Driving and the environment
Driving and the
environment
Breaking in
New engine
The engine needs to be run-in during the first
1,000 miles (1,500 km).
For the first 600 miles (1,000 kilometers ):
.,. Do not use full throttle.
.,. Do not drive at engine speeds that are more
than 2/3 of the maximum permitted RPM .
From 600 to 1,000 miles (1,000 to 1,500
kilometers ):
.,. Speeds can gradually be increased to the maxi
mum perm issib le road or engine speed.
During and after break-in period
.,. Do not rev the engine up to high speeds when it
is cold. This applies whether the transmission is
in N (Neutral) or in gear .
After the break•in period
.,. Do not exceed maximum engine speed under
any circumstances.
.,. Upshift into the next higher gear
before reach
ing the red area at the end of the tachometer
scale
¢page 10.
During the first few hours of driving, the engine's
internal friction is higher than later when all the
moving parts have been broken in. How well this
break-in process is done depends to a cons idera
b le extent on the way the vehicle is driven dur ing
the first 1,000 miles (1,500 kilometers).
{[) Note
Extremely high engine speeds are automati
cally reduced. However, these rpm limits are
prog rammed fo r an engine well run-in, not a
new engine.
@ For the sake of the environment
Do not drive with unnecessarily high engine
speeds -upshifting early saves fuel, reduces
noise and protects the environment.
198
· New tires
If your vehicle is running on new tires, drive very
ca refully for the first 350 m iles (500 k ilometers)
after fitting.
_& WARNING
New tires tend to be slippery and must a lso
be "broken-in" . Be sure to remember this dur
ing the first 350 m iles (500 k ilometers).
Brake gently. Avoid following closely behind
other vehicles or other situations that might
require sudden, hard brak ing.
Catalytic converter
App lies to vehicles : wit h gasoli ne e ngi ne
It is very important that your emission control
system (catalytic converter) is functioning prop
erly to ensure that your vehicle is running in an
environmentally sound manner .
.,. Always use lead-free gasoline ¢page 213,
Gasoline .
.,. Never run the tank down all the way to empty.
.,. Never put too much motor oil in your engine
¢ page 22 5, Adding engine oil 9::r..
.,. Never try to push- or tow-start your vehicle .
The catalytic converter is an efficient "clean-up"
device b uilt into the exhaust system of the vehi
cle. The cata lytic converter burns many of the
po llutants in the exhaust gas before they are re
l eased into the atmosphere.
-
The exclusive use of unleaded fuel is c ritica lly im
portant for the life of the catalytic converter and
proper functioning of the engine.
A WARNING
The temperature of the exhaust system is
high, both when driv ing and after stopping
the eng ine.
-
- Never touch the exhaust tail pipes once they
have become hot. This could result in burns.
- Do not park or operate the vehicle in areas
where the hot exhaust system may come in
contact with dry grass, brush, fuel spill or
other material which can cause a fire.
Checking and Filling
-Always let the engine cool down. Hot com
ponents will burn skin on contact .
- To reduce the risk of being burned, never
open the hood if you see or hear steam or
coolant escaping from the engine compart
ment . Wait until no steam or coolant can be
seen or heard before carefully opening the
hood.
- Keep children away from the engine com
partment .
- Never spill fluids on hot engine compo
nents . They can cause a fire .
- Never touch the radiator fan. The auxiliary
electric fan is temperature controlled and
can switch on suddenly.
- Never open the coolant reservoir cap when
the engine is still warm. The coolant system
is pressurized and hot coolant could spray
out .
- Protect your face, hands and arm from steam or hot engine coolant by placing a
thick rag over the cap when you open the coolant reservoir .
- Do not remove the engine cover under any
circumstances. This increases the risk of
burns.
- If work on the fuel system or the electrical
system is necessary :
- Always disconnect the battery.
- Never smoke or work near heaters or open
flames . Fluids in the engine compartment
could start a fire.
