1989 FORD FIESTA parking brake

lubricant, together with dirt and water entry,
resulting in rapid deterioration of the balljoints
or steering gear.
3Check the power-assisted steering fluid
hoses (where fitted) for chafing or
deterioration, and the pipe and hose unions
for fluid leaks. Also check for signs of fluid
leakage under pressure from the steering gear
rubber gaiters, which would indicate failed
fluid seals within the steering gear.
4 Grasp the roadwheel at the 12 o’clock and
6 o’clock positions, and try to rock it. Very
slight free play may be felt, but if the
movement is appreciable, further investigation
is necessary to determine the source.
Continue rocking the wheel while an assistant
depresses the footbrake. If the movement is
now eliminated or significantly reduced, it is
likely that the hub bearings are at fault. If the
free play is still evident with the footbrake
depressed, then there is wear in the
suspension joints or mountings.
5 Now grasp the wheel at the 9 o’clock and 3
o’clock positions, and try to rock it as before.
Any movement felt now may again be caused
by wear in the hub bearings or the steering
track rod balljoints. If the outer track rod end
balljoint is worn, the visual movement will be
obvious. If the inner joint is suspect, it can be
felt by placing a hand over the rack-and-
pinion rubber gaiter, and gripping the track
rod. If the wheel is now rocked, movement will
be felt at the inner joint if wear has taken
place.
6 Using a large screwdriver or flat bar, check
for wear in the suspension mounting bushes
by levering between the relevant suspension
component and its attachment point. Some
movement is to be expected, as the
mountings are made of rubber, but excessive
wear should be obvious. Also check the
condition of any visible rubber bushes,
looking for splits, cracks or contamination of
the rubber.
7 With the vehicle standing on its wheels,
have an assistant turn the steering wheel
back-and-forth, about an eighth of a turn each
way. There should be very little, if any, lost
movement between the steering wheel and
roadwheels. If this is not the case, closely
observe the joints and mountings previously described, but in addition, check the steering
column universal joints for wear, and also
check the rack-and-pinion steering gear itself.
Rear suspension check
8
Chock the front wheels then jack up the
rear of the car and support it on axle stands
(see “Jacking and Vehicle Support” ). Remove
the rear roadwheels.
9 Check the rear hub bearings for wear, using
the method described for the front hub
bearings (paragraph 4).
10 Using a large screwdriver or flat bar,
check for wear in the suspension mounting
bushes by levering between the relevant
suspension component and its attachment
point. Some movement is to be expected, as
the mountings are made of rubber, but
excessive wear should be obvious. Check the
condition of the shock absorbers and their
bushes/mountings. On Van models, check the
leaves of the leaf springs for signs of cracking,
distortion, or other damage.
Roadwheel check and balancing
11 Periodically remove the roadwheels, and
clean any dirt or mud from the inside and
outside surfaces. Examine the wheel rims for
signs of rusting, corrosion or other damage.
Light alloy wheels are easily damaged by
“kerbing” whilst parking, and similarly, steel
wheels may become dented or buckled.
Renewal of the wheel is very often the only
course of remedial action possible.
12 The balance of each wheel and tyre
assembly should be maintained, not only to
avoid excessive tyre wear, but also to avoid
wear in the steering and suspension
components. Wheel imbalance is normally
signified by vibration through the vehicle’s
bodyshell, although in many cases it is
particularly noticeable through the steering
wheel. Conversely, it should be noted that
wear or damage in suspension or steering
components may cause excessive tyre wear.
Out-of-round or out-of-true tyres, damaged
wheels and wheel bearing wear/
maladjustment also fall into this category.
Balancing will not usually cure vibration
caused by such wear.
13 Wheel balancing may be carried out with
the wheel either on or off the vehicle. If balanced on the vehicle, ensure that the
wheel-to-hub relationship is marked in some
way prior to subsequent wheel removal, so
that it may be refitted in its original position.
11 Driveshaft rubber gaiter and
CV joint check
1
1The driveshaft rubber gaiters are very
important, because they prevent dirt, water
and foreign material from entering and
damaging the constant velocity (CV) joints.
External contamination can cause the gaiter
material to deteriorate prematurely, so it’s a
good idea to wash the gaiters with soap and
water occasionally.
