1993 CHEVROLET DYNASTY sensor

ter mounting studs (Fig. 12). The top of the solenoid
has the word TOP on it. The solenoid will not oper-
ate unless it is installed correctly.
DATA LINK CONNECTORÐPCM OUTPUT
The data link connector provides the technician
with the means to connect the DRBII scan tool to di-
agnosis the vehicle.
FUEL INJECTORÐPCM OUTPUT
The Fuel Injectors are electric solenoids driven by
the PCM (Fig. 13). Based on sensor inputs, the PCM
determines when and how long the fuel injector
should operate. The amount of time an injector fires
is referred to as injector pulse width. The auto shut-
down (ASD) relay supplies battery voltage to the in-
jector. The PCM supplies the ground path. By
switching the ground path on and off, the PCM ad-
justs injector pulse width.
When the PCM supplies a ground path, a spring
loaded needle or armature lifts from its seat and fuel
flows through the injector orifice. Fuel is constantly supplied to the injector at regu-
lated 380 Kpa (55 psi). Unused fuel returns to the
fuel tank.
GENERATOR FIELDÐPCM OUTPUT
The PCM regulates the charging system voltage
within a range of 12.9 to 15.0 volts. Refer to Group
8A for charging system information.
IDLE AIR CONTROL MOTORÐPCM OUTPUT
The idle speed stepper motor is mounted on the
throttle body and is controlled by the PCM (Fig. 9).
The PCM adjusts engine idle speed through the idle
air control motor to compensate for engine load or
ambient conditions. The throttle body has an air bypass passage that
provides air for the engine at idle (the throttle blade is closed). The idle air control motor pintle protrudes
into the air bypass passage and regulates air flow
through it. The PCM adjusts engine idle speed by moving the
idle air control motor pintle in and out of the bypass
passage. The adjustments are based on inputs the
PCM receives from the throttle position sensor, speed
sensor (distributor pick-up coil), coolant temperature
sensor, and various switch operations (brake, park/
neutral, air conditioning). Deceleration die out is also
prevented by increasing airflow when the throttle is
closed quickly.
IGNITION COILÐPCM OUTPUT
The PCM provides a ground contact (circuit) for en-
ergizing the ignition coil. When the PCM breaks the
contact, the energy in the coil primary transfers to
the secondary causing the spark. The PCM will de-
energize the ASD relay if it does not receive an input
from the distributor pick-up. Refer to Auto Shutdown
(ASD) Relay/Fuel Pump RelayÐPCM Output in this
section for relay operation. The ignition coil is mounted on the hot box next to
the thermostat housing (Fig. 14).
MALFUNCTION INDICATOR (CHECK ENGINE)
LAMPÐPCM OUTPUT
The malfunction indicator lamp (instrument panel
Check Engine lamp) comes on each time the ignition
key is turned ON and stays on for 3 seconds as a
bulb test. The malfunction indicator lamp warns the
operator that the PCM has entered a Limp-in mode.
During Limp-in-Mode, the PCM attempts to keep the
system operational. The malfunction indicator lamp
signals the need for immediate service. In limp-in
Fig. 13 Fuel Injector
Fig. 14 Ignition Coil
14 - 62 FUEL SYSTEMS Ä

