2008 AUDI S8 air suspension

-What do I do now? PW-------------------------
&, WARNING (continued)
front wheel is lifted off the ground, placing the Automatic Trans­
mission in
"P" (Park) will not prevent the vehicle from moving.
• Before you change a wheel, be sure the ground is level and firm.
If necessary, use a sturdy board under the jack.
• After installing the spare wheel, make sure that you replace the
flat tire/wheel in its storage area properly and tighten the knurled
retaining screw securely.
[ i] Tips
Before changing the wheel, you must activate the jacking mode, so
that the automatic controls for the Adaptive Air Suspension do not
make it more difficult to lift the vehicle with the
jack ~ page 7 88. •
Changing a wheel
When you change a wheel, follow the sequence described
below step-by-step and in exactly that order.
1. Activate the vehicle jacking mode => page 188.
2. Remove the decorative wheel cover*. For more details
see also
=> page 353, "Decorative wheel covers" or
=> page 353, "Wheels with wheel bolt caps" .
3. Loosen the wheel bolts => page 354.
4. Locate the proper mounting point for the jack and align
the jack below that
point=> page 354.
5. Lift the car with the jack=> page 354.
6. Remove the wheel with the flat tire and then install the
spare
=> page 356 .
7. Tighten all wheel bolts lightly. 8.
Lower the vehicle with the jack.
9. Use the wheel bolt wrench and firmly tighten all wheel
bolts
=> page 354.
10. Replace the decorative wheel cover*.
11. Deactivate the vehicle jacking mode => page 188 .
& WARNING
Always read and follow all WARNINGS and information ~ & in
"Raising the vehicle" on
page 354 and ~ page 357. •
After changing a wheel
A wheel change is not complete without the doing the
following.
-Store and secure the wheel you replaced in the spare
wheel well.
-Replace the tools and the jack in their proper location.
-Check the tire pressure on the spare wheel immediately
after mounting it.
-As soon as possible , have the tightening torques on all
wheel bolts checked with a torque wrench. The correct
tightening torque is 90 ft lb (120 Nm) .
-Have the flat tire replaced as soon as possible.
[ i] Tips
• If you notice that the wheel bolts are corroded and difficult to
turn while changing a tire, they should be replaced before you check
the tightening torque . .,_

What do I do now? -
-----------------
Fig. 288 Clos e-up :
prope r positioning of
jack
- Activa te the ve hicle ja cking mode before c ha ngin g a
w heel
=> p age 188.
- Posi tio n th e jack bel ow th e doo r sill und er t he mounting
point
th at is c los est to th e w hee l to be cha nged
=> p age 354 , fig. 28 7.
- Exten d the
jack und er the li ftin g po int on the do or sill
un til it s a rm is posi tio ned direct ly und er t he lif tin g p oint
=>& .
- Alig n the j ack so tha t its a rm @ en gag es t he plast ic
lif tin g p oint on the door sill a nd the mova ble base ® is
fl at on the
groun d=> fig . 288.
- Wind t he jack up furt her u ntil the flat t ire co mes off the
gr oun d=> &-
The jack must be installed only at the places indicated ~ page 354,
fig. 287 . There is exa ctly on e loca tion for e ach w heel. The ja ck m ust
not be positioned at any other
l ocation~ &.
The jack sho uld be posit ioned ap pro xima tely 8 in . (2 0 cm) be hind
th e fro nt whe el or 6 i n. (1 5 c m) in fr ont o f the rear w heel.
A n unstab le surfac e under th e jack can cause the vehicl e to s lip off
t h e jack . A lways pro vide a firm base for th e ja ck on the grou nd. If
necessary place a s turdy board or similar support under the ja ck. On ha
rd, s lippery surfaces (such as ti les) us e a rubb er mat or similar to
p revent th e ja ck fro m
slippin g~ & .
& WARNING
• You or your pa ssengers could be injured while changing a
wheel if you do not follow these safety precautions:
-Positioning the jack under the vehicle at any other place than
those indicated above may damage the vehicle or may result in
personal injuries.
