Operation
Any modification to the programmed speed
i s
shown on the bottom left part of the instru-
ment panel display.
Adjusting distance level
The distance according to speed with regard
to the vehicle in front can be controlled on
the Easy Connect system on 5 levels
››› page 26.
In wet road conditions, you should always set
a larger distance with regard to the vehicle in
front than when driving in dry conditions.
The following distances can be preselected:
● Very short
● Short
● Media
● Long
● Very long
In the Ea
sy Connect system the distance that
must be set when connecting the ACC may be
adjusted using the button and the
Set
up and
Driv
er a
ssistance function buttons
› ›
› page 26.
Adjusting the driving programme
In vehicles with driving profile selection
(SEAT Drive Profile), the profile selected can
influence acceleration behaviour
››› page 225. The following driving programmes items can
be select
ed:
● Normal
● Sport
● Eco
● Convenience
In v
ehicles without the driving profile selec-
tion function, acceleration behaviour can be
influenced by selecting a driving programme
on the Easy Connect system using the button and the
Set
up and
Driv
er a
ssistance function buttons
››
›
page 26.
The following conditions may lead the ACC
not to react:
● If the accelerator is pressed.
● If there is no gear engaged.
● If the ESC is controlling.
● If the driver is not wearing his/her seat
belt.
● If
several brake lights of the vehicle or elec-
trical
ly connected trailer are damaged.
● If the vehicle is reversing.
● Driving faster than 210 km/h (150 mph). WARNING
There is a danger of rear collision when the
minimum di s
tance to the vehicle in front is
exceeded and the speed difference between both vehicles is so great that a speed reduc-
tion b
y
the ACC will not suffice. In this case
the brake pedal should be applied immedi-
ately.
● The ACC may not be able to detect all situa-
tions
properly.
● “Stepping” on the accelerator may cause
the AC
C not to intervene in braking. Driver
braking will have priority over intervention by
the speed control or adaptive cruise control.
● Always be ready to use the brakes!
● Observe country-specific provisions gov-
erning o
bligatory minimum distances be-
tween vehicles. Note
● The pr ogr
ammed speed is erased once the
ignition or the ACC are switched off.
● When the traction control system (ASR) is
deactiv
ated during acceleration or else the
ESC is activated in Sport* Mode
( ››› page 108), the ACC switches off automati-
cally.
● In vehicles with the Start-Stop system, the
engine sw
itches off automatically during the
ACC stopping phase and restarts automatical-
ly to begin driving. Vehicles with an automatic gearbox
If the vehicle is equipped with automatic
g
e
arbox, the ACC can brake the vehicle until
202
Driver assistance systems
it stops completely if a vehicle in front of it
s t
ops.
The ACC will still be available for a few sec-
onds. The vehicle will restart by itself if the
vehicle in front moves (traffic jam assistant).
Disconnection criteria
The ACC will switch off if the driver applies
the brake pedal or the driver's door is
opened.
Restarting the vehicle with the ACC manually
The ACC can be activated again by moving
the lever to position 2
› ›
›
Fig. 180. CAUTION
● If
your vehicle with ACC does not start up
as expected, you can drive off by briefly step-
ping on the accelerator.
● The Start-Stop system usually acts if you
are driv
ing with ACC. Interrupting control
Fig. 180
On the left of the steering column:
thir d l
ever for operating the Adaptive Cruise
Control. Important: the ACC is active.
Int
erruptin
g control during driving
● Move the lever to the position 3 . The
ACC
s
tandby message is displayed to the driver.
or
● Brake.
● To resume the programmed speed, turn the
lev
er to position 2 .
Int errupt
speed control with the vehicle sta-
tionary
Applies to vehicles with automatic gearbox:
● Move the lever to the position 3 . The
ACC
s
tandby message is displayed to the driver. ●
To r
esume control, apply the brake and turn
the lever to position 2 .
WARNING
It is dangerous to activate control and resume
the pr ogr
ammed speed if the road, traffic or
weather conditions do not permit this. Risk of
accident! Setting the distance
Fig. 181
Control lever: setting the distance. ●
To display the distance currently program-
med, briefly pr
ess the rocking button
››› Fig. 181.
● To increase/reduce the distance one level,
pre
ss the rocking button again towards the
left/right. The instrument panel display
modifies the distance between both vehicles.
If the vehicle approaches another vehicle de-
tected in front of it, the ACC reduces the »
203
Technical data
Advice
Operation
Emergencies
Safety
Driver assistance systems
with the operation of the Park Assist system
and c
au
se damage.
● The Park Assist system uses as a reference
park
ed vehicles, curbs and other objects.
