
CD 
CD 
.... N ,-... N ..... 0 0 C<'. 00 
(!) Memory buttons  (driver's  seat) 
@ Door handle 
@ Power locking  switch  ......... . 
© Side assist  button  ............ . 
® Air  outlets ..... ........ .... . . 
@ Turn  signal  and  high  beam  ... ..  . 
(j) Multifunction  steering wheel  with: 
- Horn 
- Driver's  airbag  ............ . . 
- Audio/video,  telephone, naviga-
tion  and voice  recognition  but 
tons 
- Rocker switches  for tiptronic  op-
eration  .. ............ .....  . 
@ ISETI button  ............... ..  . 
® Instrument  cluster  ........... . 
@ Reset button  for  trip  odometer 
@ Switches  for: 
- Windshield  wiper/washer 
- Trip  computer  ............ ..  . 
@ Ignition  lock ................  . 
@ Adjustable  steering  column 
@ Control lever for: 
- Cruise  control  ............ ..  . 
- Adaptive  cruise  control  ...... . 
@ Data Link Connector  for  On Board 
Diagnostics  (OBD II)  ..........  . 
@) Release lever for  the  engine  hood 
@ Instrument  illumination  ..... ..  . 
@ Light  switch  ............... ..  . 
@) Switch  for  unlocking  the  trunk  lid 
@ Adjuster  control  for  outside 
mirrors  .....................  . 
@ Power window  switches .......  . 
@ Radio system  or Audi  multimedia 
(see separate  manual) 
@ Radio or  MMI  display  (see  separate 
manual)  62 
39 
118 
78 
52 
152 
98 
9 
8 
10 
54 
19 
81 
81 
92 
109 
23 
217 
53 
49 
40 
56 
43 
@ Button/Indicator  light  for: 
- Emergency flasher  .......... . 
- PASSENGER  AIR  BAG OFF 
@ Glove compartment  (lockable)  ... 
@ Front  passenger's  airbag 
@ Depending  on  options: 
- Audi  drive  select  button  ...... . 
- Start-Stop-System  button  or  .. . 
- Id'! button  (hybrid  drive)  .....  . 
- Parking  system button  .......  . 
- Elect ronic  Stabilization  Control 
(ESC) button  . ..............  . 
- Hill  descent  assist button  ....  . 
@ Climate  control  .. ............  . 
@ Shift  lever for  automatic  transmis-
sion  ....... .. ..............  . 
@ Ashtray  with  cigarette  lighter 
@ Coin storage 
@ Depending  on  options: 
- MMI  control  console  or 
- Parking  system  button  .......  . 
- E lectronic  Stabilization  Control 
(ESC) button  . .. ............  . 
Cockpit 
51 
75 
152 
122 
88 
103 
125 
186 
188 
77 
94 
73,  73 
125 
186 
- Hill  descent  assist button  . .  . . .  188 
-Audi  drive  select  button  . . . .  . . .  122 
- Start-Stop-System  button . . . . .  88 
@ I START  ENGINE  STOP! button  .  . .  84 
@> Electromechanical  parking  brake  86 
(D Tips 
Some of  the  equipment  or features  shown  in 
the  general  illustration  may  be standard 
equipment  on your  vehicle  or  may be optional 
equipment  depending  on your  model.  Always 
ask your  authorized  Audi  dealer if  you  have  a 
question  about  your  vehicle. 
7  

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Driver  information 
system 
Introduction 
General  notes 
The driver information  display  inside  the  instru
ment  cluster  provides  you , the  driver,  with  much 
useful  information. 
Fig.  8 Instrument  cl uster : ce nt er  display 
Information  from  the  driver information  system 
is  shown  in  the  display  in the  center  of  the instr u
ment  cluster. 
When  you  turn  on  the  ignition and while  you are 
driving,  some functions  and vehicle  components 
are  sca nned for  their  operat ing  status.  Malfunc
tions  or  required  service  procedures  are  signaled 
audibly  and  shown  by  red  and  yellow  lighted 
symbols  and  reminders  to  the  driver  in the  dis
play. 
The  driver  is  also  shown  information  about  rad io 
and  CD operat ion  and  directions  for  the  naviga
tion  system*.  You can  find  addit ional  information 
on  these  subjects  in the  radio  or  MMI* manual. 
