2002 ISUZU AXIOM charging

HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC)
1A±59
Compressor Oil
Oil Specification

The HFC-134a system requires a synthetic (PAG)
compressor oil whereas the R-12 system requires a
mineral compressor oil. The two oils must never be
mixed.

Compressor (PAG) oil varies according to
compressor model. Be sure to use oil specified for the
model of compressor.

Always use HFC-134a Vane Rotary Type
Compressor Oil (AIPDN Part No.2-90188-301-0)
Handling of Oil

The oil should be free from moisture, dust, metal
powder, etc.

Do not mix with other oil.

The water content in the oil increases when exposed
to the air. After use, seal oil from air immediately.
(HFC-134a Vane Rotary Compressor Oil absorbs
moisture very easily.)

The compressor oil must be stored in steel
containers, not in plastic containers.
Compressor Oil Check
The oil used to lubricate the compressor is circulating with
the refrigerant.
Whenever replacing any component of the system or a
large amount of gas leakage occurs, add oil to maintain
the original amount of oil.
Oil Capacity
Capacity total in system: 150cc (5.0 fl.oz)
Compressor (Service parts) charging amount:
150 cc (5.0 fl.oz)
Checking and Adjusting Oil Quantity
for Used Compressor
1. Perform oil return operation. Refer to Oil Return
Operation in this section.
2. Discharge and recover refrigerant and remove the
compressor.
3. Drain the compressor oil and measure the extracted
oil with a measuring cylinder.
4. If the amount of oil drained is much less than 90 cc
(3.0 fl. oz.), some refrigerant may have leaked out.
Conduct a leak tests on the connections of each
system, and if necessary, repair or replace faulty
parts.
5. Check the compressor oil contamination. (Refer to
Contamination of Compressor Oil in this section.)
6. Adjust the oil level following the next procedure
below.(Charging Amount)
(Collected Amount)
more than 90cc (3.0
fl.oz)same as collected
amount
less than 90 cc (3.0 fl.oz)90cc (3.0 fl.oz)
7. Install the compressor, then evacuate, charge and
perform the oil return operation.
8. Check system operation.
When it is impossible to preform oil return operation,
the compressor oil should be checked in the
following order:
1. Discharge and recover refrigerant and remove the
compressor.
2. Drain the compressor oil and measure the extracted
oil with a measuring cylinder.
3. Check the oil for contamination.
4. If more than 90 cc (3.0 fl. oz.) of oil is extracted from
the compressor, supply the same amount of oil to the
compressor to be installed.
5. If the amount of oil extracted is less than 90 cc (3.0 fl.
oz.), recheck the compressor oil in the following
order.
6. Supply 90 cc (3.0 fl. oz.) of oil to the compressor and
install it onto the vehicle.
7. Evacuate and recharge with the proper amount of
refrigerant.
8. Perform the oil return operation.
9. Remove the compressor and recheck the amount of
oil.
10. Adjust the compressor oil, if necessary.
(Collected Amount)
(Charging Amount)
more than 90 cc (3.0
fl.oz)same as collected
amount
less than 90 cc (3.0 fl.oz)90 cc (3.0 fl.oz)

4B2±109
DRIVE LINE CONTROL SYSTEM (TOD)
StepActionYe sNo
1Do the indicator lamps show the correct status?
Go to Step 2
Examine the
trouble based on
ªTrouble
Diagnosis
Depending on the
Status of TOD
Indicatorº.
2Is any of the trouble codes 28(P1760), 32(P1761) and 33(P1762)
recorded?Examine the
trouble based on
ªDiagnosis from
Trouble Codesº.
Go to Step 3
3Turn on the starter switch.
Is the battery voltage observed between terminals 14 and 47?
Go to Step 4Go to Step 5
4When the TOD Switch is selected to the 2H position, are the front
axle gears correctly disengaged (and when the left front tire is
jacked up and turned, is the front propeller shaft standstill)?The phenomenon
is not
reproduced.
Refer to
ªTrouble
intermittently
observedº
.
The shift on the
fly system is
failed (refer to
Section 4B1 and
4C
).
5Does the battery voltage maintain the correct level?
Repair the battery
circuit.
Go to
Step 6
Repair the battery
and charging
system.
Go to
Step 6
6Check that all the parts are mounted.
Is this step complete?
Verify the repair.Go to Step 6