2 With the vehicle raised and securely
supported on axle stands, turn the steering
onto full-lock, then slowly rotate each front
wheel in turn. Inspect the condition of the
outer constant velocity (CV) joint rubber
gaiters, squeezing the gaiters to open out the
folds. Check for signs of cracking, splits, or
deterioration of the rubber, which may allow
the escape of grease, and lead to the ingress
of water and grit into the joint (see
illustration) . Also check the security and
condition of the retaining clips. Repeat these
checks on the inner CV joints. If any damage
or deterioration is found, the gaiters should be
renewed as described in Chapter 8.
3 At the same time, check the general
condition of the outer CV joints themselves,
by first holding the driveshaft and attempting
to rotate the wheels. Any appreciable
movement in the CV joint indicates wear in the
joint, wear in the driveshaft splines, or a loose
driveshaft retaining nut. Repeat this check on
the inner joints, by holding the inner joint yoke
and attempting to rotate the driveshaft.
12 Exhaust system check
1
1 With the engine cold (at least three hours
after the vehicle has been driven), check the
complete exhaust system, from its starting
1•16Every 10 000 miles or 12 months
11.2 Check the driveshaft gaiters by hand for cracks and/or leaking grease10.2c Check the condition of the steering rack gaiters10.2b Check the condition of the lowerarm balljoint dust cover (arrowed)
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1595 Ford Fiesta Remake
REF•24Glossary of technical terms
EEGR valveA valve used to introduce exhaust
gases into the intake air stream.
Electr onic control unit (ECU) A computer
which controls (for instance) ignition and fuel
injection systems, or an anti-lock braking
system. For more information refer to the
Haynes Automotive Electrical and Electronic
Systems Manual.
Electr onic Fuel Injection (EFI) A computer
contr olled fuel system that distributes fuel
thr ough an injector located in each intake port
of the engine.
Emergency brake A braking system,
independent of the main hydraulic system,
that can be used to slow or stop the vehicle if
the primary brakes fail, or to hold the vehicle
stationary even though the brake pedal isn’t
depr essed. It usually consists of a hand lever
that actuates either front or rear brakes
mechanically through a series of cables and
linkages. Also known as a handbrake or
parking brake.
Endfloat The amount of lengthwise
movement between two parts. As applied to a
crankshaft, the distance that the crankshaft
can move forward and back in the cylinder
block.
Engine management system (EMS) A
computer controlled system which manages
the fuel injection and the ignition systems in
an integrated fashion.
Exhaust manifold A part with several
passages through which exhaust gases leave
the engine combustion chambers and enter
the exhaust pipe.
FFan clutch A viscous (fluid) drive coupling
device which permits variable engine fan
speeds in relation to engine speeds. Feeler blade
A thin strip or blade of hardened
steel, ground to an exact thickness, used to
check or measure clearances between parts.
Firing order The order in which the engine
cylinders fire, or deliver their power strokes,
beginning with the number one cylinder.
Flywheel A heavy spinning wheel in which
ener gy is absorbed and stored by means of
momentum. On cars, the flywheel is attached
to the crankshaft to smooth out firing
impulses.
Fr ee play The amount of travel before any
action takes place. The “looseness” in a
linkage, or an assembly of parts, between the
initial application of force and actual
movement. For example, the distance the
brake pedal moves before the pistons in the
master cylinder are actuated.
Fuse An electrical device which protects a
cir cuit against accidental overload. The typical
fuse contains a soft piece of metal which is
calibrated to melt at a predetermined current
flow (expressed as amps) and break the
circuit.
Fusible link A circuit protection device
consisting of a conductor surrounded by
heat-r esistant insulation. The conductor is
smaller than the wire it protects, so it acts as
the weakest link in the circuit. Unlike a blown
fuse, a failed fusible link must frequently be
cut from the wire for replacement.
GGap The distance the spark must travel in
jumping from the centre electrode to the side electr
ode in a spark plug. Also refers to the
spacing between the points in a contact
br eaker assembly in a conventional points-
type ignition, or to the distance between the
r eluctor or rotor and the pickup coil in an
electr onic ignition.
Gasket Any thin, soft material - usually cork,
cardboar d, asbestos or soft metal - installed
between two metal surfaces to ensure a good
seal. For instance, the cylinder head gasket
seals the joint between the block and the
cylinder head.
