four tires meet the specified values and
are adapted to the load ¢
page 241.
... Switch the ignition on .
... Select: the
I CARI function button > (Car)* Sys
tems
contro l button > Servicing & checks >
Tire pressure monitoring > Store tire pressures
> Yes, store now.
(D Tips
Do not sto re the tire pressures if snow chains
a re installed.
Emergency assistance
-Hooks to remove the whee l covers*
- Plastic hook to remove wheel bolt covers*
- Whee l bolt wrench
- Al ignment pin for changing wheels
- Screwdriver with revers ible blade
- Towing eye
- Jack
Before storing the jack, make sure it is wound
back down as far as it wi ll go.
A WARNING
Improper use of the vehicle jack can cause se
rious persona l injuries.
- Never use the screw driver hex head to
tighten whee l bolts, since the bolts cannot
atta in the necessary tighten ing torque if you
use the hex head, potentially caus ing an ac
cident.
- The factory-supplied jack is intended on ly
for your vehicle model. Under no circum
stances should it be used to lift heavy
vehicles or other loads; you r isk injuring
yourself.
- Never start the eng ine when the vehicle is
raised, which could cause an accident.
- Support the veh icle securely with appropri
ate stands if work is to be performed under
neath the vehicle; otherwise, there is a po
tent ial r isk for injury .
- Never use the jack supplied with your Audi
on another vehicle, particularly on a heavier
one. The jack is only suitable for use on the
vehicle it came with.
(D Tips
- Some of the on board items listed above are
provided on certain models only or are op
tiona l extras.
- Before you can ra ise your veh icle using the
j ack, you must act ivate the jacking mode
c:::;,page255.
252
· Space-saving spare tire (compact spare
tire)
The spare tire/wheel is located in the luggage
compartment under the cargo floor cover. It is
intended for short -term use only.
Taking out the spare tire
" Lift the cargo floor by the plastic handle
c:::;,page 251, fig. 200 .
" Hook the handle into the luggage compartment
weather strip.
"Tur n the large sc rew
c:::;, page 251, fig. 200
counter-clockwise .
" Take out the spare tire.
" Always store the vehicle tool kit, the jack* and
the replaced tire in the luggage compartment
c:::;,page 131.
"Unhook the cargo floor before closing the rear
lid .
Using the spare tire (compact spare tire)
The compact spare tire is on ly intended for emer
gencies until you can reach a repair shop. Replace
it as quickly as poss ible with a standard wheel
and t ire.
There are some restrictions on the use of the compact spare tire. The compact spare tire has
been designed spec ifically for your type of vehi
cle . It must not be swapped with a compact
spare tire from another type of veh icle .
Snow chains
For technical reasons, the use of snow chains on
the compact spare tire is
not permitted .
If you do have to drive with snow chains and a
front tire fails, mount the spare whee l with tire
instead
of a rear tire. Install the snow chains on
the rear tire and use it to replace the defect ive
front tire .
A WARNING
-Never use the spare tire if it is damaged or if
it is worn down to the tread wear indicators .
- If the spare tire is more than 6 years old,
use it only in an emergency and with ex
treme caution and careful driving.
Index
Safety belts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134, 13 7
Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Danger to passengers who do not wear a
safety belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Fasten ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
He ight adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Improperly worn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Not worn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13S
Safety belt position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Safety instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Securing child safety seats . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Special considerations for pregnant wom -
en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Unfastening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Warning/indicator light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Warning light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Worn properly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Safety belt tensioner
drive select . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Safety belt warn ing light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Safety compliance st icker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Safety equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Safety features for occupant restraint and
protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Safety guidelines Seat adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Safety instructions
Eng ine compartment .............. ... 216
for side curtain airbags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
for using child safety seats . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
for using safety belts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Monitoring the Advanced Airbag System . 156
Safety systems Warning/indicator lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Saving fuel Cylinder on demand System . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Efficiency program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Recuperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Seat adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S4
Driver's seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Fr ont passenger's seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Head restraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Safety guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Seat heating (four-zone automatic climate
control) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Seat heating (three -zone climate control) . . 69
286
Seating position
Driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Front passenger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
How to adjust the front seats . . . . . . . . . . 127
Incorrect seat position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Occupants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Rear passengers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Seats Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Convenience side view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Correct seat ing position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Seat symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Seats (number) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Seat ventilation (four-zone automat ic cl imate
contro l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Se lective catalytic reduction
refer to Ad Blue ... ... ............. ... 212
Selector lever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Selector lever (automatic transmission)
Eme rgency release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Service and disposal Safety be lt pretensioner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Service interval display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Sh ift paddles.. .. .. .. .. ... ............ 110
Ship (transporting your vehicle) . . . . . . . . . 267
Side airbags Desc ription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
How they work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
s ide ass ist
Sensor range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Side assist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Adjusting the brightness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Cleaning the sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
switching on and off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
also refer to Side assist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Side curta in a irbags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
How they work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Safety instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Ski sack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Snow chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Socket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Sources of information about child restraints
and their use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Space-saving spare tire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Spare t ire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Speed limiter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29