6A±1
ENGINE MECHANICAL (6VE1 3.5L)
AXIOM
ENGINE
CONTENTS
Engine Mechanical 6A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Engine Cooling 6B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Engine Fuel 6C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Engine Electrical 6D1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ignition System 6D2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Starting and Charging System 6D3. . . . . . . . . . . . Driveability and Emissions 6E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Engine Exhaust 6F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Engine Lubrication 6G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Engine Speed Control System 6H. . . . . . . . . . . .
Induction 6J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ENGINE MECHANICAL (6VE1 3.5L)
CONTENTS
Service Precaution 6A±2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General Description 6A±3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Engine Diagnosis 6A±4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cylinder Head Cover LH 6A±19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Removal 6A±19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation 6A±20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cylinder Head Cover RH 6A±21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Removal 6A±21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation 6A±21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Common Chamber 6A±22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Removal 6A±22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation 6A±22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exhaust Manifold LH 6A±24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Removal 6A±24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation 6A±24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exhaust Manifold RH 6A±25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Removal 6A±25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation 6A±25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Crankshaft Pulley 6A±26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Removal 6A±26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation 6A±26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Timing Belt 6A±27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Removal 6A±27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation 6A±28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Camshaft 6A±32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Removal 6A±32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation 6A±33. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cylinder Head 6A±35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Removal 6A±35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation 6A±35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Valve Stem Oil Controller , Valve Spring
and Valve Guide 6A±37. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Removal 6A±37. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation 6A±37. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Piston, Piston Ring and Connecting Rod 6A±38. . . Removal 6A±38. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation 6A±39. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Crankshaft and Main Bearings 6A±40. . . . . . . . . . . .
Removal 6A±40. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation 6A±41. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rear Oil Seal 6A±45. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Removal 6A±45. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation 6A±45. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Engine Assembly 6A±46. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Removal 6A±46. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation 6A±47. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cylinder Head 6A±49. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cylinder Head and Associated Parts 6A±49. . . . .
Disassembly 6A±50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Clean 6A±50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inspection and Repair 6A±50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reassembly 6A±51. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Valve Spring, Oil Controller, Valve, Valve
Guide 6A±53. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Valve Spring, Oil Controller, Valve, Valve
Guide and Associated Parts 6A±53. . . . . . . . . . . .
Disassembly 6A±53. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inspection and Repair 6A±54. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reassembly 6A±57. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Camshaft 6A±60. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Camshaft and Associated Parts 6A±60. . . . . . . . .
Disassembly 6A±60. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inspection and Repair 6A±61. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reassembly 6A±63. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Crankshaft 6A±67. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Crankshaft and Associated Parts 6A±67. . . . . . . .
Disassembly 6A±67. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inspection and Repair for Bearings 6A±68. . . . . .
Inspection and Repair for Crankshaft 6A±70. . . . .
Reassembly 6A±71. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ENGINE ELECTRICAL (6VE1 3.5L)6D1±1
AXIOM
ENGINE
ENGINE ELECTRICAL (6VE1 3.5L)
CONTENTS
Service Precaution 6D1±1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Battery 6D1±2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General Description 6D1±2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Diagnosis 6D1±2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Battery Charging 6D1±3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jump Starting 6D1±3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Battery Removal 6D1±4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Battery Installation 6D1±4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Main Data and Specifications 6D1±5. . . . . . . . . . .
Service Precaution
WARNING: THIS VEHICLE HAS A SUPPLEMENTAL
RESTRAINT SYSTEM (SRS). REFER TO THE SRS
COMPONENT AND WIRING LOCATION VIEW IN
ORDER TO DETERMINE WHETHER YOU ARE
PERFORMING SERVICE ON OR NEAR THE SRS
COMPONENTS OR THE SRS WIRING. WHEN YOU
ARE PERFORMING SERVICE ON OR NEAR THE SRS
COMPONENTS OR THE SRS WIRING, REFER TO
THE SRS SERVICE INFORMATION. FAILURE TO
FOLLOW WARNINGS COULD RESULT IN POSSIBLE
AIR BAG DEPLOYMENT, PERSONAL INJURY, OR
OTHERWISE UNNEEDED SRS SYSTEM REPAIRS.CAUTION: Always use the correct fastener in the
proper location. When you replace a fastener, use
ONLY the exact part number for that application.
ISUZU will call out those fasteners that require a
replacement after removal. ISUZU will also call out
the fasteners that require thread lockers or thread
sealant. UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED, do not
use supplemental coatings (Paints, greases, or other
corrosion inhibitors) on threaded fasteners or
fastener joint interfaces. Generally, such coatings
adversely affect the fastener torque and the joint
clamping force, and may damage the fastener. When
you install fasteners, use the correct tightening
sequence and specifications. Following these
instructions can help you avoid damage to parts and
systems.

