1991 FORD FESTIVA engine oil

ENGINES
Valve "O" ring seals damagedReplace "O" ring seals, See
ENGINES
Plugged oil drain back holesRemove restrictions
Improper PCV valve operationReplace PCV valve
Engine oil level too highRemove excess oil
Engine oil too thinReplace thicker oil
Valve stem oil deflectors damagedReplace oil deflectors
Incorrect piston ringsReplace piston rings, See
ENGINES
Piston ring gaps not staggeredReinstall piston rings, See
ENGINES
Insufficient piston ring tensionReplace rings, See ENGINES
Piston ring grooves or oil returnslots clogged Replace piston
rings, See ENGINES
Piston rings sticking in groovesReplace piston rings, See
ENGINES
Piston ring grooves excessively wornReplace piston and rings, See
ENGINES
Compression rings installed upside downReplace compression rings
correctly, See ENGINES
Worn or scored cylinder wallsRebore cylinders or replace
block
Mismatched oil ring expander and railReplace oil ring expander and
rail, See ENGINES
Intake gasket dowels too longReplace intake gasket dowels
Excessive main or connecting rod bearing clearanceReplace main or connecting
rod bearings, See ENGINES
No Oil Pressure
Low oil levelAdd oil to proper level
Oil pressure sender or gauge brokenReplace sender or gauge
Oil pump malfunctionRemove and overhaul oil
pump, See ENGINES
Oil pressure relief valve stickingR e mo ve a n d r e in st a l l va l ve
Oil pump passages blockedOverhaul oil pump, See
ENGINES
Oil pickup screen or tube blockedRemove restriction
Loose oil inlet tubeTighten oil inlet tube
Loose camshaft bearingsReplace camshaft bearings,
See ENGINES
Internal leakage at oil passagesReplace block or cylinder
head
Low Oil Pressure
Low engine oil levelAdd oil to proper level
Engine oil too thinRemove and replace with
thicker oil
Excessive oil pump clearanceReduce oil pump clearance,
See ENGINES
Oil pickup tube or screen blockedRemove restrictions
Main, rod or cam bearing clearance excessiveReplace bearing to reduce
clearance, See ENGINES
High Oil Pressure
Improper grade of oilReplace with proper oil
Oil pressure relief valve stuck closedEliminate binding
Oil pressure sender or gauge faultyReplace sender or gauge
Noisy Main Bearings
Inadequate oil supplyCheck oil delivery to main
bearings
Excessive main bearing clearanceReplace main bearings, See
ENGINES
Excessive crankshaft end playReplace crankshaft, See
ENGINES
Loose flywheel or torque converterTighten attaching bolts
Loose or damaged vibration damperTighten or replace vibration
damper
Crankshaft journals out-of-roundRe-grind crankshaft journals
Excessive belt tensionLoosen belt tension
Noisy Connecting Rods
Excessive bearing clearance or missing bearingReplace bearing, See
ENGINES
Crankshaft rod journal out-of-roundRe-grind crankshaft journal
Misaligned connecting rod or capRemove rod or cap and realign
Incorrectly tightened rod boltsRemove and re-tighten rod
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bolts
Noisy Pistons and Rings
Excessive piston-to-bore clearanceInstall larger pistons, See
ENGINES
Bore tapered or out-of-roundRebore block
Piston ring brokenReplace piston rings, See
ENGINES
Piston pin loose or seizedReplace piston pin, See
ENGINES
Connecting rods misalignedRealign connecting rods
Ring side clearance too loose or tightReplace with larger or smaller
rings
Carbon build-up on pistonRemove carbon
Noisy Valve Train
Worn or bent push rodsReplace push rods, See
ENGINES
Worn rocker arms or bridged pivotsReplace push rods, See
ENGINES
Dirt or chips in valve liftersRemove lifters and remove
dirt/chips
Excessive valve lifter leak-downReplace valve lifters, See
ENGINES
Valve lifter face wornReplace valve lifters, See
ENGINES
Broken or cocked valve springsReplace or reposition springs
Too much valve stem-to-guide clearanceReplace valve guides, See