- A soft or unstable surfa ce under the ja ck may cause the
vehicle to slip off the jack . Always provide a firm base for the
jack on the ground . If necessary , use a sturdy board under the
jack .
- On hard , slippery surface (such as tiles ) use a rubber mat or
similar to prevent the jack from slipping.
• To help prevent injury to yourself and your passengers :
- Do not raise the vehicle until you are sure the jack is securely
engaged .
- Passengers must not remain in the vehicle when it is jacked
up .
- Make sure that passengers wait in a safe place away from
the vehicle and well away from the road and traffic .
- Make sure jack position is correct , adjust as necessary and
then continue to raise the jack.
[ i ] Tips
Befo re c hangi ng th e wheel, yo u must ac tivate the jac king mode, s o
that the automatic controls for the Adapt ive Air Suspension do not
make it more difficult to lift the veh ic le with the
jack ~ page 188. •
Vehicle care Do-it-yourself service irechnical data

_________________________________________________ F_ u_ s_ e_s _ a_n _d_ b_ u
_ lb_ s _ __,_
-
No . II Equipm ent
8 Engine control, auxiliary water pump
9
10 C
limate control front /rear, dash panel buttons
Suspension level control system
(Adaptive Air Suspension)
11 Light and rain sensor
1 2 Display -/control unit
13 Roof electronics control unit
CD/DVD d rive
15 Energy managemen t
16 Vacant
17 Radiator fan e lectronics
18 Airbag front passenger recognition
(weight sensor)
19 Vacant
20 Heated/ventilated seats
21 Engine control module
22 Vacant
23 Parking brake (switch)
24 Vehicle electrical syste m
25
26
27
Automatic transmission Air condi tioning water valves wate r pump,
rea r climate control
Sunroof
28 Engine control module
29 Fuel injectors
30 Ignition coils
Amps
10
5
1 0
5
5
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
1 0
15
10
20
5
1 5
30
-
No . Equipm ent
31 Fuel pump , right/fue l pump e lectronics
32 Automatic transmission
33
34
Right rear footwe ll heater
Heated/ventila ted seats, rear
35 Heated/ventilated seats, front
36 Cigarette lighter, front
37 Cigarette lighter, rear/socket, rear
38 Auxil iary cooler fan
39 Door contro l unit, front right
40 Brake booster
41 Door contro l unit, rear right
42 Vacant
43 Headlight washer system
44 A ir co nditioning heater fan
Amps
20/40
5
25
20
20
20
20/25 20
7.5
1 5
7.5
30
30 •
Fuse Location , Luggage Compartment left
0
Fig . 2 95 Fuse pan el
l a you t _.
Vehicle care Do-it-yourself service irechnical data

lffll....__E_ m_ e_r -=g :....e_ n
_ c-=y _ s_ i_t _u _a _t_ i_o _n_ s _______________________________________________ _
-Read and hee d WARNI NG =:> & .
Fig. 305 Re ar lifting
point
Ac tivate t he vehicle jackin g mode if a pp licable
=:> p age 188 .
-Loc ate lift ing po in ts=:> page 369 , fig. 3 04 =:> fig. 3 05.
Ad just lift in g a rms of works hop hoi st or floor jack t o
match ve hicle li ftin g points.
Ins ert a ru b be r pad betwe en the floor jack/work shop
h o ist and t he li ftin g poin ts.
The vehicle jacki ng m ode mus t be ac tiva ted so that the au tomatic
adjustment of the Adaptive Air Suspension does not make it more
d ifficu lt to ra ise the vehic le w ith the (floor
jac k) => page 188 .
If you must lift your vehicle with a floor jack to work underneath , be
sure the vehicle is safely supported on stands intended for this
purpo se.
Front lifting point
T he lif ti ng po int is locat ed o n th e floor pan re inforc ement abou t at
the same level as the jack mounting
point => page 3 69, fig. 304. Do
not lift the vehicle at the vertical sill reinforcement. Rear lifting point
Th
e lif tin g po int is loca ted o n the vertical re info rce ment of the l ower
s ill for t he o n-board
jack=> fig . 305.