- Keep an approved fire extinguisher imme
diately available.
- To avoid electrical shock and personal injury
while the engine is running or being started, never touch:
- Ignition cables
- Other components of the high voltage
electronic ignition system.
- If you must perform a check or repair with
the engine running:
- First, fully apply the parking brake , move
selector lever of automatic transmission
to P (Park).
222
- Always use extreme caution to prevent
clothing, jewelry, or long hair from getting
caught in the radiator fan, V-belts or other
moving parts, or from contacting hot
parts . Tie back hair before starting, and do
not wear clothing that will hang or droop
into the engine.
- Minimize exposure to emission and chemi
cal hazards
~ ,&. .
&, WARNING
California Proposition 65 Warning:
- Engine exhaust , some of its constituents,
and certain vehicle components contain or
emit chemicals known to the State of Cali
fornia to cause cancer and birth defects and
reproductive harm. In addition, certain flu
ids contained in vehicles and certain prod
ucts of component wear contain or emit
chemicals known to the State of California
to cause cancer and birth defects or other
reproductive harm.
- Battery posts, terminals and related acces sories contain lead and lead compounds,
chemicals known to the State of California
to cause cancer and reproductive harms .
Wash hands after handling .
('.!) Note
When adding fluids, always make sure that
they are poured into the proper container or
filler opening, otherwise serious damage to
vehicle systems will occur.
@ For the sake of the environment
To detect leaks in time, inspect the vehicle
floor pan from underneath regularly. If you
see spots from oil or other vehicle fluids, have
your vehicle inspected by an authorized Audi dealer.
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@ Tips
-The oil pressure warning display. is not
an indicator of the oil level. Do not rely on
it. Instead, check the oil level in your en
gine at regular intervals, preferably each
time you refuel , and always before going
on a long trip .
-If you have the impression your engine con
sumes excess ive amounts of o il, we recom
m end th at you cons ult an a uthorized Aud i
deal er to have th e cau se of yo ur co nc ern
p ro perly di ag no se d . Keep i n mi nd th at the
a ccurate meas ureme nt o f oil c onsu mpti on
r equires great care and m ay ta ke some time.
An a uthorized Audi dea ler has i nstr uctions
abo ut how to meas ure o il cons umption ac
curate ly.
Checking the engine oil level
F ig. 19 8 Disp lay: O il level indicator
Read oil level
.. Pa rk your vehicle so that i t is hor izont ally level.
.. Shu t the engine off when i t is at oper ating te m-
perature.
.. Switc h on ly the ignition back on.
.. Wa it approx. two minutes .
.. Se lect:
I CARI funct ion button > Oil level. Or
.. Select:
ICARI funct ion button> Car systems *
control button > Servicing & checks > Oil level.
.. Read the oil leve l in the radio or MMI* Display
¢ fig . 198. Add e ng in e oil if the bar of the oil
l evel i ndicator is nea r "M in"
9page 225.
The oil level needs to be c hec ked at regular inter
va ls. The best t im es to do this are whenever you
ref uel and prior to long t rips.
Checking and Filling
D epend ing on the way t he vehicle is dr iven and
the ope rat ing cond itions, oil consumption ca n be
u p to a 1/2 quart pe r 600 miles (0 .5 liter per
1,000 km). Consumption may be higher within
the fi rst 3,000 mi les (5,000 km).
(D Tips
The oil leve l indicator in t he ra dio or MMI*
D isp lay is only an information display. If t he
o il level is too low , a minimum oi l warn ing ap
p ears in the instrume nt cl uster. Add oil
¢ page 225. If the hood has been o pen ed,
t h e cur ren t oil leve l is shown in t he instru
m ent cl uster the n ext tim e the ig niti on i s
sw itch ed on.
Adding engine oil
Fig . 199
Engine compa rtment: cove r on th e e ng in e oi l fill
er neck
Befo re you check a nyth ing in the engine compart
ment ,
always read and heed all WARNINGS
¢ & in Working in the engine compartment on
page 221 .