ENGINES
Valve bentReplace valve, See ENGINES
Loose rocker armsRetighten rocker arms, See
ENGINES
Excessive valve seat run-outReface valve seats, See
ENGINES
Missing valve lockInstall new valve lock
Excessively worn camshaft lobesReplace camshaft, See
ENGINES
Plugged valve lifter oil holesEliminate restriction or
replace lifter
Faulty valve lifter check ballReplace lifter check ball, See
ENGINES
Rocker arm nut installed upside downRemove and reinstall correctly
Valve lifter incorrect for engineRemove and replace valve
lifters
Faulty push rod seat or lifter plungerReplace plunger or push rod
Noisy Valves
Improper valve lashRe-adjust valve lash, See
ENGINES
Worn or dirty valve liftersClean and/or replace lifters
Wo r n va l ve gu id e sReplace valve guides, See
ENGINES
Excessive valve seat or face run-outReface seats or valve face
Worn camshaft lobesReplace camshaft, See
ENGINES
Loose rocker arm studsRe-tighten rocker arm studs,
See ENGINES
Bent push rodsReplace push rods, See
ENGINES
Broken valve springsReplace valve springs, See
ENGINES
Burned,Sticking or Broken Valves
Weak valve springs or warped valvesReplace valves and/or springs,
See ENGINES
Improper lifter clearanceRe-adjust clearance or replace
lifters
Worn guides or improper guide clearanceReplace valve guides, See
ENGINES
Out-of-round valve seats or improper seat widthRe-grind valve seats
Gum deposits on valve stems, seats or guideRemove deposits
Improper spark timingRe-adjust spark timing
Broken Pistons/Rings
Undersize pistonsReplace with larger pistons,
See ENGINES
Wrong piston ringsReplace with correct rings,
See ENGINES
Out-of-round cylinder boreRe-bore cylinder bore
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BASIC WARM ENGINE DRIVEABILITY SYMPTOMS TROUBLE SHOOTING CHART
DIESEL ENGINE TROUBLE SHOOTING
BASIC DIESEL ENGINE TROUBLE SHOOTING CHART
SYSTEMS
Acceleration Sag or Stall
Defective choke control switchReplace choke control switch
Choke vacuum kick setting incorrectReset choke vacuum kick see,
FUEL SYSTEMS
Float level incorrect (too low)Adjust float level, FUEL
SYSTEMS
Accelerator pump defectiveRepair or replace pump see
FUEL SYSTEMS
Secondary throttles not closedInspect lockout adjustment,
see FUEL SYSTEMS
Sag or Stall After Warmup
Defective choke control switchReplace choke control switch,
see FUEL SYSTEMS
Defective accelerator pumpReplace pump, see FUEL
SYSTEMS
Float level incorrect (too low)Adjust float level, see FUEL
SYSTEMS
Backfiring & Black Smoke
Plugged heat crossover systemRemove restriction
CONDITION & POSSIBLE CAUSECORRECTION
Hesitation With Small Amount of Gas Pedal Movement
Vacuum leakInspect vacuum lines
Accelerator pump weak or inoperableReplace pump, see FUEL
SYSTEMS
Float level setting too lowReset float level, see,FUEL
SYSTEMS
Metering rods sticking or bindingInspect and/or replace rods,
see FUEL SYSTEMS
Carburetor idle or transfer system pluggedInspect system and remove
restriction
Frozen or binding heated air inletInspect heated air door for
binding
Hesitation With Heavy Gas Pedal Movement
Defective accelerator pumpReplace pump, see FUEL
SYSTEMS
Metering rod carrier sticking or bindingRemove restriction
Large vacuum leakInspect vacuum system and
repair leak
Float level setting too lowReset float level, see FUEL
SYSTEMS
Defective fuel pump, lines or filterInspect pump, lines and filter
Air door setting incorrectAdjust air door setting, see
FUEL
NOTE:This is GENERAL inform ation. This article is not intended to be specific to any unique situation or
individual vehicle configuration. T he purpose of this T rouble Shooting inform ation is to provide a list
of com m on causes to problem sym ptom s. For m odel-specific T rouble Shooting, refer to SUBJECT ,
DIAGNOST IC, or T EST ING articles available in the section(s) you are accessing.