6D1±2
ENGINE ELECTRICAL (6VE1 3.5L)
Battery
General Description
The battery is completely sealed except for the two small
vent holes (2) on the side. These vent holes (2) permit the
escape of small amounts of gas generated by the battery.
This type of battery has the following advantages over
conventional batteries:
1. There is no need to add water during the entire
service life of the battery.
2. The battery is much less vulnerable to self discharge
than a conventional type battery.
Diagnosis
1. Visual Inspection
Inspect the battery for obvious physical damage, such as
a cracked or broken case, which would permit electrolyte
loss.
Replace the battery if obvious physical damage is
discovered during inspection.
Check for any other physical damage and correct it as
necessary.
2. Hydrometer Check
There is a built±in hydrometer (Charge test indicator(1))
at the top of the battery. It is designed to be used during
diagnostic procedures.
Before trying to read the hydrometer, carefully clean the
upper battery surface.
If your work area is poorly lit, additional light may be
necessary to read the hydrometer.
a. BLUE RING OR DOT VISIBLE(4) ± Go to Step 3.
b. BLUE RING OR DOT NOT VISIBLE(3) ± Replace
the battery.
061R200001
3. Voltage Check
1. Put voltmeter test leads to battery terminals.
a. VOLTAGE IS 12.4V OR ABOVE ± Go to Step 4
Load Test.
b. VOLTAGE IS UNDER 12.4V ± Go to procedure (2)
below.
2. Determine fast charge amperage from specification.
(See Main Data and Specifications in this section).
Fast charge battery for 30 minutes at amperage rate
no higher than specified value.
Take voltage and amperage readings after charge.
a. VOLTAGE IS ABOVE 16V AT BELOW 1/3 OF
AMPERAGE RATE ± Replace battery.
b. VOLTAGE IS ABOVE 16V AT ABOVE 1/3 OF
AMPERAGE RATE ± Drop charging voltage to 15V
and charge for 10 ± 15 hours. Then go to Step 4
Load Test.
c. VOLTAGE IS BETWEEN 12V AND 16V ±
Continue charging at the same rate for an
additional 3±1/2 hours. Then go to Step 4 Load
Test.
d. VOLTAGE BELOW 12V ± Replace the Battery.
4. Load Test
1. Connect a voltmeter and a battery load tester across
the battery terminals.
2. Apply 300 ampere load for 15 seconds to remove
surface charge from the battery. Remove load.
3. Wait 15 seconds to let battery recover. Then apply
specified load from specifications (See Main Data
and Specifications in this section).
Read voltage after 15 seconds, then remove load.
a. VOLTAGE DOES NOT DROP BELOW THE
MINIMUM LISTED IN THE TABLE ± The battery is
good and should be returned to service.
b. VOLTAGE IS LESS THAN MINIMUM LISTED ±
Replace the battery.
ESTIMATED TEMPERATURE
MINIMUM
VOLTAGE