.. Shut the eng ine off .
.. Unscrew the cap
'l!:7-to the eng ine o il filling
hole
¢ fig. 199, 9page223, fig.197 .
.. Carefully top off with 0.5 quarts (0.5 liters) of
the appropriate oil ¢
page 223 .
.. Check t he oil level aga in after two m inutes
<:> page 225, Checking th e e ngin e oil l eve l.
.. Top off the o il, if necess ary .
.. Scr ew the cap back on the filling hole.
& WARNING
-
- W hile to p pin g off , the o il m ust not come in
contact w ith hot e ngine parts - fire hazar d!
225
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areas, into open streams or down sewage
drains.
- Recycle used engine oil by taking it to a used
engine oil collection facility in your area, or
contact a service station.
Cooling system
Coolant
T he engine coolant performs two functions: it
keeps the engine from overheating and it pro
tects the engine from freezing in the winter .
The cooling system is sealed and generally re
qu ires little attention .
T he cooling system has been filled at the factory
with a permanent coolant which doe s not need to
be changed . T he cool ant consists of a mixture of
specia lly condit io ned water and the ma nufactur
e r's g lycol-basedcoo lant additive G 13 antifreeze
w ith a nticorros ion add itives (50% for USA mod
e ls; 60% for Canadian models) . Thi s m ixt ure bot h
a ssures the ne cessary frost protection and pro
tec ts meta l components in the engine 's cooling
system from corrosion and sca ling. It a lso raises
the boiling point of the coolant.
D o not red uce the conce ntra tion o f th e coo lant i n
the summer by add ing p la in wa ter.
The propor
tion of coolant additive must be at least 50% but not more than 60 %
to maintain antifreeze
protection and cooling efficiency . If the coolant
frost protection is too low, the coolan t could
freeze and damage t he vehicle heat ing and en
g ine cooling system .
For yea r-round driving, antifree ze is added at the
factory for tempe ratu res down to:
- -31°F ( -35°C) USA
- - 4 0°F ( - 40°C) C anada .
I f yo u mu st add coo lant, use a m ixt ure of wate r
a nd coolant add it ive. Mixing the coolant additive
with d istilled water is recommende d.
_& WARNING
Be fore yo u check any thing i n the engine com
par tment, always read and hee d all WAR N-
Checking and Fillin g
IN GS ¢ .& in Working in the engine compart
ment on page 221.
@ Note
- Be fore winte r sets in , have the coo lant
checke d to see if the coolant additive in you r
vehicle is sufficient to meet the climate con diti ons. This is espec ia lly important if you
live in a region where the winter is extreme
ly cold . If necessary, increase the p ropo rtion
o f coolan t addi tive to 60%.
- Whe n adding coolant additive to your cool
ing system, remember :
- We recommend using o nly coo lan t add i
tive G12++ o r G13 fo r yo ur vehicle . This
coolant ad dit ive is available at author ized
A ud i dealers . Othe r types of antifreeze ca n
significantly reduce cor rosion protect ion .
The resulting cor rosion can ca use a loss of
coolant a nd serious e ngine damage .
- Do not add any type of rad iator leak sealant
to your vehicle's engine coolant. Adding ra diat or repa ir flu id may adverse ly affect the
function and perfo rmance of your cooling
system and cou ld result i n damage not cov
ere d by your New Vehicle Lim ited W arra nty .
Checking the engine coolant level
Th e engine coolant level can be checked with a
quick glance.
Fi g. 200 Engin e compar tmen t: cov er on th e coo lant ex pan
s io n ta nk
Befo re you ch eck a nyth ing in the eng in e compart
me nt,
always read and heed all WARNINGS
¢ ,& in Working in the engine compartmen t on
page 221.
~
227
Checking and Filling
"'Park your vehicle on a level surface.
"'Turn off the ignition.
