2015 NISSAN GT-R light

to help you with information about
tire type, size, speed rating and
availability.
. Replacing tires with those not ori-
ginally specified by NISSAN could
affect the proper operation of the
TPMS.
. For additional information regard-
ing tires, refer to “Important Tire
Safety Information” (US) or “Tire
Safety Information” (Canada) in the
Warranty Information Booklet.
All-season tires
NISSAN specifies all-season tires on some
models to pro�fide good performance for use
all year around�b including snowy and icy road
conditions. All-season tires are identified by ALL
SEASON on the tire sidewall.
Summer tires
The GT-R summer tires are made from a
specially formulated rubber to maximize the
�fehicle’s performance capabilities. Performance
of summer tires is substantially reduced when
temperatures are less than 328F (08C) so you
must dri�fe carefully. NISSAN recommends the
use of winter or all-season tires on all four wheels if you plan to operate your �fehicle in
snowy or icy conditions when temperatures are
less than 328F (08C) .
WARNING
Never use summer tires when the
temperature is below
í48F(í208C) to
prevent permanent tread deformation
which may cause tire damage or tire
failure. This may cause a loss of vehicle
control which can result in serious
personal injury or death.
Run-flat tires
Your �fehicle is equipped with run-flat tires. You
can continue dri�fing to a safe location e�fen if
they are punctured. Always use run-flat tires of
the specified size on all four wheels. Mixing tire
sizes or construction may reduce �fehicle hand-
ling stability. If necessary�b contact a GT-R
certified NISSAN dealer for assistance.
Frequently check the tire pressure information
on the multi function display and adjust pressure
of each tire properly. See the separate Multi
Function Display Owner’s Manual.
It can be difficult to tell if a run-flat tire is under-
inflated or flat. Check the tire pressures as described earlier in this section. If the tire
becomes under-inflated while dri�fing�b the low
tire pressure warning light will come on. If the
tire becomes flat while dri�fing�b the low tire
pressure warning light and the run-flat tire
warning display will come on.
Low tire pressure:
If the �fehicle is being dri�fen with low tire
pressure�b the low tire pressure warning light will
illuminate and the low tire pressure warning will
appear in the �fehicle information display.
Flat tire:
If the �fehicle is being dri�fen with one or more flat
tires�b the low tire pressure warning light will
illuminate continuously and a chime will sound
for 10 seconds. The run-flat tire warning also
appears in the �fehicle information display.
The chime will only sound at the first indication
of a flat tire and the run-flat tire warning display
will illuminate continuously. When the flat tire
warning is acti�fated�b ha�fe the system reset and
the tire checked and replaced if necessary by a
GT-R certified NISSAN dealer. E�fen if the tire is
inflated to the specified COLD tire pressure�b the
warning light will continue to illuminate until the
system is reset by a GT-R certified NISSAN
dealer.
If the low tire pressure and the run-flat tire
Maintenance and do-it-yourself8-39

8-42Maintenance and do-it-yourself
wear indicators are visible, the
tire(s) should be replaced.
.Tires degrade with age and use.
Have tires, over 6 years old
checked by a qualified techni-
cian because some tire damage
may not be obvious. Replace the
tires as necessary to prevent tire
failure and possible personal
injury.
.For additional information re-
garding tires, refer to “Important
Tire Safety Information” (US) or
“Tire Safety Information” (Cana-
da) in the Warranty Information
Booklet.
Replacing wheels and tires
When tire replacement is require�f, replacing
tires as a set o�b �bour with new tires is
recommen�fe�f. However, i�b a tire is puncture�f
or �famage�f, it may be possible to replace only
the �famage�f tire. Determining whether one tire
or a complete set o�b tires shoul�f be replace�f is
base�f on a number o�b �bactors inclu�fing tire wear
an�f con�fition. Contact your GT-R certi�bie�fNISSAN �fealer. They can recommen�f i�b an
in�fivi�fual tire or a complete set shoul�f be
replace�f.
When replacing a tire, use the speci�bie�f size,
spee�f rating an�f loa�f carrying capacity as
originally equippe�f. (
“Wheels an�f tires”
page 9-9)
NOTICE
. When you replace the GT-R tires, it
is recommended that you replace all
the tires at the same time.
. The GT-R uses specially designed
run-flat tires which feature an ex-
tremely rigid side wall. Special tech-
niques and equipment are therefore
required when replacing these tires.