The  illustrations  in the instrument  panel  display 
differ  in some  of  the  vehicles . 
The  driver  information  system provides  the  fol
lowing  functions: 
Sound  system  disp lay 
c:> page  17 
Outside  air temperature c:>page  18 
Digital  speedometer c:>page  18 
Open  door- and  luggage com-c:> page  18 
partment  warning 
Service interval display 
c:> page  19 
Driver  in forma tion  system 
Auto  Check  system c:>page24 
Driver  information c:>page  24 
Speed  warning c:>page  91 
Trip computer c:>page  19 
Tire pressure  monitoring  system* c:>page247 
Digital  clock  with  date  display c:>page  10 
Odometer  and  trip  odometer c:>page  10 
Selector  lever  position c:> page  94 
Cruise  control c:>page92 
Adaptive  cruise  control* c:>page  109 
Energy  flow  display* c:>page  106 
(D Tips 
In  the  event of  a  malfunction  either  a  red or 
yellow  icon  appears  in the  display.  Red  sym
bols  indicate 
Danger c:>page  25. Yellow 
symbols  indicate  a 
Warning c:> page 28. 
Sound  system  display 
Fig. 9 Display: sou nd  system 
l!3 .... 0 er. m m 
If priority  1 or  pr iority  2  faults  are  not  shown  by 
the  Auto  Check  Control,  the  name of  the  radio 
station  you  are  tuned  to  or  the  frequency  and  the 
reception  range  are  shown  in the  upper  area  of 
the  display . 
When  the CD is in  use , the  tit le  of  the  track  being 
played  is shown.  The  CD changer  disp lays  the 
number  of  the  current CD (CDl  to CD6). 
17  

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Service interval  display 
The service  interval  display  reminds  you  when 
your  next  service  is due . 
Fig. 13 Instrumel'lt cluster: Service  interval display 
8 .,, 0 ci: 
"' ID 
The  schedule  for  the  next  oil change  or  inspec
tion  is calculated  automatically  and  displayed  ac
cordingly.  The  display  works  in two  stages : 
Service reminder 
30 days  before  the  next  service  is due,  a  service 
reminder  appears in the  display  when  you  turn  on 
the  ignition 
¢ fig.  13. 
After  about 5 seconds  the  display switches  back 
to  normal.  The distance  and  time  remaining  are 
updated  each  time the  ignition  is turned  on  until 
the  date  due  for  service is reached. 
Service due 
When  the  due  date  for  service  is  reached, the 
message 
Service due! appears  in the  instrument 
cluster  immediately  after  you  turn  on  the  igni
tion . Additionally,  a warning  tone  sounds.  After 
about 
5 seconds  the  display  switches  back  to  nor
mal. 
Calling  up the  service schedules 
If  or  when  an  oil change  or  inspection is  due, can 
be  shown  in  the radio  or  MMI*  display  by select
ing  the  service  interval  display in the  car  menu. 
Select 
I CARI function  button > Service  interval 
display 
or I CAR I function  button > Car systems* 
control  button > Servicing & checks > Service in
tervals . 
Resetting  the  service interval  display 
Your authorized  Audi  dealer  will  reset  the corre
sponding  service  schedule  after  performing  the 
Driver  information  system 
appropriate  service  on your  vehicle.  You also  have 
the  possibility  to  reset  the  oil  change  schedule  after  having  performed  an  oil change  according 
to  Audi specifications.  Select 
I CAR  I function  but
ton 
> Service  interval  display>  Reset oil  change 
interval 
or ICARI function  button > Car systems* 
control  button > Servicing & checks  > Service  in
tervals  > Reset  oil  change  interval. 
(D Note 
- Only reset  the  oil  change  display  when  you 
have  completed  an  oil change. 
- If you  disconnect  the  battery  terminals,  no 
calculations  can  be  made  for  the  service  in
terval  display  during  this  time and  no  serv
ice  reminder  will appear.  Remember  that 
observing  the  proper  service  intervals  is vi
tally  important  to extending  the life of your 
vehicle,  particularly  the engine,  and main
taining  its  value.  Do not  exceed  the  time  in
terval  for  the  next  service,  even  if the  vehi cle  mileage  is  low. 