NOTE:Diesel engines m echanical diagnosis is the sam e as gasoline engines for item s such as noisy valves,
bearings, pistons, etc. T he following trouble shooting covers only item s pertaining to diesel engines.
CONDITION & POSSIBLE CAUSECORRECTION
Engine Won't Crank
Bad battery connections or dead batteriesCheck connections and/or
replace batteries
Bad starter connections or bad starterCheck connections and/or
replace starter
Engine Cranks Slowly, Won't Start
Bad battery connections or dead batteriesCheck connections and/or
replace batteries
Engine oil too heavyReplace engine oil
Engine Cranks Normally, But Will Not Start
Glow plugs not functioningCheck glow plug system, see
FUEL SYSTEMS
Glow plug control not functioningCheck controller, see FUEL
SYSTEMS
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VACUUM PUMP DIAGNOSIS
FUEL INJECTION TROUBLE SHOOTING
BASIC FUEL INJECTION TROUBLE SHOOTING CHART
EGR valve malfunctionReplace EGR valve
Blocked or damaged exhaust systemRemove restriction and/or
replace components
Blocked fuel tank filterReplace filter
Restricted fuel filterRemove restriction and/or
replace filter
Block vent in gas capRemove restriction and/or
replace cap
Tank-to-injection pump fuel supply blockedCheck fuel lines and
connections
Blocked fuel return systemRemove restriction
Incorrect or contaminated fuelReplace fuel
Blocked injector nozzlesCheck nozzle for blockage, see
FUEL SYSTEMS
Low compressionCheck valves, rings, pistons,
see ENGINES
Loud Engine Noise With Black Smoke
Basic timing incorrectReset timing, see FUEL
SYSTEMS
EGR valve malfunctionReplace EGR valve
Internal injection pump malfunctionReplace injection pump, see
FUEL SYSTEMS
Incorrect injector pump housing pressureCheck pressure, see FUEL
SYSTEMS
Engine Overheating
Cooling system leaksCheck cooling system and
repair leaks
Belt slipping or damagedCheck tension and/or replace
belt
Thermostat stuck closedRemove and replace
thermostat, see ENGINE
COOLING
Head gasket leakingReplace head gasket
Oil Light on at Idle
Low oil pump pressureCheck oil pump operation, see
ENGINES
Oil cooler or line restrictedRemove restriction and/or
replace cooler
Engine Won't Shut Off
Injector pump fuel solenoid does not return fuel valve to OFF positionRemove and check solenoid
and replace if needed
CONDITION & POSSIBLE CAUSECORRECTION
Excessive Noise
Loose pump-to-drive assembly screwsTighten screws
Loose tube on pump assemblyTighten tube
Valves not functioning properlyReplace valves
Oil Leakage
Loose end plugTighten end plug
Bad seal crimpRemove and re-crimp seal
NOTE:This is GENERAL inform ation. This article is not intended to be specific to any unique situation or
individual vehicle configuration. T he purpose of this T rouble Shooting inform ation is to provide a list
of com m on causes to problem sym ptom s. For m odel-specific T rouble Shooting, refer to SUBJECT ,
DIAGNOST IC, or T EST ING articles available in the section(s) you are accessing.