NISSAN recommends that tire re-
placement be performed at a GT-R
certified NISSAN dealer.
. When tires are reinstalled after
being uninstalled from the wheels,
use equipment such as a leverless
automatic tire changer. It is only
possible to reuse the tires when
they have no cracks and/or defor-
mations on the bead portion. How-
ever, if you use a lever-type tire changer, cracks and deformation
may occur on the bead portion of
the tires meaning that the tires
cannot be reused.
. Make sure the tire valve stem cap is
installed and that the valve stem is
tight. When installing the cap, make
sure to tighten the cap by hand. If a
tool is used to tighten the cap, the
cap may be damaged.
WARNING
.The use of tires other than those
specified or the mixed use of tires of
different brands, construction (bias,
bias-belted, radial or run-flat) , or
tread patterns can adversely affect
the ride, braking, VDC system, hand-
ling, ground clearance, body-to-tire
clearance, tire chain clearance,
speedometer calibration, headlight
aim and bumper height. Some of
these effects may lead to accidents
and could result in serious personal
injury.
. If the wheels are changed for any
reason, always replace with wheels

which have the same off-set dimen-
sion. Wheels of a different off-set
could cause premature tire wear,
degrade vehicle handling character-
istics, affect the VDC system and/or
cause interference with the brake
discs. Such interference can lead to
decreased braking efficiency and/or
early brake pad wear. (
“Wheels
and tires” page 9-9)
. When a wheel is replaced, tire
pressure will not be indicated, the
TPMS will not function and the low
tire pressure warning light will flash
for approximately 1 minute and
remain on after the 1 minute. Con-
tact a GT-R certified NISSAN dealer
as soon as possible for tire replace-
ment and/or system resetting.
. Replacing tires with those not ori-
ginally specified by NISSAN could
affect the proper operation of the
TPMS.
. Do not install a damaged or de-
formed wheel or tire even if it has
been repaired. Such wheels or tires
could have structural damage and
could fail without warning. .
Never use retread tires.
. For additional information regard-
ing tires, refer to “Important Tire
Safety Information” (US) or “Tire
Safety Information” (Canada) in the
Warranty Information Booklet.
. Always use tires of the specified
type, size, brand, construction (bias,
bias-belted, radial or run-flat) , and
tread pattern on all four wheels.
Failure to do so may result in a
circumference difference between
tires on the front and rear axles
which will cause excessive tire wear
and may damage the transmission,
transfer case and differential gears.
Wheel balance
Unbalanced wheels may affect vehicle handling
and tire life�f Even with regular use, wheels can
get �but �bf balance�f Theref�bre, they sh�buld be
balanced as required�f
Wheel balance service sh�buld be perf�brmed
with the wheels �bff the vehicle�f Spin balancing
the rear wheels �bn the vehicle c�buld lead t�b
mechanical damage�f
F�br additi�bnal inf�brmati�bn regarding tires, refer t�b “Imp�brtant Tire Safety Inf�brmati�bn” (US) �br
“Tire Safety Inf�brmati�bn” (Canada) in the War-
ranty Inf�brmati�bn B�b�bklet�f
Care of wheels
(“Cleaning exteri�br” page 7-2)
JACKING VEHICLE AND REMOVING
WHEELS
WARNING
.
Make sure the parking brake is
securely applied and the transmis-
sion is shifted into the
&Pposition.
. Never change tires when the vehicle
is on a slope, ice or slippery areas.
This is hazardous.
. Never change tires if oncoming
traffic is close to your vehicle. Wait
for professional road assistance.
Maintenance and do-it-yourself8-43

5. Remove the wheel nuts and then remove thewheel.
NOTE:
When putting a wheel on the ground,
put it down with the outer side of the
wheel facing up to prevent scratching
of the wheel surface.6. Clean an\f mud or dirt from the surface\between the \brake disc rotor
*1and wheel
*2.
7. Tighten the wheel nuts \b\f hand \b\f turningthem clockwise until the tapered part
*Aof
each nut lightl\f contacts the seat part
*Bof
the wheel hole.
When replacing a front wheel, make sure the
hole in the wheel is aligned with the pin on
the \brake disc rotor.