@ Tips 
The  information  in the  Service  Reminder re
mains  stored  even  when the  vehicle  battery  is 
disconnected. 
On-board  computer 
Introduction 
The trip computer  gives you  information  on  cur
rent  and  average  fuel  mileage,  average  speed , 
fuel  range  and  driving  time . 
Fig. 14 Trip  comp uter  d isp lay: Average  fuel mileage 
19  

Driver information  system 
The  following  information  is  continuously evalu
ated  by the  trip  computer  and  can  be  displayed 
sequent ially  in the  instrument  cluster  display: 
Fuel range 
The estimat ed cruising  range in  miles  (km) ap
pears  in the  disp lay. Thi s tells  you  how  far your 
vehicle  wi ll be  able  to  t ravel  on  the  current  tank 
of  fuel  and  with  the  same  driving  style.  The  dis
play  changes  in  increments  of  5  miles  (10  km) . 
Average fuel  mileage 
The average  f uel  economy  in  MPG (l/100  km) 
since  you  last  cleared  the  memory  appears  in  this 
display . You can  use  this  display  to  adjust  your 
driving  technique  to  achieve  a  desired  mileage. 
Current  fuel  mileage 
The  instantaneo us fue l cons umption  in  miles  per 
ga llon  (l/100  km)  is shown  in this display.  You 
can  use  th is  disp lay  to  adjust  your  driv ing  techn i
que  to  achieve  a  desired  mi leage. 
Fuel  consumption  is  recalculated  at  intervals  of 
33  ya rds  (30  meters). 
Average  speed 
The  average  speed  in  mph  (km/h)  since  the  last 
time  the  display  was  reset  appears  in the  disp lay. 
Elapsed time 
The  length  of  time  that  you  have  been  driving 
since  you  last  reset  the  memory  appears  in this 
disp lay. 
Distance 
The  distance  that  has been covered  since  the  last 
time  the  memory  was  cleared  appears  in the  dis
play. 
@ Tips 
- Fuel  consumptions  (average  and  current), 
range  and  speed  are  displayed  in  metric 
units  on  Canadian  models. 
- All  stored  val ues  w ill be  lost  if the  vehicle 
battery  is  disconnected. 
20 
Memories 
The trip computer  is equipped  with  two fully  au
tomatic  memories  as  well as an  efficiency  pro
gram*. 
Fig.  15 Trip  computer  d isplay:  memory  level  1 
You can  switch between  the trip  computer  1 and 
2  and  the  efficiency  program * by  pressing  the 
IRESET I button@<=>page 21,  fig.  16 . 
You can tell  which  memory  level  is currently  ac
tive  by the  number  or  the  sign  in the  display 
c> fig.  15. The  data  from  the  single-trip  memory 
(memory  level  1)  is being  d isplayed  if a 
D ap
pears  in the  display.  If  a 
fJ is shown,  then  the  da
ta  from  the  total-trip  memory  is being  d isplayed 
(memory  level 2). The  fuel  pump nozzle 
ii1 indi
cates  the efficiency  program* <::;> 
page 22. 
Single-trip  memory  (Trip computer  1) 
The  single-trip  memory  stores  the  trip  informa
tion  from  the  time  the  ignition  is turned  on  until 
it  is turned  off . If the  trip  is continued 
within  2 
hours 
from  the  time  the ignition  was  turned  off, 
the  new  data  will  be  included in the  calculation  of 
the  current  trip  information.  If  the  trip  is inter
rupted  for 
more  than 2 hours the memo ry  is  re
set  automatically . 
Total-trip  memory  (Trip computer  2) 
Unlike the  single-trip  memory,  the  total-tr ip 
memory  is not  reset  automatically . This  permits 
you  to eva luate  your  dr iv ing  data  for  the enti re 
period  between  manua l resets. 
Efficiency program* 
The  eff ic iency  program  can  help you  to  use  less 
fuel <::;> 
page  22.  

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Operation 
The trip computer  is controlled  by  two switches 
on  the  windshield  wiper lever . 