Lifting with vehicle jack
Refer to => page 354.
& WARNING
• To reduce the risk of serious injury and vehicle damage.
-Always lift the vehicle only at the special workshop hoist and
floor ja ck lift points illustrated
=> page 369 , fig. 304 and
=> fig . 305.
- Failure to lift the vehicle at these points could cause the
vehicle to tilt or fall from a lift if there is a change in vehicle
weight distribution and balance. This might happen , for
example , when heavy components such as the engine block or
transmission are removed .
• When removing heavy components like these, anchor vehicle
to hoist or add corresponding weights to maintain the center of gravity. Otherwise , the vehicle might tilt or slip off the hoist,
c ausing serious personal injury .
0 Note
• Be awar e of the following points before lifting the vehicle :
-The vehicle should never be lifted or jacked up from under­
neath the engine oil pan , the transmission housing , the front or
rear axle or the body side members . This could lead to serious
damage .
-To avoid damage to the underbody or chassis frame , a rubber
pad must be inserted between the floor jack and the lift point s.
- Before driving over a workshop hoist, check that the vehicle
weight does not exceed the permissible lifting capacity of the
hoid . ~

___ A_ l-=- p _ h_ a_ b_e _t_ ic _ a_l _in _ d_e_ x ____________________________________________ _
A
Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Adaptive Air Suspension ....... .. .... 185
automatic mode .. .... .... .... ... 186
Description ... .... .... .......... 185
dynamic mode ................... 186
Jacking mode when changing a flat tire .
188
lift mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Setting the driving modes .. .... ... 188
Sport Chassis Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
standard mode ... .... .... ...... . 186
Trailer towing mode ... .... .... ... 189
Warning/indicator lights .. ... ... 20, 21
Adaptive Cruise Control .............. 139
Changing speed ...... .... ...... . 142
Driver information ............... 144
Drivingintraffic .. .... .... ...... . 140
Error messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Open road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Override ........ ... .. ...... .... . 140
Request for driver to assume control 140
Save speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Setting distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Setting time interval . ... .. .... .... 143
Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Specia l driving situations . ....... . 149
Status messages ................. 147
Switching on and off ... .. .... ... . 141
System limits ...... .... .... ... ... 149
T emporarily turning off ....... .... 142
warning/indicator lights ... .... .... 145 Adaptive
Light .......... .... .... .... . 72
defective ......................... 36
Adding Engine coolant ................... 316
Engine oil . .... .... .... ... .... ... 312
Windshield washer fluid .... .... ... 323
Additiona l accessories .......... ..... 382
Additives Engine oil ... .. ...... ....... ..... 312
Adjustable steering co lumn .. .... .... 128
Adjusting Front seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Instrument cluster i llumination ...... 15
Steering column ................. 128
Advanced Key ....................... 59
Driver's messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Locking the vehicle .. ...... .... .... 60
START button ................... 131
Starting the engine ............... 131
STOP button . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Stopp ing the engine ......... ..... 132
Switching on the ignition .......... 131
Unlocking the vehicle . .......... ... 60
Advanced Parking System with rear view
camera
Adjusting the chimes -option 1 .... 180
Adjusting the chimes - option 2 .... 181
front and back with visual display and
r ear-view camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
General information ... .... ....... 170
Not es on distance information ..... 179
Parking next to obstac les . . . . . . . . . . 178
Rear -view camera -parking mode 1 . 175 Rear-view
camera -parking mode 2 . 176
Rear-view camera (Rear View) ...... 173
Rear-view camera coverage area .... 174
Rear-view camera tips ............ 183
Specia l parking situations .. .... ... 178
Switching the rear-view camera on and
off .. .... .... ...... ... .. .... ... 182
switching the visua l display on and off ..
182
System error message ............ 183
Towing hitch ...... .... ...... .... 180
Air conditioning
See Cl imate controls .... ... .... ... 114
Airbag system .... .... .... ...... 218, 238
Advanced Airbag System ...... .... 222
Advanced Airbag System components ...