"'Read the engine coolant level from the coolant
expansion tank
c:> fig . 200, <=> page 223,
fig. 197. With a cold engine, the coolant level
should be between the "MIN" and "MAX" mark
ings . When the engine is warm, the level may
be slightly above the "MAX" marking .
The location of the coolant expansion tank can be
seen in the engine compartment illustration
<=> page 223 .
To obtain an accurate reading, the engine must
be switched off.
The expansion tank in your vehicle is equipped
with an electric coolant level sensor.
When the coolant level is too low, the warning
light in the Auto-Check System
c::> page 29 will
blink until you add coolant and the level has been
restored to normal. Even though there is an elec
tric coolant level sensor, we still recommend you
check the coolant level from time to time .
Coolant loss
Coolant loss may indicate a leak in the cooling
system. In the event of coolant loss, the cooling
system should be inspected immediately by your
authorized Audi dealer. It is not enough merely
to add coolant .
In a
sealed system, losses can occur only if the
boiling point of the coolant is exceeded as a re
sult of overheating.
0 Note
Do not add any type of radiator leak sealant
to your vehicle's engine coolant . Adding radia
tor repair fluid may adversely affect the func
tion and performance of your cooling system
and could result in damage not covered by
your New Vehicle Limited Warranty .
Adding coolant
Be very careful when adding engine coolant.
Before you check anything in the engine compart
ment,
always read and heed all WARNINGS
228
c::> A in Working in the engine compartment on
page
221.
Requirement: There must be a residual amount
of coolant in the expansion tank
<=>(i) .
"'Turn off the engine.
"' Let the engine cool down.
"' Place a thick rag over the coolant expansion
tank
c::> page 22 7, fig. 200 and carefully turn
the cap counter-clockwise
c::> .&, .
"'Add coolant mixed in the correct ratio
c::> page 22 7, Coolant up to the MAX marking.
"'Make sure that the fluid level remains stable.
Add more coolant if necessary .
"'Twist the cap on again
tightly.
Replacement engine coolant must conform to ex
act specifications
c::> page 22 7, Coolant.
We recommend using only coolant additive Gl2+
+, Gl3
or in an emergency Gl2+. Do not use a
different additive. In an emergency use plain wa
ter until you can get the correct additive and can
restore the correct ratio. This should be done as
soon as possible.
If you have lost a considerable amount of cool
ant, then you should add cold antifree ze and cold
water only when the engine is cold.
Always use
new engine coolant when refilling.
Do not fill coolant above the "MAX" mark. Excess
coolant will be forced out through the pressure
relief valve in the cap when the engine becomes
hot.
A WARNING
- The cooling system is under pressure and
can get very hot. Reduce the risk of scalding
from hot coolant by following these steps.
- Turn off the engine and allow it to cool
down.
- Protect your face, hands and arms from
escaping fluid and steam by covering the
cap with a large, thick rag.
- Turn the cap slowly and very carefully in a
counter-clockwise direction while applying
light, downward pressure on the top of
the cap.
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A
A/C (climate control) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Active lane assist
Cleaning the camera area . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Adapt ive cruise control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
C leaning the sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Indicator lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Request for driver intervention . . . . . . . . . 112
Setting the distance....... .. .. .. .. .. . 111
Setting the driving program . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Adaptive dampers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Adapt ive light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Defective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
AdBlue .... .. ................. .. .... . 218
Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Opening the tank door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Refilling . .. .. ........... .. .. .. .... . 219
Adding Engine coolant ........... .... .. .... .
Engine oil ............ ...... .... ... .
Windshield washer fluid ... .. .. .. .. .. .