~------,@ 
Fig.  16 W indsh ield w iper  lever: con tro ls for  the  tr ip com
p u ter 
Operating 
.,.  To display  the  trip  computer  memory  leve ls, 
press  the 
I RESET ! button@ r:::> fig.  16 repeated
ly until  the  des ired  memory  level  is  show n in 
the  d isplay. 
.,.  To display  trip  informat ion  within  a  memory 
l evel,  press  the  top  or  bottom  par t of  the  func
t ion  select io n  switch 
@ . 
The  trip  computer  w ill not  operate  un less  the  ig
ni tion  is on.  When  you  t urn  on  the  ig nition,  the 
f u nction  tha t was  in use  w hen  you  last  turned  the 
i gnit io n  off  w ill be  displayed. 
In  addition  to  information  abo ut  the  trip  compu t
e r  (trip  computer  1,  2  and  the  effic iency  p ro
g ra m*),  informat io n  about  othe r sy stems  ca n al
so  be  shown  in the  disp lay.  To  switch  the  d isp lay 
between  the  diff eren t  informat io n, tap  t he 
I RESET I button @ briefly. 
Resetting  values to  zero 
.,.  Se lect  a v alue  in  the  desired  tr ip comp ute r o r i n 
t h e effi ciency  progra m* . 
.,.  Press  and  hold  the 
I RESET I button @ for  at 
l east  one  seco nd . All values  in  the  selected  tri p 
computer  or  in the  efficiency  program*  a re  re 
set  to  ze ro. 
If  th e d ata  in tr ip compu ter  1 are  deleted,  t hen 
the  values  in the  efficiency  p rogram*  wi ll also  be 
reset . 
Driver  in forma tion  system 
W it h  some  vehicle  eq uipment  levels,  the  value s 
f or  the  single  trip  or  tota l trip  memory  can  also 
be  reset  in the  radio  or  M MI * 
r:::> page  21 . 
(I_) Tips 
All  stored  val ues  will  be  lost  if the  vehicle  bat
tery  is disconnected. 
Basic Settings  for  the  trip  computer 
T he  M MI*  or the  radi o operating  unit  is used  for 
setting  the  trip computer's  basic settings  . 
.,.  Sele ct: !CAR I function  button> Instrument 
cluster > On-board  computer  1 
or On-board 
computer 
2 . 
The  v alues  in the  si ng le- trip  or  the  tot al-t rip 
memo ry  can  all  be  reset  to  zero  a t the  same  time 
u nder 
Re set in the  men u. 
In  ad di tion,  yo u ca n determine  wha t in fo rm ation 
fr om  the  trip  compu ter  should  be  s hown  in the 
in strument  clu ster  di splay.  If one  of  the  pieces  of 
drive r informa tion  is  tu rned 
Off , that  dr iver  infor 
mation  will  not  be  shown  in the  disp lay . The  in
f o rmation  w ill cont inue  to  be  ca lculated  by the 
trip  computer  and  can  be  turned  back 
On at  any 
t ime . 
(D Tips 
-Th is function  is  not  available  o n all  vehicles. 
- The  driving  info rmation  in the  efficiency 
prog ram * is  also  reset  to  zero  with  t he  s in
gle-trip  memory. 
21  

Driver  information  system 
Efficiency  program 
Description 
Applies  to:  vehicles  with  efficiency  program 
Fig.  17 Display : eff icie ncy  program 
• Press  the I RES ET ! button  @c::> page 21, fig. 16 
repeatedly  until  the  efficiency  program  appears 
in the  display . 
The  efficiency  program  can  help  you  to  use  less 
fuel.  It  evaluates  driving  information in  reference 
to  fuel  consumption  and  shows  other  equipment 
influencing  consumption . Fuel  economy  messag· 
es  c::> 
page 22 provide  tips  for  efficient  dr iving . 
The  efficiency  program  uses  distance  and  con
sumpt ion  data  from  trip  computer 
1. If  the  data 
are  deleted  in the  efficiency  program, those  val· 
ues  are  also  reset  in trip computer 
1. 
Other  equipment 
App lies  to:  vehicles  with  efficiency  program 
Fig. 18 D isplay : ot her  equipment 
•  In  the  efficiency  program,  press  the  function 
selection  switch 
c::> page 21 , fig . 16 @ repeat· 
edly  until  the  other  equipment  appears  in the 
display . 