225
Care ............................ 232
Child restraints ................ .. 245
Children ... .... .... ... ........ .. 244
Components (front airbags) . ...... . 225
Dang er of fitting a child seat on the front
passenger seat .. ....... .. .... .. 220
Disposal . ...... ..... .. .... .... .. 232
Fron t airbags ...... .... .... .. 222, 223
How do the front airbags work? . ... 227
How many airbags does my vehicle have?
225
How the Advanced Airbag System compo -
nents work together ... .... ...... 226
Impor tant safety instructions on the knee
airbag system .................. 236
Impor tant things to know .. .... .... 218
Indicat or light ........ ........... 229

Alphab eti ca l ind ex I'll
----------------------------------------- -'---------
Climate controls ............. .... ... 114
Air distribution ... .... .... .... .... 120
Air outlets ..... .. .... .... .... .... 122
Air outlets (rear) .... ... .... .... ... 122
Air recirculation .. .... .... ... .... . 121
AUTO (standard setting) ...... .... . 117
Basic se ttings ... .. .... ... .... .... 1 26
Cen ter ai r vent . ....... ... .... .... 127
Contro ls ... .. .... .... ... .... .... 116
Defrosting/defogging ..... ... .... . 120
Description ... .... ....... .... .... 114
ECON operation .. .... .... ... .... . 126
Fan . .... .... .... .... .... ... .... . 120
Heated seats , front ... .... .... .... 118
in the rear ...... .... .... .... .... . 125
Key coded setting ... .... .... .... . 114
Rear c limate controls .... .... .... . 125
Rear seat operation .. .... .... .... . 127
Rec ircu lation mode (automatic) ... .. 126
Rec ommended set tin gs ...... .... . 11 4
Residual heat .. ...... .... .. . .... . 117
Set ting t he tempe rature ..... . .... . 117
SETUP . ......... .... .... ... .... . 126
Solar blower fan/solar roof .. ...... . 123
Solar operation ... ....... .... .... 127
Switching on and off .. .... ...... .. 117
Synchroni zation .. .... .... ... .... . 127
Using climate contro l economical ly . 123
Windshield defogger/defroster . .... 123
Clock . ...... .... .... .... ... .... .... . 13
Closing Power sunroo f .... .... ... .... .... . 66
Coat hooks . ... .... .... .... .... .... . 112
Co ld ti re inflati on pressure .. ...... ... 328
Controls and equip­
ment Safety first
Compartments in the door trim panels
. 111
Co mpar tmen ts in the rea r do ors ... .. .. 111
Consumer Information ... .... .... 207 , 380
Contacting N HTSA .. .. .. .... .... .... 207
Conven ie nce open featu re
Win dows ..... ... .... .... .... .... . 64
Convertib le chi ld safe ty seat .... .... .. 249
How do I properly ins ta ll a convertib le
child safety seat in my vehic le? . ... 249
Safety instructions . .... .... ....... 249
Convertible lock ing retractor
Act ivating .. ...... .... .... .... ... 255
Dea ctivati ng .. ... ... .... .... .... . 256
Using to secure a chi ld safety seat . 253,
255
Coo lant
See Engine coo lant
Cr uise control
3 14
Cha nging speed ...... .... .... .... 138
Presett ing your speed ... .. .... .... 138
Switching off .... .... .... .... .... 138
Switching on . .... .... .... ....... 137
Warning/indicator lights .. .... .... .. 21