mode, the PCM compensates for the failure of certain
components that send incorrect signals. The PCM
substitutes for the incorrect signals with inputs from
other sensors and by using stored default values.Signals that can trigger the Malfunction Indi-
cator (Check Engine) Lamp.
² An emission system component
² Battery Voltage Input
² Charging system
² Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor
² Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor
² Methanol Concentration Sensor
² Throttle Position Sensor
The malfunction indicator lamp can also display
diagnostic trouble codes. Cycle the ignition switch on,
off, on, off, on, within five seconds and the PCM
displays any diagnostic trouble codes stored in
memory. Refer to the 2.5L Flexible Fuel Multi-Port
Fuel InjectionÐOn Board Diagnostics section in this
group for diagnostic trouble code descriptions.
RADIATOR FAN RELAYÐPCM OUTPUT
The radiator fan is energized by the PCM through
the radiator fan relay. The PCM grounds the radiator
fan relay when engine coolant reaches a predetermined
temperature. For more information, refer to Group 7,
Cooling Systems. The radiator fan relay is mounted on the drivers side
fender well, next to the strut tower (Fig. 11).
SPEED CONTROL SOLENOIDSÐPCM OUTPUT
The speed control vacuum and vent solenoids are
operated by the PCM. When the PCM supplies a
ground to the vacuum and vent solenoids, the speed
control system opens the throttle blade. When the PCM
supplies a ground only to the vent solenoid, the throttle
blade holds position. When the PCM removes the
ground from both the vacuum and vent solenoids, the
throttle blade closes. The PCM balances the two sole-
noids to maintain the set speed. Refer to Group 8H for
speed control information.
TACHOMETERÐPCM OUTPUT
The PCM supplies engine RPM to the instrument
panel tachometer. Refer to Group 8 for tachometer
information.
TORQUE CONVERTER CLUTCH SOLENOIDÐPCM
OUTPUT
Three-speed automatic transaxles use a torque con-
verter clutch solenoid. The PCM controls the lock-up of
the torque convertor through the solenoid. The tran-
saxle is locked up only in direct drive mode. Refer to
Group 21 for transaxle information.
MODES OF OPERATION
As input signals to the PCM change, the PCM
adjusts its response to the output devices. For example, the PCM must calculate a different injector pulse
width and ignition timing for idle than it does for wide
open throttle (WOT). There are several different modes
of operation that determine how the PCM responds to
the various input signals. There are two different areas of operation, Open
Loop and Closed Loop. During Open Loop modes, the PCM receives input
signals and responds according to preset PCM pro-
gramming. Input from the oxygen (O
2) sensor is not
monitored during Open Loop modes. During CLOSED LOOP modes, the PCM does moni-
tor the oxygen (O
2) sensor input. The input indicates if
the calculated injector pulse width results in the ideal
air-fuel ratio for the current percentage of methanol in
the fuel. By monitoring the exhaust oxygen content
through the O
2sensor, the PCM can fine tune the
injector pulse width to achieve optimum fuel economy
combined with low emissions. The 2.5L flexible fuel multi-port fuel injection system
has the following modes of operation:
² Ignition switch ON - Zero RPM
² Engine start-up
² Engine warm-up
² Cruise (Idle)
² Acceleration
² Deceleration
² Wide Open Throttle
² Ignition switch OFF
The engine start-up (crank), engine warm-up, and
wide open throttle modes are OPEN LOOP modes. The
acceleration, deceleration, and cruise modes, with the
engine at operating temperature are CLOSED
LOOP modes (under most operating conditions).
IGNITION SWITCH ON (ZERO RPM) MODE
When the ignition switch cycles and past the On
position, the fuel injection system activates and the
following actions occur:
² For two seconds at key ON (and during cranking),
the methanol concentration sensor calibrates the PCM.
During the calibration period the sensor sends 4.45
volts to the PCM as a correction factor. After the
calibration period, the methanol concentration sensor
output represents the methanol percentage in the fuel.
² The PCM calculates basic fuel strategy by determin-
ing atmospheric air pressure from the MAP sensor
input.
² The PCM monitors the coolant temperature sensor
and throttle position sensor input. The PCM modifies
fuel strategy based on this input. When the key is in the ON position and the engine is
not running, the auto shutdown (ASD) relay and fuel
pump relay are not energized. Therefore battery volt-
age is not supplied to the fuel pump, ignition coil, fuel
injector or oxygen sensor heating element.
Ä FUEL SYSTEMS 14 - 63