Make sure that the tyres and wheels are not
damaged while parking. If necessary, oppor-
tunely interrupt the parking manoeuvre to
avoid damaging the vehicle.
● The ultrasound sensors on the bumper may
be dam
aged or shifted in the event of a colli-
sion, for example, when entering or exiting a
parking space.
● If you use high-pressure or vapour equip-
ment t
o clean the ultrasound sensors, do not
apply it directly unless very briefly and al-
ways from a distance of more than 10 cm.
● A registration plate or plate holder on the
front
with larger than the space for the regis-
tration plate, or a registration plate that is
curved or warped can cause:
– false detections,
– loss of sensor visibility,
– cancellation of the parking manoeuvre or
defective parking.
● If one of the ultrasonic sensors is damaged,
the are
a corresponding to that group of sen-
sors (front or rear) is deactivated and cannot
be activated until the fault is corrected. How-
ever, you can still use the sensors of the oth-
er bumper as per usual. If there is a fault in
the system, consult a specialist workshop.
SEAT recommends visiting a SEAT dealership
for this. Note
● In or der t
o guarantee good system opera-
tion, keep the ultrasound sensors of the
bumper clean, free of snow or ice, and do not
cover them with adhesives or other objects.
● Certain sources of noise, such as rough as-
pha
lt or paving stones and the noise of other
vehicles can induce the Park Assist system or
ParkPilot to give erroneous warnings.
● In order to become familiar with the system
and its
functions, SEAT recommends that you
practice operating the Park Assist system in
an area where there is not too much traffic or
in a car park. Description of the Park Assist system
Fig. 200
At the top of the centre console: but-
t on t
o switch on the Park Assist system. The components of Park Assist system are
the u
ltr
asonic sensors located in the front and rear bumpers, the
› ››
Fig. 200
button
to switch the system on and off and the mes-
sages on the instrument panel display.
Prematurely stopping or automatically inter-
rupting the manoeuvres for parking or exit-
ing a parking space
Park Assist interrupts the manoeuvres for
parking or exiting a parking space in any of
the following cases:
● Button is pressed.
● The speed exceeds approximately 7 km/h
(4 mph).
● The driver takes hold of the steering wheel.
● The parking manoeuvre does not end with-
in ap pr
oximately 6 minutes following activa-
tion of the automatic steering.
● There is a fault in the system (the system is
tempor
arily unavailable).
● ASR is switched off.
● ASR or ESC intervene with regulation.
● The driver door is opened.
To r
estart the manoeuvre it is necessary that
none of these things occur and that button is pressed again.
»
233
Technical data
Advice
Operation
Emergencies
Safety
Towing bracket device*
Towing bracket device* T r
ailer mode
Introduction Take into account country-specific regula-
tion
s
about driving with a trailer and the use
of a towing bracket.
The vehicle has been developed primarily for
carrying people, although it can also be used
to tow a trailer if fitted with the correspond-
ing technical equipment. This additional load
has an effect on the useful life, fuel con-
sumption and vehicle performance and in
some cases can reduce the service intervals.
Driving with a trailer requires more force from
the vehicle, and thus more concentration
from the driver.
In winter, winter tyres should be fitted on
both the vehicle and the trailer.
Maximum vertical load technically permissi-
ble on the coupling
The maximum vertical load technically per-
mitted from the trailer draw bar on the towing
bracket's tow hitch is 85 kg.
Vehicles with the Start-Stop system
If the vehicle has a factory-fitted towing
bracket or one that is retrofitted by SEAT, the Start-Stop system operates as normal. No
s
pec
ial characteristics need to be taken into
account.
If the system does not recognise the trailer or
the trailer bracket has not been retrofitted by
SEAT, the Start-Stop system must be discon-
nected by pressing the corresponding button
in the lower part of the centre console before
driving with the trailer, and it should remain
off for the rest of the journey ››› .
V ehic
les with driving profile selection
If you are going to be towing a trailer, the use
of the Eco driving profile is not recommen-
ded. You are advised to select another of the
available driving profiles before beginning to
drive with a trailer. WARNING
Never use the trailer to transport people,
s inc
e it would put their life in danger and is
also prohibited. WARNING
Undue use of the towing bracket may cause
injur y
and accidents.
● Only use the towing bracket if it is in a per-
fect
state of repair and is properly secured.
● Never modify or repair the towing bracket
in any
way.
● In order to reduce the danger of injury in
the event
of rear-end collisions and to avoid injury to pedestrians and cyclists when park-
in
g the
vehicle, cover or remove the tow hitch
when you are not using a trailer.
● Never fit a towing bracket “with weight dis-
tribution” or “lo
ad compensation”. The vehi-
cle has not been designed for this type of
towing bracket. The towing bracket could fail
and the trailer could be released from the ve-
hicle. WARNING
Driving with a trailer and transporting heavy
or l ar
ge objects can affect driving properties
and even cause an accident.