F
CV
70219.6
60169.5
50109.4
4049.3
30±19.1
20±78.9
10±128.7
0±188.5
The battery temperature must be estimated by feel
and by the temperature the battery has been
exposed to for the preceding few hours.

ENGINE ELECTRICAL (6VE1 3.5L)6D1±3
Battery Charging
Observe the following safety precautions when charging
the battery:
1. Never attempt to charge the battery when the fluid
level is below the lower level line on the side of the
battery. In this case, the battery must be replaced.
2. Pay close attention to the battery during charging
procedure.
Battery charging should be discontinued or the rate of
charge reduced if the battery feels hot to the touch.
Battery charging should be discontinued or the rate of
charge reduced if the battery begins to gas or spew
electrolyte from the vent holes.
3. In order to more easily view the hydrometer blue dot
or ring, it may be necessary to jiggle or tilt the battery.
4. Battery temperature can have a great effect on
battery charging capacity.
5. The sealed battery used on this vehicle may be either
quick charged or slow charged in the same manner as
other batteries.
Whichever method you decide to use, be sure that
you completely charge the battery. Never partially
charge the battery.
Jump Starting
Jump Starting with an Auxiliary (Booster)
Battery
CAUTION: Never push or tow the vehicle in an
attempt to start it. Serious damage to the emission
system as well as other vehicle parts will result.
Treat both the discharged battery and the booster
battery with great care when using jumper cables.
Carefully follow the jump starting procedure, being
careful at all times to avoid sparking.
WARNING: FAILURE TO CAREFULLY FOLLOW THE
JUMP STARTING PROCEDURE COULD RESULT IN
THE FOLLOWING:
1. Serous personal injury, particularly to your eyes.
2. Property damage from a battery explosion, battery
acid, or an electrical fire.
3. Damage to the electronic components of one or both
vehicles particularly.
Never expose the battery to an open flame or electrical
spark. Gas generated by the battery may catch fire or
explode.
Remove any rings, watches, or other jewelry before
working around the battery. Protect your eyes by wearing
an approved set of goggles.
Never allow battery fluid to come in contact with your eyes
or skin.Never allow battery fluid to come in contact with fabrics or
painted surfaces.
Battery fluid is a highly corrosive acid.
Should battery fluid come in contact with your eyes, skin,
fabric, or a painted surface, immediately and thoroughly
rinse the affected area with clean tap water.
Never allow metal tools or jumper cables to come in
contact with the positive battery terminal, or any other
metal surface of the vehicle. This will protect against a
short circuit.
Always keep batteries out of reach of young children.
Jump Starting Procedure
1. Set the vehicle parking brake.
If the vehicle is equipped with an automatic
transmission, place the selector level in the ªPARKº
position.
If the vehicle is equipped with a manual transmission,
place the shift lever in the ªNEUTRALº position.
Turn ªOFFº the ignition.
Turn ªOFFº all lights and any other accessory
requiring electrical power.
2. Look at the built±in hydrometer.
If the indication area of the built±in hydrometer is
completely clear, do not try to jump start.
3. Attach the end of one jumper cable to the positive
terminal of the booster battery.
Attach the other end of the same cable to the positive
terminal of the discharged battery.
Do not allow the vehicles to touch each other. This will
cause a ground connection, effectively neutralizing
the charging procedure.
Be sure that the booster battery has a 12 volt rating.
4. Attach one end of the remaining cable to the negative
terminal of the booster battery.
Attach the other end of the same cable to a solid
engine ground (such as the air conditioning
compressor bracket or the generator mounting
bracket) of the vehicle with the discharged battery.
The ground connection must be at least 450 mm (18
in.) from the battery of the vehicle whose battery is
being charged.
WARNING: NEVER ATTACH THE END OF THE
JUMPER CABLE DIRECTLY TO THE NEGATIVE
TERMINAL OF THE DEAD BATTERY.
5. Start the engine of the vehicle with the good battery.
Make sure that all unnecessary electrical accessories
have been turned ªOFFº.
6. Start the engine of the vehicle with the dead battery.