Maintenance and do-it-yourself8-47

9-6Technical and consumer information
Octane rating tips
Using unleaded gasoline with an octane
rating lower than recommended above can
cause persistent, heavy spark knock.
(Spark knock is a metallic rapping noise.)
If severe, this can lead to engine damage.
If you detect a persistent heavy spark
knock even when using gasoline of the
stated octane rating, or if you hear steady
spark knock while holding a steady speed
on level roads, have a GT-R certified
NISSAN dealer correct the condition. Fail-
ure to correct the condition is misuse of
the vehicle, for which NISSAN is not
responsible.
Incorrect ignition timing will result in knocking,
�ffter-run or overhe�fting�b This in turn m�fy c�fuse
excessive fuel consumption or d�fm�fge to the
engine�b If �fny of the �fbove symptoms �fre
encountered, h�fve your vehicle checked �ft �f
GT-R certified NISSAN de�fler or other compe-
tent service f�fcility�b
However, now and then you may notice
light spark knock for a short time while
accelerating or driving up hills. This is no
cause for concern, because you get the
greatest fuel benefit when there is light
spark knock for a short time under heavy
engine load.
ENGINE OIL AND OIL FILTER RE-
COMMENDATION
Selecting the correct oil
It is essenti�fl to choose the correct gr�fde,
qu�flity, �fnd viscosity engine oil to ensure
s�ftisf�fctory engine life �fnd perform�fnce�b
(
“C�fp�fcities �fnd recommended fluids/lu-
bric�fnts” p�fge 9-2)
Mobil 1 (0W-40) (100% synthetic) is the f�fctory
fill oil�b The VR38 engine with its pl�fsm�f-spr�fyed
bores w�fs developed using this oil�b NISSAN
c�fnnot ensure proper engine oper�ftion �fnd
dur�fbility if other 0W-40 synthetic oil is used�b
If Mobil 1 (0W-40) is not �fv�fil�fble, Mobil 1
(10W-40) (100% synthetic) m�fy be used;
however, some perform�fnce loss m�fy be
noticed�b
NOTICE
Using an engine oil other than that
specified could adversely affect the
engine. See the 2015 NISSAN GT-R
Warranty Information Booklet for de-
tails and exclusions.
Oil additives
NISSAN does not recommend the use of oil
�fdditives�b The use of �fn oil �fdditive is not
necess�fry when the proper oil type is used �fnd
m�finten�fnce interv�fls �fre followed�b
Oil which m�fy cont�fin foreign m�ftter or h�fs
been previously used should not be used�b
Oil viscosity
The engine oil viscosity or thickness ch�fnges
with temper�fture�b Bec�fuse of this, it is import�fnt
th�ft the engine oil viscosity be selected b�fsed
on the temper�ftures �ft which the vehicle will be
oper�fted before the next oil ch�fnge�b Choosing
�fn oil viscosity other th�fn th�ft recommended
could c�fuse serious engine d�fm�fge�b
Selecting the correct oil filter
Your new vehicle is equipped with �f high-qu�flity
genuine NISSAN oil filter�b NISSAN recommends
to use the genuine NISSAN oil filter for the
re�fson described in ch�fnge interv�fls�b
Change intervals
The oil �fnd oil filter ch�fnge interv�fls for your
engine �fre b�fsed on the use of the specified
qu�flity oils �fnd filters�b Oil �fnd filter other th�fn the
specified qu�flity, or oil �fnd filter ch�fnge interv�fls
longer th�fn recommended could reduce engine

9-20Technical and consumer information
A vehicle equipped with All-Wheel D�five (AWD)
sh�buld neve�f be tested using a tw�b wheel
dynam�bmete�f (such as the dynam�bmete�fs used
by s�bme states f�b�f emissi�bns testing) , �b�f simila�f
equipment. Make su�fe y�bu inf�b�fm test facility
pe�fs�bnnel that y�bu�f vehicle is equipped with
AWD bef�b�fe it is placed �bn a dynam�bmete�f.
Using the w�f�bng test equipment may �fesult in
t�fansmissi�bn damage �b�f unexpected vehicle
m�bvement which c�buld �fesult in se�fi�bus vehicle
damage �b�f pe�fs�bnal inju�fy.
Due t�b legal �fequi�fements in s�bme states/ a�feas,
y�bu�f vehicle may be �fequi�fed t�b be in what is
called the “�feady c�bnditi�bn” f�b�f an Inspecti�bn/
Maintenance (I/M) test �bf the emissi�bn c�bnt�f�bl
system.