Additional accessories
Addit ives 228
225
234
283
Engine oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Adjusting Air distribution (climate control) . . . . . . . . 81
Instrument illumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Steer ing column manually . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Temperatu re (climate control) . . . . . . . . . . 81
Airbag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Airbag system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Advanced Airbag-System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Advanced Airbag System components . . . 158
Care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Child restraints ... .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. . 174
Components (front airbags) . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Danger of fitting a child safety seat on the
front passenger seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Front airbags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1S6, 157
How do the front airbags work? . . . . . . . . 160
How many airbags does my vehicle have? 158
How the Advanced Airbag System compo-
nents work together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Index
Important information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Indicator light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
PASS ENGER AIR BAG OFF light . . . . . . . . . 162
Repairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16S
Safety instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
S ide airbags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Side curtain airbags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Warning/ind icator lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
We ight-sensing mat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
When must the system be inspected? . . . 162
Air transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
All-wheel drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Se lective wheel torque control . . . . . . . . . 191
All season tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Alternator Malfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Anti-freeze
refer to Engine coolant system . . . . . . . . . 227
Anti- lock brake system
Warning/indicator lights . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 17
Anti-Lock Braking System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Anti-slip regu lation
W arning/indicator lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Anti-Slip Regu lation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Anti-theft alarm warning system . . . . . . . . . . 38
Electronic immobilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
App roach/departure angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Ashtray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Audi braking guard
refer to Braking guard 113
Audi drive select Indicato r light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
also refer to Drive select . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Audi parking system plus with rearview cam- era . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Adjusting the display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Adjusting the warning tones . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Rearview camera -parking mode 1 . . . . . . 132
Rearview camera -parking mode 2 . . . . . . 133
Safety precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Switching on and off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
T ra iler hitch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Audi Service Repair Manuals and Literature 281
Auto-Check Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Auto locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Automatic belt retractor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 7
285
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Electronic Stabilization Control . . . . . . . . . . 191
Electronic Stabilization Control (ESC)
H ill descent assist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
193
Offroad mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Warn ing/ indicator lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Emergency braking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Emergency flasher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Warning/indicator lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
E mergency key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Starting engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Emergency locking of the doors . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Emergency operation
Luggage compartment lid . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
Emergency release
Selector lever ...................... .
E t . mergency s artmg ........... .... ... .
Emergency unlocking
128
271
Ignition key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Energy management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Engine
Compartment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
223
Coolant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
H ood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Jump starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84, 87, 99
Startingwithjumpercab les . ... .. .. ... 271
Stopping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86, 88, 99
E . ngine compartment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Safety instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Working the engine compartment ... .. . 221
E . l ngine coo ant system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Adding coolant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Checking coolant leve l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Malfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Radiator fan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Engine coolant temperature
Temperature gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Engine hood
Closing .. .. .. .... ...... ... .. .. .. .. .
How to release the hood ...... .. .... . .
Engine oil Adding
Additives . .. ................. .. .... .
Changing .. ................. .. .... .
Check oil level .............. .... ... .
221
221
223
225 225
226 225
Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Index
Oil consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Pressure malfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Sensor defective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Specification and viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Engine speed limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Environment
Catalytic converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
198
Diesel particulate filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Disposing of your vehicle battery . . . . . . . 233
Driving at high speeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Fuel...... .... .. .. .............. ... 216
Leaks under your vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Letting the vehicle stand and warm up . . . 200
Proper disposal of drained brake fluid . . . 230
Proper disposal of drained engine coolant 228
Proper disposal of drained engine oil 225, 226
Recycling used engine oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Roof rack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4
Unleaded fuel.. .. ... .......... .. .. ..
213
What shou ld I do with an old battery? . . . 233
EPC
refer to Electronic power control . . . . . . . . 15
ESC
refer to Electronic Stabilization
Control (ESC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
Ethyl alcohol (Fuel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Event Data Recorder (EDR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Expansion tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Explanation of some technical terms . . . . . 202
Exterior lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Exterior mirrors
Adjusting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
D . . ,mmmg ...... .. ............. .... .. . 60
Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Eyeglasses compartment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
F
Fall line
Fan Radiator
Fastening 202
229
Booster seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Convertible child safety seats . . . . . . . . . . 178
Infant seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Flexib le fue l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Floor mats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
289