ENGINE START-UP MODE
This is an OPEN LOOP mode. The following ac-
tions occur when the starter motor is engaged. The methanol concentration sensor finishes cali-
brating the PCM (takes approximately two seconds).
After the calibration period, the PCM determines the
methanol content of the fuel from the methanol con-
centration sensor input. If the PCM receives a camshaft position sensor
(distributor pick-up) signal it energizes the auto
shutdown (ASD) relay and fuel pump relay. These re-
lays supply battery voltage to the fuel injector, igni-
tion coil and oxygen sensor heating element. If the
PCM does not receive a camshaft position sensor sig-
nal, it de-energizes the ASD and fuel pump relays af-
ter approximately one second. With the engine idling within 664 RPM of the tar-
get RPM, the PCM compares the current MAP value
with the atmospheric pressure value it received dur-
ing the Ignition Switch On (Zero RPM) Mode. If a
minimum difference between the two is not detected,
a MAP sensor fault is set into memory. Once the ASD relay and fuel pump relay have en-
ergized, the PCM:
² Supplies a ground path to each injector. The injec-
tors are pulsed four times per engine revolution in-
stead of the normal two pulses per revolution.
² Determines injector pulse width based on engine
coolant temperature, methanol concentration sensor
input, MAP sensor input, throttle position, and the
number of engine revolutions since cranking was ini-
tiated.
² Monitors the coolant temperature sensor, camshaft
position sensor, MAP sensor, methanol concentration
sensor, and throttle position sensor to determine cor-
rect ignition timing.
ENGINE WARM-UP MODE
This is a OPEN LOOP mode. The following inputs
are received by the PCM:
² Engine coolant temperature
² Engine speed
² Manifold absolute pressure (MAP)
² Methanol percentage in fuel
² Throttle position
² A/C switch
² Battery voltage
The PCM determines the methanol content of the
fuel from the methanol concentration sensor input. The PCM provides a ground path for the injectors
and energizes them in sequence. The PCM precisely
controls injector pulse width by switching the ground
on and off. The PCM regulates engine idle speed by adjusting
the idle air control motor. Also, the PCM adjusts ig-
nition timing.
CRUISE OR IDLE MODE
When the engine is at operating temperature, this
is a CLOSED LOOP mode. During cruising speed the
following inputs are received by the PCM:
² Engine coolant temperature
² Manifold absolute pressure
² Methanol percentage in fuel
² Engine speed
² Throttle position
² Exhaust gas oxygen content
² A/C control positions
² Battery voltage
The PCM determines the methanol content of the
fuel from the methanol concentration sensor input. The PCM provides a ground path for the injectors
to precisely control injector pulse width. The PCM
controls engine idle speed and ignition timing. The
PCM controls the air/fuel ratio according to the oxy-
gen content in the exhaust gas.
ACCELERATION MODE
This is a CLOSED LOOP mode. The PCM recog-
nizes an abrupt increase in throttle position or MAP
pressure as a demand for increased engine output
and vehicle acceleration. The PCM increases injector
pulse width in response to increased fuel demand.
DECELERATION MODE
This is a CLOSED LOOP mode. During decelera-
tion the following inputs are received by the PCM:
² Engine coolant temperature
² Manifold absolute pressure
² Methanol percentage in fuel
² Engine speed
² Throttle position
² Exhaust gas oxygen content
² A/C control positions
² Battery voltage
The PCM may receive a closed throttle input from
the TPS at the same time it senses an abrupt de-
crease in manifold absolute pressure. This indicates a
hard deceleration. In response, the PCM may modify
the injector firing sequence. Modifying the injector
firing sequence helps maintain better control of the
air-fuel mixture (as sensed through the O
2sensor).
WIDE OPEN THROTTLE MODE
This is an OPEN LOOP mode. During wide open
throttle operation, the following inputs are received
by the PCM:
² Engine coolant temperature
² Manifold absolute pressure
² Methanol percentage in fuel
² Engine speed
² Throttle position
When the PCM senses a wide open throttle condi-
tion, it de-energizes the air conditioning clutch relay.
This disables the air conditioning system.
14 - 64 FUEL SYSTEMS Ä

The exhaust gas oxygen content input is not ac-
cepted by the PCM during wide open throttle opera-
tion. The PCM will enrichen the air/fuel ratio to
increase performance and compensate for increased
combustion chamber temperature. The PCM determines the methanol content of the
fuel from the methanol concentration sensor input.
IGNITION SWITCH OFF MODE
This is an OPEN LOOP mode. When the ignition
switch is turned to the OFF position, the following
occurs:
² All outputs are turned off.
² No inputs are monitored.
² The PCM shuts down.
THROTTLE BODY
The throttle body houses the throttle position sen-
sor (TPS) and the idle air control motor (Fig. 15). Air
flow through the throttle body is controlled by a ca-
ble operated throttle blade at the base of the throttle
body.
FUEL SUPPLY CIRCUIT
Fuel is pumped to the fuel rail by an electrical
pump in the fuel tank. A filter, attached to the pump
inlet, prevents water and other contaminants from
entering the fuel supply circuit. The vacuum assisted fuel pressure regulator keeps
fuel pressure at 380 kPa (55 psi). The regulator uses
intake manifold pressure at the vacuum tee as a ref-
erence.
FUEL INJECTORS AND FUEL RAIL ASSEMBLY
Four fuel injectors are retained in the fuel rail by
lock rings (Fig. 16). The fuel injectors and rail bolt in
position with the injectors inserted into recessed
holes in the intake manifold.
FUEL PRESSURE REGULATOR
The pressure regulator is located downstream of
the fuel injector on the fuel rail (Fig. 17). The regu-
lator maintains constant 380 kPa (55 PSI) fuel pres-
sure across the fuel injector tip. The regulator has a spring loaded rubber dia-
phragm that uncovers a fuel return port. When the
fuel pump operates, fuel flows past the injector into
the regulator. Fuel is restricted from flowing any fur-
ther by the blocked return port. When fuel pressure
reaches 380 kPa (55 PSI), it pushes on the dia-
phragm, compresses the spring, and uncovers the
fuel return port. The diaphragm and spring continu-
ally move from an open to closed position keeping
the fuel pressure consistent.
Fig. 15 Throttle Body
Fig. 16 Fuel Supply System
Fig. 17 Fuel Pressure Regulator
Ä FUEL SYSTEMS 14 - 65