CONDITION & POSSIBLE CAUSECORRECTION
Engine Won't Start (Cranks Normally)
Cold start valve inoperativeTest valve and circuit
Poor connection;vacuum or wiringCheck vacuum and electrical
connections
Contaminated fuelTest fuel for water or alcohol
Defective fuel pump relay or circuitTest relay and wiring
Battery too lowCharge and test battery
Low fuel pressureTest pressure regulator and
fuel pump, check for restricted
lines and filters
No distributor reference pulsesRepair ignition system as
necessary
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IGNITION SYSTEM TROUBLE SHOOTING
Open coolant temperature sensor circuitTest sensor and wiring
Shorted W.O.T. switch in T.P.S.Disconnect W.O.T. switch,
engine should start
Defective ECMReplace ECM
Fuel tank residual pressure valve leaksTest for fuel pressure drop
after shut down
Hard Starting
Disconnected hot air tube to air cleanerReconnect tube and test
control valve
Defective Idle Air Control (IAC) valveTest valve operation and
circuit
Shorted, open or misadjusted T.P.S.Test and adjust or replace
T.P.S.
EGR valve openTest EGR valve and control
circuit
Poor Oxygen sensor signalTest for shorted or circuit
Incorrect mixture from PCV systemTest PCV for flow, check
sealing of oil filter cap
Poor High Speed Operation
Low fuel pump volumeFaulty pump or restricted fuel
lines or filters
Poor MAP sensor signalTest MAP sensor, vacuum
hose and wiring
Poor Oxygen sensor signalTest for shorted or open
sensor or circuit
Open coolant temperature sensor circuitTest sensor and wiring
Faulty ignition operationCheck wires for cracks or poor
con- nections, test secondary
voltage with oscilloscope
Contaminated fuelTest fuel for water or alcohol
Intermittent ECM groundTest ECM ground connection
for resistance
Restricted air cleanerReplace air cleaner
Restricted exhaust systemTest for exhaust manifold back
pressure
Poor MAF sensor signalCheck leakage between sensor
and manifold
Poor VSS signalIf tester for ALCL hook-up is
available check that VSS
reading matches speedometer
Ping or Knock on Acceleration
Poor Knock sensor signalTest for shorted or open
sensor or circuit
Poor Baro sensor signalTest for shorted or open
sensor or circuit
Improper ignition timingSee VEHICLE EMISSION
CONTROL LABEL (where
applicable)
Check for engine overheating problemsLow coolant, loose belts or
electric cooling fan inoperative
NOTE:For additional electronic fuel injection trouble shooting inform ation, see the appropriate article in the
ENGINE PERFORMANCE section (not all vehicles have Com puter Engine Control articles). Inform ation
is provided there for diagnosing fuel system problem s on vehicles with electronic fuel injection.
NOTE:This is GENERAL inform ation. This article is not intended to be specific to any unique situation or
individual vehicle configuration. T he purpose of this T rouble Shooting inform ation is to provide a list
of com m on causes to problem sym ptom s. For m odel-specific T rouble Shooting, refer to SUBJECT ,
DIAGNOST IC, or T EST ING articles available in the section(s) you are accessing.
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Starter Turns but Engine Does Not Rotate
Starter clutch slippingSee STARTER article
Broken clutch housingSee STARTER article
Pinion shaft rusted or drySee STARTER article
Engine basic timing incorrectSee Ignition Timing in
TUNE-UP article
Broken teeth on engine flywheelReplace flywheel and check
for starter pinion gear damage
Starter Will Not Crank Engine
Faulty overrunning clutchSee STARTER article
Broken clutch housingSee STARTER article
Broken flywheel teethReplace flywheel and check
for starter pinion gear damage
Armature shaft sheared or reduction gear teeth strippedSee STARTER article
Weak batteryCharge or replace battery as
necessary
Faulty solenoidSee On-Vehicle Tests in
STARTER article
Poor groundsCheck all ground connections
for tight and clean
connections
Ignition switch faulty or misadjustedAdjust or replace ignition
switch as necessary
Starter Cranks Engine Slowly
Battery weak or defectiveCharge or replace battery as
necessary
Engine overheatedSee ENGINE COOLING
SYSTEM article
Engine oil too heavyCheck that proper viscosity
oil is used
Poor battery-to-starter connectionsCheck that all between
battery and starter are clean
and tight
Current draw too low or too highSee Bench Tests in
STARTER article
Bent armature, loose pole shoes screws or worn bearingsSee STARTER article
Burned solenoid contactsReplace solenoid
Faulty starterReplace starter
S t a r t e r E n ga ge s E n gin e On l y M o me n t a r il y
Engine timing too far advancedSee Ignition Timing in
TUNE-UP article
Overrunning clutch not engaging properlyReplace overrunning clutch.