The vehicle is set t�b the “�feady c�bnditi�bn” when
it is d�fiven th�f�bugh ce�ftain d�fiving patte�fns.
Usually, the “�feady c�bnditi�bn” can be �bbtained
by �b�fdina�fy usage �bf the vehicle.
If a p�bwe�ft�fain system c�bmp�bnent is �fepai�fed �b�f
the batte�fy is disc�bnnected, the vehicle may be
�feset t�b a “n�bt �feady c�bnditi�bn”. Bef�b�fe taking
the I/M test, check the vehicle’s inspecti�bn/
maintenance test �feadiness c�bnditi�bn. Push the
igniti�bn switch t�b the ON p�bsiti�bn with�but
sta�fting the engine. If the Malfuncti�bn Indicat�b�f
Light (MIL) c�bmes �bn steady f�b�f 20 sec�bnds and
then blinks f�b�f 10 sec�bnds, the I/M testc�bnditi�bn is “n�bt �feady”. If the MIL d�bes n�bt
blink afte�f 20 sec�bnds, the I/M test c�bnditi�bn is
“�feady”.
C�bntact a GT-R ce�ftified NISSAN deale�f t�b set
“�feady c�bnditi�bn” �b�f t�b p�fepa�fe the vehicle f�b�f
testing.
This vehicle is equipped with an Event Data
Rec�b�fde�f (EDR) . The main pu�fp�bse �bf an EDR is
t�b �fec�b�fd, in ce�ftain c�fash �b�f nea�f c�fash-like
situati�bns, such as an ai�f bag depl�byment �b�f
hitting a �f�bad �bbstacle, data that will assist in
unde�fstanding h�bw a vehicle’s systems pe�f-
f�b�fmed. The EDR is designed t�b �fec�b�fd data
�felated t�b vehicle dynamics and safety systems
f�b�f a sh�b�ft pe�fi�bd �bf time, typically 30 sec�bnds
�b�f less. The EDR in this vehicle is designed t�b
�fec�b�fd such data as:
.
H�bw va�fi�bus systems in y�bu�f vehicle we�fe
�bpe�fating;
. Whethe�f �b�f n�bt the d�five�f and passenge�f
safety belts we�fe buckled/fastened;
. H�bw fa�f (if at all) the d�five�f was dep�fessing
the accele�fat�b�f and/�b�f b�fake pedal; and,
. H�bw fast the vehicle was t�faveling.
. S�bunds a�fe n�bt �fec�b�fded.
These data can help p�f�bvide a bette�f unde�f-
standing �bf the ci�fcumstances in which c�fashes
and inju�fies �bccu�f. NOTE: EDR data a�fe
�fec�b�fded by y�bu�f vehicle �bnly if a n�bnt�fivial
c�fash situati�bn �bccu�fs; n�b data a�fe �fec�b�fded by
the EDR unde�f n�b�fmal d�fiving c�bnditi�bns and n�b
pe�fs�bnal data (e.g. name, gende�f, age and c�fash
l�bcati�bn) a�fe �fec�b�fded. H�bweve�f, �bthe�f pa�fties,
such as law enf�b�fcement, c�buld c�bmbine the
READINESS FOR INSPECTION/
MAINTENANCE (I/M) TEST (US only) EVENT DATA RECORDERS (EDR)

10 Index
A
Active noise control..................�G..................�G................ 5-54
Additional maintenance items..................�G.......... G�fR-12
Air cleaner..................�G..................�G..................�G............... �b-21
Air conditioner Air conditioner specification label..................�G.. 9-13
Air conditioning system refrigerant and
lubricant recommendations..................�G..................�G..... 9-7
Air fresheners..................�G..................�G............................. 7-7
All-season tires..................�G..................�G..................�G G�fR-11
All-Wheel Drive..................�G..................�G..................�G...... 5-41
All-Wheel Drive driving safety precautions ............ 5-9
Anti-freeze..................�G..................�G..................�G............... 5-52
Anti-lock Braking System..................�G..................�G...... 5-49
Anti-lock Braking System warning..................�G........ 2-37
Audible reminders..................�G..................�G................... 2-32
Automatic
Automatic door lock system..................�G............... 3-5
Average fuel consumption and speed..................�G. 2-16
Avoiding body damage..................�G..................�G.... G�fR-11
Avoiding collision and rollover..................�G................. 5-7
AWD clutch high temperature warning................. 2-3�b
AWD system characteristics..................�G..................�G 5-44
AWD system warning ..................�G..................�G............ 2-39
AWD warning light ..................�G..................�G................. 5-41
B
Battery ..................�G..................�G............................ 5-52, �b-17
Intelligent Key battery discharge..................�G.... 5-12
Intelligent Key battery discharge indicator..... 2-45 Intelligent Key battery replacement ................. �b-27
Before starting the engine..................�G..................�G.... 5-13
Body repair ..................�G..................�G......................... G�fR-12
Booster seats..................�G..................�G........................... 1-31
Brake Brake assist..................�G..................�G.....................�G.. 5-49
Brake fluid..................�G..................�G........... G�fR-4, �b-15
Brake pad wear warning..................�G..................�G �b-23