2.5L FLEXIBLE FUEL MULTI-PORT FUEL INJECTIONÐGENERAL DIAGNOSIS INDEX
page page
Fuel System Diagram ..................... 66 Visual Inspection......................... 66
FUEL SYSTEM DIAGRAM
Refer to the Component Identification portion of
this section for a more complete description of the
components shown in Figure 1.
VISUAL INSPECTION
Perform a visual inspection for loose, disconnected,
or misrouted wires and hoses before diagnosing or
servicing the fuel injection system. A visual check
helps save unnecessary test and diagnostic time. A
thorough visual inspection includes the following
checks: (1) Check Ignition Coil Electrical Connections (Fig.
2). (2) Verify the electrical connector is attached to
the Canister Purge Solenoid (Fig. 3). Check the vac-
uum connections at the solenoid and canister. (3) Verify the electrical connector is attached to
the MAP sensor (Fig. 4). Inspect the MAP sensor
vacuum hose for damage and leaks. (4) Verify generator wiring and belt are correctly
installed and tightened.
Fig. 1 Flexible Fuel MPI Components
Fig. 2 Ignition Coil Electrical Connection
14 - 66 FUEL SYSTEMS Ä

(5) Check Ignition Cable Routing and Attachment
(Fig. 5).
(6) Check both electrical connectors at the distrib-
utor. (7) Check radiator fan electrical connector.
(8) Check the engine coolant temperature sensor
electrical connection. Inspect battery ground cable
connection (Fig. 6).
(9) Inspect the engine temperature sensor electri-
cal connection (Fig. 7).
(10) Check power brake booster and speed control
vacuum connections (Fig. 8). (11) Check engine harness to main harness electri-
cal connections. (12) Check park/neutral switch wiring connection
(Fig. 9). (13) Ensure battery connections are clean and
tight. (14) Inspect relay connections (Fig. 10)
(15) Ensure the 60-way connector is fully inserted
into the socket on the PCM (Fig. 11). Make sure the
wires are not stretched or pulled out of the connector.
Fig. 3 EVAP Purge Solenoid
Fig. 4 MAP Sensor
Fig. 5 Ignition Cable Mounting and Attachment
Fig. 6 Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor
Fig. 7 Engine Temperature Sensor Electrical Connection
Ä FUEL SYSTEMS 14 - 67

(16) Verify the harness connector is attached to
idle air control motor (Fig. 12). (17) Verify the harness connector is attached to
the throttle position sensor (Fig. 12).
Fig. 8 Power Brake Booster and Speed Control Vacuum Hose Connections
Fig. 9 Automatic Transaxle Electrical Connections
Fig. 10 Relay Identification
Fig. 11 PCM Electrical Connector
Fig. 12 TPS and Idle Air Control Motor
14 - 68 FUEL SYSTEMS Ä

(18) Verify hose from PCV valve is securely at-
tached to the intake manifold vacuum port (Fig. 13). (19) Check vacuum hose connection between vac-
uum source and fuel pressure regulator (Fig. 13). (20) Inspect electrical connections at the fuel injec-
tors (Fig. 14). (21) Inspect the heated oxygen sensor electrical
connector. (22) Verify engine ground strap is attached to the
intake manifold and the dash panel (Fig. 15). (23) Inspect all vacuum harness connections and
hoses for leaks. (24) Verify the harness connector is attached to
the vehicle speed sensor (Fig. 16). Ensure the sensor
and connector are not damaged. (25) Inspect hose and electrical connections at the
fuel pump. Ensure the electrical connector is fully
seated over the pump module terminals. (26) Inspect electrical connections at the methanol
concentration sensor (Fig. 17).
Fig. 13 PCV Valve and Fuel Pressure Regulator
Fig. 14 Fuel Injector Electrical Connectors
Fig. 15 Ground Strap
Fig. 16 Vehicle Speed Sensor
Fig. 17 Methanol Concentration Sensor
Ä FUEL SYSTEMS 14 - 69