2013 SSANGYONG NEW ACTYON SPORTS tires

01-8
4. CAUTION WHEN SERVICING THE ENGINE
1) Cleaness
Engine has a lot of precisely machined (grinding, polishing, lapping) surfaces. Thus, there should be great
cautions for cleaness when servicing the engine components. Apply the engine oil on the sliding surfaces
when assemblying the components. Every component should be disassembled and reassembled in
accordance with the correct sequences. Before servicing the engine, the negative cable should be
diconnected from the battery. Otherwise, some electric or electronic components could be damaged.
2) Servicing
(1) Lifting up the vehicle
Always keep the safety precautions.
To prevent the vehicle from rolling down, put the chocks under the tires (when using a 4-post lift).
Make sure to support the correct lifting points (when using a 2-post lift) -
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(2) Exhaust system
Wear the safety glove when removing the exhaust pipe.
Make sure that the exhaust pipe is cooled before removing it. -
-Before service work, be sure to disconnect battery negative (-) terminal to prevent damages by bad
wire and short.
To prevent the foreign material from getting into engine cylinder, cover the inlet of air cleaner if the
air cleaner has been removed -
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04-138210-01
The allowable tolerance increases when the tires are worn or the tire pressure is out of specified
range.
Speed Input from ESP(ABS) or MS(ECU) ▶

08-12
4. WHEEL ALIGNMENT
The front wheels have specific angle to allow control of the steering wheel with less effort, ensure driving
stability, improve steering wheel restoration and steering performance, and minimize the tires wear.
1) Toe-in
The difference of measured distances between the front ends of the tires (A) and the rear ends of the
tires (B) along the same axle when viewed the wheels from the top
TOEUnilateral : 0.10 ± 0.16°
Total : 0.20 ± 0.13°
When viewed from the top, the distance between the tire centers is smaller in the front than in
the rear. ▶
Side slip protection
Parallel front wheels rotation (straight ahead driving is ensured by toe-in to prevent the wheels from
tilting outwards by the camber while driving)
Prevention of uneven (outward) tire wear
Prevention of toe-out from wearing of steering linkage -
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Front

08-14
3) Caster
The angle between the vertical line and king pin, which fixes the steering knuckle and front axle, (steering
column which connects the top and bottom ball joints in the independent axle type) when viewed the
tires from the side.
Caster: With considering the height difference between the wheel centers of the front and rear
wheels. (Under standard condition that the vehicle is on a level ground) ▶
Positive caster: Top of the king pin is tilted backward from the vertical line of the wheel center
when viewed the tires from the side ▶
Advantages:Directional force to go straight (following control)
Restoring force of the wheel (restored to the straight ahead direction)
Prevention of wheel shimmy (wheels wobble left and right) -
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Negative caster: Top of the king pin is tilted forward from the vertical line of the wheel center when
viewed the tires from the side ▶
Advantages:
Disadvantages:Impact from the road is transferred to the steering wheel (steering wheel turns)
Poor straightness -
- Smaller turning radius -
Caster
4.6 ± 0.4°

10-14
2) Basic Theory of ABS Function
To give you a better understanding of the tasks and functions of ABS, we will first look at the physics
principles.
(1) Stopping distance
(2) Brake force on a wheel
The maximum possible brake force on a wheel depends on the wheel load and the adhesion coefficient
between tire and carriageway. With a low adhesion coefficient the brake force, which can be obtained is
very low. You are bound to know the result already from driving on winter roads. With a high adhesion
coefficient on a dry road, the brake force, which can be obtained, is considerably higher. The brake
force, which can be obtained, can be calculated from below formula:
Maximum brake force ▶
FBmax = wheel load FR x coefficient of
frictionMh
The braking process cannot be described
sufficiently accurately with the brake forces
calculated. The values calculated only apply if
the wheel is not locked. In the case of a locking
wheel, the static friction turns into lower sliding
friction, with the result that the stopping distance
is increased. This loss of friction is termed "slip"
in specialist literature.
The stopping distance depends on the vehicle weight and initial speed when braking starts. This also
applies for vehicle with ABS, where ABS always tries to set an optimum brake force on each wheel. As
great forces are exerted between the tires and the carriageway when braking, even with ABS the wheels
may scream and rubber is left on the road. With an ABS skid mark one may be able to clearly recognize
the tire profile. The skid mark of an ABS vehicle does not however leave any hint of the speed of the
vehicle in the case of an accident, as it can only be clearly drawn at the start of braking.