Gauge An instrument panel display used to
monitor engine conditions. A gauge with a
movable pointer on a dial or a fixed scale is an
analogue gauge. A gauge with a numerical
r eadout is called a digital gauge.
HHalfshaft A rotating shaft that transmits
power from the final drive unit to a drive
wheel, usually when referring to a live rear axle.
Harmonic balancer A device designed to
r educe torsion or twisting vibration in the
crankshaft. May be incorporated in the
crankshaft pulley. Also known as a vibration
damper.
Hone An abrasive tool for correcting small
irr egularities or differences in diameter in an
engine cylinder, brake cylinder, etc.
Hydraulic tappet A tappet that utilises
hydraulic pressure from the engine’s
lubrication system to maintain zero clearance
(constant contact with both camshaft and
valve stem). Automatically adjusts to variation
in valve stem length. Hydraulic tappets also
r educe valve noise.
IIgnition timing The moment at which the
spark plug fires, usually expressed in the number of crankshaft degrees before the
piston reaches the top of its stroke.
Inlet manifold A tube or housing with
passages through which flows the air-fuel mixtur e (carburettor vehicles and vehicles with
thr ottle body injection) or air only (port fuel-
injected vehicles) to the port openings in the
cylinder head.
Exhaust manifold
Feeler blade
Adjusting spark plug gap
Gasket
EGR valve
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Fault finding - clutch - REF•17
Fault finding - cooling system - REF•16
Fault finding - driveshafts - REF•19
Fault finding - electrical system - 5A•2,
12 •3, REF •20
Fault finding - engine - REF•15, REF•16,
REF•18
Fault finding - fuel and exhaust systems -
REF•17
Fault finding - manual transmission - REF•17
Fault finding - suspension and steering
systems - REF•19
Filling - 11•3
Filter, air -1•22, 1•23, 4A•3, 4B•4, 4C•3,
4D•3, 4E•5
Filter, oil -1•9
Filter, fuel -1•25
Fire - 0•5
Float - 4A•7, 4A•9, 4A•16
Fluid seals - 7B•3
Fluids - 0•17
Flywheel - 2A•11, 2B•14, 2C•16
Fuel consumption high - REF•17
Fuel cut-off switch - 4B•5, 4C•5, 4D•4
Fuel filler pipe - 4A•6, 4B•5, 4C•5, 4D•4
Fuel filter - 1•25
Fuel gauge - 4A•6, 4B•4, 4C•5, 4D•4, 12 •12
Fuel gauge fault - REF•20
Fuel hoses - 1•13
Fuel injectors - 4B•5, 4C•5, 4D•5
Fuel lines - 1•17, 4B•3, 4C•3, 4D•2
Fuel pressure check - 4C•4
Fuel pressure regulator - 4B•6, 4C•6, 4D•5
Fuel pump - 4A•5, 4B•4, 4C•4, 4C•5, 4D•4
Fuel rail - 4C•5, 4D•5
Fuel system - carburettor engines -4A•1 et
seq
Fuel system - central fuel injection engines
-4B•1 et seq
Fuel system - electronic fuel injection engines -4C•1 et seq
Fuel system - sequential electronic fuel
injection engines -4D•1 et seq
Fuel and exhaust systems - REF•13
Fuel and exhaust systems fault finding - REF•17
Fuel tank - 4A•5, 4A•6, 4B•4, 4B•5, 4C•5,
4D•4
Fuel trap - 4B•7
Fume or gas intoxication - 0•5
Fuses - 0•16, 12 •4
G
Gaiters - 1•16, 8•3, 8•4, 10 •15
Gashes in bodywork - 11•3
Gaskets - REF •4
Gear lever - 7A•2
Gear selection problems - REF•18
Gear selector - 7B•2
Gearbox oil - 0•17, 1•14