22 
Other  equipment  that  is current ly affecting  fuel 
consumption  is listed  in the  efficiency  program. 
T he  display  shows  up  to  three  other  items  of 
equipment @. The  equipment  using  the  most 
fuel  is listed  first . If  more  than  three  items  using 
fuel  are  switched  on , the  equipment  that  is  cur 
rently  using  the  most fuel is  disp layed . 
A scale @also  shows  the  current  total  consump 
tion  of all  other  equipment . 
Fuel  economy  messages 
Applies  to:  vehicles  with  efficiency  program 
Fig. 19 Disp lay:  fuel  econo my m essa ge 
Fuel  economy  messages  are  displayed  when  fuel 
consumption  is increased  by  certain  conditions . If 
you follow  these  fuel  economy  messages,  you  can  reduce  your  vehicle 's  consumption  of fuel.  The 
messages  appear  automatically  and  are  only  dis· 
played  in the  efficiency  program. The  fuel econo· 
my  messages  turn off  automatically  after  a cer
ta in  period  of  time. 
•  To turn  a fuel  economy  message  off  immedi· 
ately  after  it  appears,  press  the 
I RESET ! button 
c::>page 21, fig. 16 @, or 
•  Press  the  function  selection  switch 
c::> page 21, 
fig . 16 @. 
0) Tips 
-Once  you have turned  a  fuel  economy  mes
sage  off,  it will  only  appear  again  after  you 
turn  the  ignition  on  again. 
- Th e fuel  economy  messages  are  not  dis
played  in  every  instance,  but  rather  in  inter
vals  over  a  period of  time.  

CD 
CD 
.... N ,-... N ..... 0 0 C<'. 00 
Treadwear indicato rs  . . . . .  . . .  . .  . .  . . . .  . 238 
Unidirectional . . .  . .  . .  . . . .  . . .  . .  . .  . . . .  . 232 
Uniform  tire  quality  grad ing  .  . . .  . .  . .  . .  .  247 
Tires and wheels  Glossary of  tire  and load ing  terminology  . 232 
Tire  pressure  monitoring  system  . .  . . . .  . .  13 
Tires  and vehicle  load  limits  .  . . .  . .  . . . .  . 242 
Tool  kit . . .  . .  . .  . . . .  .  . . . . .  . . . . .  . .  . .  . .  .  250 
Tools  . . .  . . .  .  . .  . .  . .  .  . . . . .  . . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  .  107 
To rn or frayed  safety  be lts  . .  . . .  . .  . .  . . . .  . 142 
Towing  Front  eye let  . .  . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . .  .  269 
Rear  eyelet  .  . .  . . . .  . .  . . . .  . . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  .  269 
Tow  trucks  .  . .  . . . .  . .  . . . .  . . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  .  268 
Towing  a trailer 
Parking  system  . . . .  . . .  . . .  . . .  . . .  . . .  . .  .  130 
TPM5  (tire  pressure  monitoring  system)  . . .  248 
Trailer  tow ing  . .  . .  . .  .  . . . . .  . . . . .  . .  . .  . .  .  200 
I nformation  . .  . .  . .  .  . . . . .  . . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  .  202 
Operating  instructions  . . . .  . . .  . .  . .  . . . .  . 201 
Technical  requirements  . . . . . .  . .  . .  .  200,  201 
Tongue  load . .  . .  . .  . .  . . . .  . . .  . .  . .  . . . .  . 201 
Trailer  turn  signal  assembly 
Warning/indicator  lights . . . . . . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  14 
T ransmission 
Malfunction  (indicator  light)  . .  . . .  . . .  . .  . .  98 
T ransport  Canada  .  . .  .  . . . . .  . . . . .  . .  . .  . .  .  139 
Travel  mode  .  . .  . .  . .  . .  . . . .  . . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  51 
Trip  computer 
Fuel consumption  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . .  . .  19 
Mileage  . .  . . .  . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . .  . .  19 
Single -trip memory  . .  . . . .  . . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  20 