See also Adaptive Cruis e Con trol .. .. 139
Cr uis ing ra nge . ...... .... .... .... ... . 38
Cupholder .. .. .. ...... ....... .... .. 105
Center conso le .. .. .... ..... .. .... 108
D
Damping
See Adaptive Air Suspension .. ..... 185
Data .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... 378 Data recorder
....... .... ....... .... . 268
Date d isplay ...... .... ... .... .... .... 1 3
Daytime running lights ... .... .... .. 69, 70
def What does this mean when it appears in the trip odomete r disp lay? ... .. .... 14
Defective light bu lb warning .... .... ... 26
Defrosting/defogg ing the windows . ... 120
Defrosting/defogging windows .. ..... . 122
Determining correct load limit .... .... . 33 4
Digita l clock .. ...... .... .... .... .. . .. 13
Digita l speedometer . .... .... .... ... .. 25
Dimensions ...... .... ... .... .... ... 376
Dipstick Readi ng the dipstick proper ly .. ... . 311
Distance control system
See Adaptive Cruise Contro l ... .. ... 139
Doors Mechanica l chi ld safety lock .. ...... . 58
Power child safety lock . .... .... .... 58
P ower side door closer . ... .... .... . 53
Dr iver
See Seating posi tion ...... .... .... 200
Driver information display Driver information messages ... ... .. 29
Introduct ion .. ... .... .... .... .... . 24
Open door o r rear lid wa rn ing .. .... . 26
Outs ide temperature display .. ...... 25
Sound system disp lay ........ ... .. . 25
Driver Information System Digita l speedometer ... ... .... .... . 25
Driver 's seat .. .... .... ... .... .... .... 87
Vehicle operation Vehicle care Do-it-yourself service Technical data

_____________________________________________ .:..A ..:; l~ p :.:h.:.. a== b:.:e :.: t:.:.ic == a.:..l .:.. in :..:.:: d:.::e :.: x::..... _IIIII
Location ...... .... .... .... .... .. 258
Mounting and releasing the anchorage hook .......................... 262
Leather ............................ 296
Cleaning ........................ 297
Level adjustment
See Adaptive Air Suspension ....... 185
Lifting jack ... .... .... ... .. .... ..... 354
Lifting points .... ........ .... .... ... 369
Lifting vehicle ... ... .... ........... . 369
Light sensor defective ................ 36
Lights ........ .... .... .... .......... 69
Coming home ..................... 70
Daytime running lights ... .... .... .. 70
Emergency flashers ................ 73
Exterior lights ..... ....... ........ . 70
Front fog lights ...... .... ...... ... 71
Headlights .. ... ... .. .... .... .... . 69
High beam ... .... .... ..... .. .. 69, 73
H igh beam warning/indicator light ... 19
Leav ing home .. ...... .... ...... ... 70
Rear fog lights .................... 71
Side marker lights ................. 69
Turn signals .. .... .... .... .... .... 73
Xenon headlights ....... ... .. .... .. 69
Lo ading the luggage compartment . ... 205
Load ing the roof rack .... ....... .... . 104
Locking Pow er lock ing switch .... .... .... .. 53
Rear lid/trunk lid ...... ............ 55
Remote control .... .... .... .... ... 51
Using the key ..................... 52
Lower anchorage locator button ....... 258
Controls and equip­
ment Safety first
Lower
universal anchorage bars (Canada) ..