Gearbox - See Manual gearbox
Gearchange linkage - 7A•2
Gearchange selector - 7A•3
Glossary of technical terms - REF•22 et seq
Grab handle - 11•20
H
Handbrake - 1•25, 9•12, 9•13, 12 •6,
REF•10
Handles - 11•11, 11•13, 11 •20
Hazard warning switch - 12•8
HC emissions - REF•13
HCS engine in-car repair procedures -
2A•1 et seq
Headlight - 12•7, 12 •9, 12 •10
Heater - 3•2, 3•8, 12 •6, 12•9
Horn - 12•12
Horn fault - REF•20
HT lead - 1•20
Hub bearings - 10•5, 10•8, REF •12
Hydraulic pipes and hoses - 9•9
Hydraulic tappets - 2C•8
Hydrofluoric acid - 0•5
I
Idle speed -1•14, 1•15, 1•20, 4C•6
Idle speed control valve - 4D•6
Idling fault - REF•15
Ignition amplifier - 5B•5
Ignition switch - 12•5
Ignition system -5B•1 et seq
Ignition fault - REF•20
Ignition timing - 5B•7
Indicators - 12•7, 12•9, 12 •10
Injector ballast resistor - 4B•9
Injectors - 4C•5, 4D•5
Inlet manifold - 4A•18, 4B•9, 4C•8, 4D•7
Instruments - 1•18, 12•8, 12•11
Instrument fault - REF•20
Intercooler - 4C•8
Interior light - 12•6, 12 •9
J
Jacking and vehicle support - REF•5
Joint mating faces - REF•4
Joystick - 12•16
Jump starting - 0•7
L
Leaks -0•9, 1•12, REF •16, REF•17, REF•18,
REF•20
Light-laden valve - 9•13, 9•14
Lighter - 12•9, 12 •12
Lights-on warning module - 12•16
Load compartment - 11•20
Load-apportioning valve - 9•16
Locknuts ,locktabs and washers - REF•4
Locks - 11•11, 11•12, 11•13, 12 •5
Loudspeaker housing - 11•20
Lower arm - 10•8
Lubricants - 0•17
Luggage area - 12•6, 12•9
M
Main bearings - 2D•21, 2D•22
Manifold absolute pressure sensor - 4B•8,
4C•7 Manifolds -
4A•18, 4B•9, 4C•8, 4D•7, 4E•3
Manual gearbox
Manual transmission -2A•10, 2B•13,
2C•15, 2D•6, 2D•8, 2D•10, 7A•1 et seq
Manual transmission fault finding - REF•17
Manual transmission oil - 0•17, 1•14
Mass air flow sensor - 4D•6
Master cylinder - 9•7
Minor scratches in bodywork - 11•2
Mirrors - 11 •8, 11•9, REF •10
Misfire - REF•15
Mixture - 1•14, 1•15, 4C•7, REF•13
Modulator - 9•16
MOT test checks - REF•10et seq
Mountings - 2A•10, 2B•13, 2C•15
N
Needle valve - 4A•7, 4A•9, 4A•16
Number plate light - 12•8, 12 •10
O
Oil filter - 1•9
Oil pressure fault - REF•16
Oil pump - 2A•8, 2A•9, 2B•11, 2B•12,
2C•13
Oil seals - 2A•9, 2B•7, 2B•12, 2C•8, 2C•14,
7A•3, 7B•3, REF •4
Oil separator - 4E•5
Oil, engine - 0•12, 0•17, 1•9
Oil, manual transmission - 0•17, 1•14
Open-circuit - 12•4
Overcooling - REF•16
Overheating - REF•16
Oxygen sensor - 4B•8, 4C•7, 4D•7
P
Pads -9•2
Paint - 1•18
Parcel shelf - 11•20
Parking light - 12•7
Passive Anti-Theft System (PATS) - 12•17
Pedals - 4A•4, 4B•4, 4C•4, 4D•3, 6•2, 9•8,
9•9
Pinking - REF•16
Piston rings - 2D•22
Pistons - 2D•17, 2D•24, 2D•25
Plastic components - 11•4
Poisonous or irritant substances - 0•5
Positive crankcase ventilation system - 4E•1, 4E•5
Power steering - 10•14, 10•15, 10•16,
10 •17
Power steering fluid - 0•13, 0•17
Power steering pressure switch - 4B•8,
4C•7, 4D•7
Pre-ignition - REF•16
Printed circuit - 12•11
Pulse-air system - 4E•2, 4E•6, 4E•7
Q
Quarter mouldings - 11•8
REF•28Index
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