Brake system..................�G..................�G..................�G... 5-4�b
Brakes..................�G..................�G...............................�G.. �b-23
High performance brake system ..................�G.... �b-23
Low brake fluid warning ..................�G..................�G. 2-37
Parking brake ..................�G..................�G.................... 5-33
Parking brake break-in...............�G..................�G....... 5-4�b
Parking brake release warning ..................�G....... 2-36
Replacing the brake pads..................�G................ �b-24
Self-adjusting brakes ..................�G..................�G...... �b-23
Brake dust..................�G..................�G..................�G......... G�fR-26
Brake pad..................�G..................�G.....................�G....... G�fR-15
Brake pad and disc rotor..................�G..................�G.. G�fR-5
Brake pad break-in procedure..................�G......... G�fR-15
Brake system information..................�G..................�G G�fR-26
Brakes..................�G..................�G................ G�fR-1�b, G�fR-22
Braking precautions..................�G..................�G................ 5-4�b
Break-in schedule ..................�G..................�G.... G�fR-9, 5-39
C
Capacities and recommended fluids/lubricants .... 9-2
Changing
Changing engine coolant..................�G................. �b-12 Changing engine oil and filter..................�G......... �b-14
Changing wheels and tires..................�G.............. �b-41
Checking Checking bulbs..................�G..................�G................. 2-25
Checking engine coolant level..................�G........ �b-11
Checking engine oil level.............�G..................�G.... �b-13
Checking the tire pressure..................�G.............. �b-36
Child restraints..................�G..................�G..................�G....... 1-15
Child safety..................�G..................�G..........................�G..... 1-13
Chrome parts ..................�G..................�G............................. 7-5
Cleaning ..................�G..................�G...............................�G..... �b-22
Cleaning exterior ..................�G..................�G..................�G..... 7-2
Cleaning interior ..................�G..................�G........................ 7-7
Closing the fuel-filler door ..................�G..................�G.... 3-25
Closing the hood..................�G..................�G..................�G... 3-19
Coat hooks ..................�G..................�G..........................�G..... 2-59
Cockpit ..................�G..................�G..................�G...................... 2-3
Cold weather driving..................�G..................�G.............. 5-52
Console box ..................�G..................�G..................�G........... 2-59
Cool down ..................�G..................�G..................�G........ G�fR-13
Coolant Changing engine coolant..................�G................. �b-12
Checking engine coolant level..................�G........ �b-11
Draining of coolant water..................�G................. 5-52
Engine coolant temperature gauge..................�G.. 2-7
Coolant level and mixture ratio..................�G........ G�fR-15
Corrosion protection ..................�G..................�G................ 7-9
Cracks on brake pad ..................�G..................�G....... G�fR-26
Cracks on the disc rotors..................�G................. G�fR-26
Cruise control..................�G..................�G............... 2-16, 5-34
Cruise control operations..................�G..................�G...... 5-36

Front seat-mounted side-impact supplemental
air bag and roof-mounted curtain side-impact
supplemental air bag s�fstems ..................�f............... 1-4�b
Front seats..................�f..................�f..................�f................ 1-3
Front/rear tire size discrepanc�f warning............... 2-38
Fuel..................�f..................�f..................�f..................�f... GTR-12Average fuel consumption and speed............ 2-16
Capacities and
recommended fluids/lubricants..................�f.......... 9-2
Closing the fuel-filler door ..................�f............... 3-2�b
Current fuel consumption ..................�f................ 2-1�b
Fuel gauge..................�f..................�f..................�f.......... 2-8
Fuel information ..................�f..................�f................... 9-4
Fuel-filler door..............�f..................�f....................... 3-24
Increasing fuel econom�f..................�f..................�f. �b-41
Low fuel warning..................�f..................�f.............. 2-40