Total-trip  memory  .  . . . . . .  . . . . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  20 
T rip  odometer  . . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  . . . .  . .  . .  . .  . . . .  10 
Trunk 
refer to Rear lid  . . .  . .  . . . .  . . .  . .  . .  . . . .  . .  41 
Turn  signals  .  . .  . .  . .  .  . . . . .  . . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  52 
Warning/indicator  lights  . . . . . . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  14 
u 
ULSD No. 2  (D iesel fuel)  . . . . . . . . .  . .  . .  . .  .  211 
Unfastening  safety  belts  . . . . . . . .  . .  . .  . .  .  145 
Uniform  tire  quality  grading 
Unlocking  247 
Power  locking  switch  . . . . . . .  . . . . . .  . . .  . .  39 
Rear  lid/trunk  lid . .  . .  . . . .  . . . . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  40 
Index 
Remote  control  key  . .  . .  . .  . . . . .  . . .  . .  . .  .  3  7 
Using  the  mechanical  key  .  . . . . .  . . .  . .  . .  .  38 
Use  of jumper  cables  . . . . .  . .  . . . .  . . . . .  . .  267 
V 
Vanity  mirror  . .  . .  . .  . .  . . .  . .  . . . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  .  53 
Vehicle  Care/cleaning  . .  . .  . .  . . .  . .  . . . . .  . . . . .  . .  204 
Out  of  service  . .  . .  . . . . . .  . .  . . . .  . . . . .  . .  208 
Transport  . . . . .  . .  . .  . . .  . . . . . . .  . . .  . .  . .  108 
Vehicle  control  modules  . .  . .  . . . . .  . . .  . .  . .  188 
Vehicle  identification  label  . . . . . .  . . .  . .  . .  272 
Vehicle  Identification  Number  (VIN)  . . . .  . .  272 
Vehicle  jack  . . .  . .  . .  . .  . . .  . .  . . . . .  . . .  250,  257 
Vehicle  tool  kit  . .  . .  . .  . . .  . . . . . . .  . . .  . .  . .  107 
Ventilation  . . . . .  . .  . .  . . .  . .  . . . . .  . . .  . .  . .  .  77 
w 
Warning/indicator  lights 
Airbag  system  . . .  . .  . . .  . .  . . . . .  . . .  . .  . .  .  13 
Anti-lock  brake system  (ABS)  . . .  . . .  . .  . .  .  14 
Brake system  . .  . .  . . . . . .  . .  . . . .  . . . . .  . .  .  15 
Cruise  control  . .  . .  . .  . . . .  . .  . . . .  . . .  . .  . .  .  14 
E le ctromechanical  parking  brake . . .  . .  . .  .  15 
Electronic  power  control  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 
E lectron ic Stabilization  Contro l (ESC)  . . . . .  13 
Glow  p lug system  . .  . . .  . .  .  . . . .  . . . . .  . .  .  12 
High  beam  . .  . .  . .  . .  . . . .  . .  . . . .  . . .  . .  . .  .  14 
Malfunction  Indicator  Lamp  (MIL)  .  . . .  . .  .  14 
Safety  be lt  .  . . .  . .  . .  . . .  . .  . . . . .  . . .  . .  . .  .  14 
Tire  pressure  monitoring  system  . . .  . .  . .  .  13 
Trailer  turn  signal  assembly  . . . . . . . . .  . .  .  14 
Turn  signals  . . .  . .  . . . . . .  . .  . . . .  . . . . .  . .  .  14 
Warning/Ind icator  lights 
Airbag  system  . . .  . . .  . .  . .  . . . . .  . . .  . .  . .  158 
Warranty  coverages  . .  . . .  . .  . . . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  276 
Washer  reservoir  . .  . .  . . . .  . .  . . . .  . . .  . .  . .  229 
Washing  matte  finish  pa int  . .  . . . .  . . .  . .  . .  204 
Weights . . . . . .  . .  . .  . .  . . .  . .  . . . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  272 
What  happens  if you  wear your  safety  belt  too 
l oose?  . . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . .  . .  144 
What  happens  to unbelted  occupants?  . .  . .  141 
What  impairs  driving  safety?  . . . . .  . . .  . .  . .  132 
Wheel  bolts  . .  . .  . .  . .  . . .  . .  . . . . .  . . .  . .  . .  244 
291