See STARTER article
Broken starter clutchSee STARTER article
Broken teeth on engine flywheelReplace flywheel and check
starter pinion gear for damage
Weak drive assembly thrust springSee STARTER article
Weak hold-in coilSee Bench Tests in
STARTER article
Starter Drive Will Not Engage
Defective point assemblySee Testing in STARTER
article
Poor point assembly groundSee Testing in STARTER
article
Defective pull-in coilReplace starter solenoid
Starter Relay Does Not Close
Dead batteryCharge or replace battery as
necessary
Faulty wiringCheck all wiring and
connections leading to relay
Neutral safety switch faultyReplace neutral safety switch
Starter relay faultyReplace starter relay
Starter Drive Will Not Disengage
Starter motor loose on mountingsTighten starter attach bolts
Worn drive end bushingSee STARTER article
Damaged engine flywheel teethReplace flywheel and starter
pinion gear for damage
Drive yolk return spring broken or missingReplace return spring
Faulty ignition switchReplace ignition switch
Insufficient clearance between winding leads to solenoid terminal and main contact in solenoidReplace starter solenoid
Starter clutch not disengagingReplace starter clutch
Ignition starter switch contacts stickingReplace ignition switch
Starter Relay Operates but Solenoid Does Not
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TUNE-UP TROUBLE SHOOTING - GAS ENGINE VEHICLES
BASIC SPARK PLUG TROUBLE SHOOTING CHARTS
Faulty solenoid switch, switch connections or relayCheck all wiring between
relay and solenoid or replace
relay or solenoid as necessary
Broken lead or loose soldered connectionsRepair wire or wire
connections as necessary
Solenoid Plunger Vibrates When Switch is Engaged
Weak batteryCharge or replace battery as
necessary
Solenoid contacts corrodedClean contacts or replace
solenoid
Faulty wiringCheck all wiring leading to
solenoid
Broken connections inside switch coverRepair connections or replace
solenoid
Open hold-in wireReplace solenoid
Low Current Draw
Worn brushes or weakReplace brushes or brush
springs as necessary
High Pitched Whine During Cranking Before Engine Fires but Engine Fires and Cranks Normally
Distance too great between starter pinion and flywheelAlign starter or check that
correct starter and flywheel
are being used
High Pitched Whine After Engine Fires With Key released. Engine Fires and Cranks Normally
Distance too small between starter pinion and flywheelFlywheel runout contributes
to the intermittent nature
NOTE:This is GENERAL inform ation. This article is not intended to be specific to any unique situation or
individual vehicle configuration. T he purpose of this T rouble Shooting inform ation is to provide a list
of com m on causes to problem sym ptom s. For m odel-specific T rouble Shooting, refer to SUBJECT ,
DIAGNOST IC, or T EST ING articles available in the section(s) you are accessing.