● Always secure the load properly using belts
or str
aps that are suitable and in good condi-
tion.
● Adapt your speed and driving style at all
times
to suit visibility, weather, road and traf-
fic conditions.
● Trailers with a high centre of gravity are
more lik
ely to overturn than those with a low
one.
● Avoid sudden braking and manoeuvres.
● Take great care when overtaking.
● Reduce speed immediately if you notice
that
the trailer is swaying, however slightly.
● Never drive at more than 80 km/h (50 mph)
when to
wing a trailer (or at more than
100 km/h (60 mph) in exceptional circum-
stances). This also applies in countries where
driving at higher speeds is permitted. Take » 255
Technical data
Advice
Operation
Emergencies
Safety
Index
Fuel tank flap openin g and c
losing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Full-LED Headlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Function Coming Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Function Leaving Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51, 90 fuse box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
identifying blown fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Identifying by colours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Preparation before replacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
replacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
G Gear-change indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Gearbox DSG see Automatic gearbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Gearbox lever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Gear change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 automatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Kick-down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
manual gearbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Manual gear change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Gear engaged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Gear recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Gearshift paddles (automatic gearbox) . . . . . . . 179
General instrument panel Control lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
controls and displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Engine compartment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Warning lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Glove compartment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
H
Hand brake See Parking brake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Hazard warning lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 135 HDC
se e Hill Descent Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Head-on collisions and the laws of physics . . . . . 70
Head-protection airbags description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
safety instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Headlight range control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Headlights driving abroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Headlight washers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Head restraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
front head restraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
rear head restraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Headrests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
front . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Heated rear window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43, 45
Heating and fresh air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Hill Descent Control control lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Horn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
How to jump start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
I
Identifying letters on engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 165
Ignition lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 165 see Starter button . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Incorrect sitting position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Indications on display traffic signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Indications on the ACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Indications on the display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
ad aptive cruise control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
assist systems submenu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
distance travelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
doors, bonnet and rear lid open . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Driver information system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
driving data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
ECO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
engine oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
MKB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
outside temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
recommended gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
second speed display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
selector lever positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104, 177
service intervals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
speed warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Start-Stop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
tyre monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
warning and control lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
warning and information messages . . . . . . . . . 32
Indications on the screen SEAT Drive Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Inertia mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Infotainment system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Inspection service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Instrument cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Instrument panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102, 103
instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
odometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
service interval indication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
warning and control lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Interior lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
314
Index
Start-Stop system Driv er me
ssages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
stopping and starting the engine . . . . . . . . . . 188
Switching off and on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
The engine does not switch off . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
The engine starts by itself . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Start-Stop System operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Starter button . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Starting the engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Starting the vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Steering electromechanical steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
engaging the steering lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Steering wheel adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Gearshift paddles (automatic gearbox) . . . . . 179
setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Steering wheel controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Storage area front seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Storage compartment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 glove compartment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Storage compartments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 glove compartment lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Storing objects trailer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Sun blinds anti-trap function (sunroof) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
sunroof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Sun protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Sunroof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 anti-trap function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
closing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
opening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 operating malfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
su
n blind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Sun visors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Switch hazard warning lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Switching off the engine with the key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Switching off the lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Switching on the lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Switching the ignition on and off . . . . . . . . 23, 165
System Easy Connect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
T Tailboard for transporting long items . . . . . . . . . 151
tail light changing a bulb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Taking care of your vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 exterior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
interior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Technical data Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
roof load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Vertical load on the coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Technical specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Tightening torques of wheel bolts . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Tiptronic (automatic gearbox) . . . . . . . . . . 177, 179
Tire Mobility Set inflating a tyre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Top speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Top Tether . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 22
Top Tether system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 22
Top Tether System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Tow-starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Tow-starting the engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 special characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Tow hitch
contr ol lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
electrical unlocking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Towing Blind spot detector (BSD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Special Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Towing bracket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 also see Trailer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
control lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
electrical unlocking tow hitch . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
fitting a bicycle rack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
malfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
retrofitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Towing the vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 86, 87 automatic gearbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
driving tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
four-wheel drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
front towing eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
manual gearbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
rear towing eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
special characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86, 88
tow bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
towing not allowed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
with towing bracket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Towline anchorages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 83
Tow rope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257, 260
Traffic Jam Assist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 malfunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
situations in which Traffic Jam Assist must beswitched off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
switching off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
switching on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Traffic sign detection system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 limited operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
speed warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Trailer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
windscreen damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 319