258
Lower universal anchorages (Canada) .. 258
Luggage Stowing .................. ....... 205
Luggage compartment
Cargo net .. ...... .... .... .... ... 101
DVD p layer for navigation system . .. 112
Side Compartment ............... 112
Side compartment ................ 113
Ski sack ......................... 102
Tie -down eyelets .. ........ ....... 100
See also Loading the luggage
compartment ...... .... ... .. .... 205
L umbar support .... ....... .... .... ... 90
M
Maintenance .......... .... .... .... . 380
Malfunction Indicator Lamp (MIU .... 20, 27
Massage function .... ........ ....... . 89
Master key ...... .... ......... ...... . 48
Mi leage
Average .......................... 38
Ins tantaneous ... ...... .... ... .. .. 38
Mirrors Automatic anti-g lare adjustment . .... 83
Automatic dimming for the outside mirrors .... ....... .... .... ... .. . 84
In terior mirror .... .... .... ....... . 83
Outside mirrors ................... 84
Recalling position of outside mirrors . 94
Storing position of outside mirrors .. . 94 Monitoring the Advanced Airbag System
229
N
Natural leather .... .... ... .. .... .... . 296
New tires and whee ls . .... .... .... ... 336
NHTSA Contacting ...................... 207
Number of seats ...... ... .. .... .... . 209
0
Occupant seat ing positions .. ... .. .... 200
Octane rating ...... .... .... .... .... . 301
Odometer ..... ...... .... ... .... ..... 14
Oil
See Engine oil .. ... .... ....... .... 309
Older children and safety belts .... .... 252
On -Board Diagnostic System (OBD)
Data Link Connector (DLC) ........ .. 28
Electron ic speed limiter . ...... ..... 28
Ma lfunction Indicator Lamp (MIU .... 27
Open door or rear lid warn ing ..... ..... 26
Opening Power sunroof .................... 66
Operate your vehicle economically and mini -
mize pol lution .... ... .... .... ... 279
Outside air pollution How to prevent from entering the vehicle
121
Outside mirrors .. .. .. .... ...... .... .. 84
Outside temperature display ........... 25
Vehicle operation Vehicle care Do-it-yourself service Technical data

lll'ft __ A_l-=- p _h_ a_ b_e _t_ic _ a_l _in _ d_e _x ____________________________________________ _
p
Paint
Touch-up 292
Paint No. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Parking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Automatic transmission ... .... .... 163
Caution when parking near a parking bar -
rier or curb .. .... ....... .... ... 135
Low bumper cover, spoilers and suspension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Parking brake
See Electromechanica l parking brake 134
P arking on a dec line (downhill) ....... 135
Parking on an incline (uphill) ... .. .... 135
Parts replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
PASSENGER AIR BAG OFF ligh t ........ 230
Passenger's seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Passenger's seat memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Passive safety system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Pedals ............................ 204
Physical principles of a frontal collision 210
Pockets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Polishing .... ..... .. .... .... ...... . 291
Power locking switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Power locking system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Conven ience open feature .......... 64
Locking and unlocking the vehicle from
inside ........... ....... .... .... 53
Opening and closing the windows .. . 64
Rear lid/trunk lid ...... .... .... .... 55
Remote control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Selective unlock feature . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Settings
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Unlocking and locking vehicle ... .... 51
Power roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Power seat Contro ls .. .... ... .... .... .... .... 87
Massage function ....... ...... .... 89
Seat adjustment ........ ....... ... 88
Upper thigh support .. ...... .... ... 88
Power side door closer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Power steering ..................... 273
Power sunroo f
Emergency c losing ............. 67, 68
Power window switche·s ... .... ....... 62
In the driver's door ................ 63
In the front passenger's door . . . . . . . 64
Reactivating the system ............ 65
Power windows Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Pregnant women Specia l considerations when wearing a
safety belt ..................... 215
Programming the Homelink® universal re-
mote control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Prop er occupant seating positions .... 200
Proper safety be lt position .. .... ... .. 214
Proper seating position Front passenger ................. 201
Occupants ...................... 200
Rear passengers 202
a
Quartz clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 quattro®
See All Wheel Drive
............... 273
Question
R
What happens to unbelted occupants? . .
211
Why safety belts? ................ 209
Radiator fan ........................ 317
Rain sensor ......................... 80
Rain sensor defective ... .. .... .... .... 36
Reading lights
Front . .... .... .... .... ....... .... 74
Rear ............................. 75
Rear ashtray ....................... 107
Rear center console ...... .... .... ... 108
Rear c limate controls ................ 125
Air distribution .... ....... .... ... 125
Automatic operation . ...... .... ... 125
Contro ls . ...... ..... .. .... .... .. 125
Heated seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
PASSIVE . ... .. .... .... ...... .... 125
Switching on and off . ...... .... ... 125
Temperature ...... .... .... .... .. 125
Ventilated seats .................. 125
Rear fog lights .. ...... .... ...... .... . 71
Rear lid
Automatic operation ............... 56
Escape handle .... .... .... .... ... 348
Opening and clos ing ... .... .... .... 55
Opening manual ly ...... .... .... ... 56