CONDITION & POSSIBLE CAUSECORRECTION
Normal Spark Plug Condition
Light Tan or Gray depositsNo Action
Electrode not burned or fouledNo Action
Gap tolerance not changedNo Action
Cold Fouling or Carbon Deposits
Overrich air/fuel mixtureAdjust air/fuel mixture, see
ENGINE PERFORMANCE
section
Faulty chokeReplace choke assembly, see
ENGINE PERFORMANCE
section
Clogged air filterClean and/or replace air filter
Incorrect idle speed or dirty carburetorReset idle speed and/ or clean
carburetor
Faulty ignition wiresReplace ignition wiring
Prolonged operation at idleShut engine off during long
idle
Sticking valves or worn valve guide sealsCheck valve train
Wet Fouling or Oil Deposits
Worn rings and pistonsInstall new rings and pistons
Excessive cylinder wearRebore or replace block
Excessive valve guide clearanceWorn or loose bearing
Gap Bridged
Deposits in combustion chamber becoming fused to electrodeClean combustion chamber of
deposits
Blistered Electrode
Engine overheatingCheck cooling system
Wrong type of fuelReplace with correct fuel
Loose spark plugsRetighten spark plugs
Over-advanced ignition timingReset ignition timing see
ENGINE PERFORMANCE
Pre-Ignition or Melted Electrodes
Incorrect type of fuelReplace with correct fuel
Incorrect ignition timingReset ignition timing see
ENGINE PERFORMANCE
Burned valvesReplace valves
Engine OverheatingCheck cooling system
Wrong type of spark plug, too hotReplace with correct spark
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BASIC ELECTRONIC IGNITION TROUBLE SHOOTING CHARTS
BASIC ELECTRONIC IGNITION TROUBLE SHOOTING CHARTS - USING OSCILLOSCOPE PATTERNS
plug, see ENGINE
PERFORMANCE
Chipped Insulators
Severe detonationCheck for over-advanced
timing or combustion
Improper gapping procedureRe-gap spark plugs
Rust Colored Deposits
Additives in unleaded fuelTry different fuel brand
Water In Combustion Chamber
Blown head gasket or cracked headRepair or replace head or head
ga ske t
NOTE:Before diagnosing an electronic ignition system , ensure that all wiring is connected properly between
distributor, wiring connector and spark plugs. Ignition problem will show up either as: Engine Will Not
Start or Engine Runs Rough.
CONDITION & POSSIBLE CAUSECORRECTION
Engine Won't Start
Open circuit between distributor and bulkhead connectorRepair circuit
Open circuit between bulkhead connector and ignition switchRepair circuit
Open circuit between ignition switch and starter solenoidRepair circuit
Engine Runs Rough
Fuel lines leaking or cloggedTigh t e n fit t in g, r e mo ve
restriction
Initial timing incorrectReset ignition timing see
ENGINE PERFORMANCE
Centrifugal advance malfunctionRepair distributor advance
Defective spark plugs or wiringReplace plugs or plug wiring
Component Failure
Spark arc-over on cap, rotor or coilReplace cap, rotor or or coil
Defective pick-up coilReplace pick-up coil
Defective ignition coilReplace ignition coil
Defective vacuum unitReplace vacuum unit
Defective control moduleReplace control module
CONDITION & POSSIBLE CAUSECORRECTION
Firing Voltage Lines are the Same, but Abnormally High
Retarded ignition timingReset ignition timing, see
ENGINE PERFORMANCE
section
Fuel mixture too leanReadjust carburetor, see
ENGINE PERFORMANCE
High resistance in coil wireReplace coil wire
Corrosion in coil tower terminalClean and/or replace coil
Corrosion in distributor coil terminalClean and/or replace
distributor cap
Firing Voltage Lines are the Same but Abnormally Low
Fuel mixture too richReadjust carburetor, see
ENGINE PERFORMANCE
Breaks in coil wire causing arcingReplace coil wire
Cracked coil tower causing arcingReplace coil
Low coil outputReplace coil
Low engine compressionDetermine cause and repair
One or More, But Not All Firing Voltage Lines are Higher Than Others
Carburetor idle mixture not balancedReadjust carburetor, see
ENGINE PERFORMANCE
EGR valve stuck openClean and/or replace valve
High resistance in spark plug wiresReplace spark plug wires
Cracked or broken spark plug insulatorReplace spark plugs
Intake vacuum leakRepair leak
Defective spark plugsReplace spark plugs
Corroded spark plug terminalsReplace spark plugs
One or More, But Not All Firing Voltage Lines Are Lower Than Others
Curb idle mixture not balancedReadjust carburetor, see
ENGINE PERFORMANCE
Breaks in plug wiresReplace plug wires causing
arcing
Cracked coil tower causing arcingReplace coil
Low compressionDetermine cause and repair
Defective spark plugsReplace spark plugs
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