11-10
3. FUNCTION
1) Term Definition
ABS: Anti-Lock Brake System ▶
When the brake pedal is abruptly depressed, the HECU calculates the slip ratio of each wheel based on
information received from the wheel speed sensors and controls the hydraulic module data quickly and
precisely in order to maintain the friction between the road surface and tire optimal (static friction).
Therefore, by keeping the friction between the road surface and tire optimal, it is possible to obtain
following effects: Enhanced steering stability, improved direction stability, reduced stopping distance and
etc.
EBD: Electronic brake-Force Distribution ▶
This is to detect the tire speed from the wheel speed sensor in order to supply the braking pressure to
the rear tires individually. In other words, the HECU measures the tire deceleration speed continuously
and controls the rear inlet valve on the hydraulic modulator to obtain optimal braking force as much as
possible. Thereby, stopping distance, braking effect and straight stability are improved.
ESP: Electronic Stability Program ▶
This is used to make the vehicle stabilized to recognize the emergency driving conditions, and to control
the brake for each wheels and the engine power when the brake system or acceleration will not work
any more in dangerous circumstances.
TCS: Traction Control System ▶
When the wheel is slipping due to an excessive engine torque while starting off or driving, this controls
the driving force (braking force + engine torque) in order to prevent the wheel from slipping through the
engine or brake control.
AYC: Active Yaw Control ▶
This has been developed to help a driver avoid danger of losing control of the vehicle stability due to
understeer or oversteer during cornering, which is a part of the ESP function.
HBA: Hydraulic Brake Assistant ▶
Developed based on the fact that elderly drivers depress the brake pedal too soft even when hard
braking is necessary, this an assist system to operate the HECU drive motor immediately and apply high
braking force to the wheels when the brake pedal is depressed softly and the vehicle should be braked
in emergency.
ARP: Active Rollover Protection ▶
This is a supplementary device for safety in ESP system and can help minimize the rollover accidents by
detecting a potential rollover situation through the brake and engine control when making sudden lane
change or turning sharply by adding only the software, without any separate device or switch.

11-16
2) Operation of ESP System
The ESP (Electronic Stability Program) has been developed to help a driver avoid danger of losing
control of the vehicle stability due to understeer or oversteer during cornering. The yaw rate sensor,
lateral sensor and longitudinal sensor in the sensor cluster and the steering wheel angle sensor under
the steering column detect the vehicle conditions when the inner or outer wheels are spinning during
oversteer, understeer or cornering. The ESP ECU controls against oversteer or understeer during
cornering by controlling the vehicle stability using input values from these sensors and applying the
braking force to the corresponding wheels independently. The system also controls the engine power
right before the wheel spin synchronized with the ASR function to decelerate the vehicle automatically in
order to maintain the vehicle stable during cornering.
(1) Under steering
What is understeering? ▶
Understeer is a term for a condition in which the steering wheel is steered to a certain angle during driving
and the front tires slip toward the reverse direction of the desired direction. Generally, vehicles are
designed to have understeer. It is because that the vehicle can return back to inside of cornering line
when the steering wheel is steered toward the inside even when the front wheels are slipped outward.
As the centrifugal force increases, the tires can easily lose the traction and the vehicle tends to slip
outward when the curve angle gets bigger and the speed increases.

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ESP controls during understeer ▶
The ESP system recognizes the directional angle with the steering wheel angle sensor and senses the
slipping route that occurs reversely against the vehicle cornering direction during understeer with the ya
w
rate sensor and lateral sensor. Then, the ESP system applies the braking force to the rear inner wheel to
compensate the yaw moment value. In this way, the vehicle does not lose its driving direction and the
driver can steer the vehicle as intended.
(2) Over steering
What is oversteering? ▶
Oversteer is a term of a condition in which the steering wheel is steered to a certain angle during driving
and the rear tires slip outward losing traction.
Compared to understeering vehicles, it is hard to control the vehicle during cornering and the vehicle can
spin due to rear wheel moment when the rear tires lose traction and the vehicle speed increases.
ESP controls during oversteer ▶
The ESP system recognizes the directional angle with the steering wheel angle sensor and senses the
slipping route that occurs towards the vehicle cornering direction during oversteer with the yaw rate
sensor and lateral sensor. Then the ESP system applies the braking force to the front outer wheel to
compensate the yaw moment value. In this way, the vehicle does not lose its driving direction and the
driver can steer the vehicle as intended.