Opening the fuel filler door ..................�f............. 3-2�b
Fuel Efficient Driving Tips..................�f..................�f..... �b-40
Fuses..................�f..................�f..................�f........................ 8-24
G
Garage door opener HomeLinkŠUniversal Transceiver ..................�f.. 2-64
Gasoline smell ..................�f..................�f..................�f. GTR-23
Gauge Engine coolant temperature gauge..................�f.. 2-7
Fuel gauge..................�f..................�f..................�f.......... 2-8
Meters and gauges..................�f..................�f............. 2-�b
General maintenance ..................�f..................�f...... 8-3, 8-4
Glass..................�f..................�f..................�f.......................... 7-�b Glove box...............�f..................�f........................�f............. 2-�b8
GT-R performance optimization services..........�f GTR-8
GT-R special precautions ..................�f..................�f. GTR-�b
GT-R special specification parts..................�f....... GTR-3
GT-R specific information ..................�f..................�f. GTR-3
GT-R specific vehicle characteristics .............. GTR-23
H
Handling of data
..................�f..................�f...................... 9-21
Hazard warning flasher switch..................�f................. 6-2
Head restraints/headres�fts..................�f..................�f....... 1-�b
Headlight Headlight and turn signal switch ..................�f... 2-�b0
Headlight switch..................�f..................�f............... 2-�b0
Headlights..................�f..................�f..................�f........ 8-30
Heated seats..................�f..................�f..................�f.......... 2-�b4
High altitude..................�f..................�f..................�f..... GTR-23
High performance brake s�fstem ..................�f........... 8-23
Hill Start Assist..................�f..................�f..................�f...... �b-38
HomeLink
ŠUniversal Transceiver ..................�f......... 2-64
Hood..................�f..................�f.....................�f..................�f.... 3-18
Horn..................�f..................�f...............................�f............. 2-�b3
How to switch the modes ..................�f..................�f.... �b-2�b
How to use R mode start function..................�f....... �b-33
I
Idle speed is not stead�f ..................�f..................�f.. GTR-23
If �four vehicle overheats..................�f..................�f.......... 6-8
Ignition switch operation ..................�f..................�f....... �b-10
Ignition switch positions.........�f..................�f................. �b-11 Increasing fuel econom�f..................�f..................�f........ �b-41
Indicator lights..................�f..................�f.....................�f..... 2-31
Indicators and displa�f..................�f..................�f............ �b-36
Infants..................�f..................�f..................�f..................�f..... 1-14
Injured persons..................�f..................�f..................�f........ 1-9
Inside mirror..................�f..................�f.....................�f......... 3-27
Inspection and adjustments after driving........ GTR-18
Inspection and adjustments before driving .... GTR-14
Installing front license plate..................�f..................�f.. 9-13
Installing top tether strap..................�f............ 1-26, 1-30
Instrument brightness control ..................�f................ 2-11
Instrument panel.............�f..................�f............................. 2-4
Intelligent Ke�f..................�f..................�f............................. 3-2
Intelligent Ke�f batter�f discharge..................�f........... �b-12
Intelligent Ke�f batter�f discharge indicator............ 2-4�b
Intelligent Ke�f batter�f replacement ..................�f...... 8-27
Intelligent Ke�f functions..................�f..................�f........... 3-9
Intelligent Ke�f insertion indicator ..................�f.......... 2-44
Intelligent Ke�f removal indicator..................�f............ 2-4�b
Intelligent Ke�f s�fstem ..................�f..................�f.............. 3-8
Interior light control switch ..................�f..................�f... 2-62
Interior lights..................�f..................�f..................�f........... 2-62
J
Jacking vehicle and removing wheels
..................�f.. 8-43
Jump starting..................�f..................�f..................�f. 6-�b, 8-19
K
Ke�f
Intelligent Ke�f ..................�f..................�f....................... 3-2
10-3