6D3±1
STARTING AND CHARGING SYSTEM (6VE1 3.5L)
AXIOM
ENGINE
STARTING AND CHARGING SYSTEM (6VE1 3.5L)
CONTENTS
Service Precaution 6D3±1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Starting System 6D3±2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General Description 6D3±2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Diagnosis 6D3±4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Starter 6D3±5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Removal 6D3±5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation 6D3±5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Disassembled View 6D3±7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Disassembly 6D3±8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inspection and Repair 6D3±10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reassembly 6D3±13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Main Data and Specifications 6D3±14. . . . . . . . . . .
Charging System 6D3±17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General Description 6D3±17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General On±Vehicle Inspection 6D3±17. . . . . . . . . . .
Generator 6D3±18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Removal 6D3±18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inspection 6D3±18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation 6D3±19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Disassembled View 6D3±19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Disassembly 6D3±20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inspection and Repair 6D3±21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reassembly 6D3±23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bench Test 6D3±24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Main Data and Specifications 6D3±25. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Service Precaution
WARNING: THIS VEHICLE HAS A SUPPLEMENTAL
RESTRAINT SYSTEM (SRS). REFER TO THE SRS
COMPONENT AND WIRING LOCATION VIEW IN
ORDER TO DETERMINE WHETHER YOU ARE
PERFORMING SERVICE ON OR NEAR THE SRS
COMPONENTS OR THE SRS WIRING. WHEN YOU
ARE PERFORMING SERVICE ON OR NEAR THE SRS
COMPONENTS OR THE SRS WIRING, REFER TO
THE SRS SERVICE INFORMATION. FAILURE TO
FOLLOW WARNINGS COULD RESULT IN POSSIBLE
AIR BAG DEPLOYMENT, PERSONAL INJURY, OR
OTHERWISE UNNEEDED SRS SYSTEM REPAIRS.CAUTION: Always use the correct fastener in the
proper location. When you replace a fastener, use
ONLY the exact part number for that application.
ISUZU will call out those fasteners that require a
replacement after removal. ISUZU will also call out
the fasteners that require thread lockers or thread
sealant. UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED, do not
use supplemental coatings (Paints, greases, or other
corrosion inhibitors) on threaded fasteners or
fastener joint interfaces. Generally, such coatings
adversely affect the fastener torque and the joint
clamping force, and may damage the fastener. When
you install fasteners, use the correct tightening
sequence and specifications. Following these
instructions can help you avoid damage to parts and
systems.

6D3±2
STARTING AND CHARGING SYSTEM (6VE1 3.5L)
Starting System
General Description
Cranking Circuit
The cranking system consists of a battery, starter, starter
switch, starter relay, etc. These main components are
connected.
Starter
The cranking system employs a magnetic type reduction
starter in which the motor shaft is also used as a pinion
shaft. When the starter switch is turned on, the contacts of
magnetic switch are closed, and the armature rotates. At
the same time, the plunger is attracted, and the pinion is
pushed forward by the shift lever to mesh with the ring
gear.
Then, the ring gear runs to start the engine. When the
engine starts and the starter switch is turned off, the
plunger returns, the pinion is disengaged from the ring
gear, and the armature stops rotation. When the engine
speed is higher than the pinion, the pinion idles, so that
the armature is not driven.