
Fuses and bulbs
Fuse panel @ (black) Fuse panel@ (black)
8 Front passenger power window 11 Right rear power window
9 ESC control module 12 Front passenger's seat (pneumatic)
10 ESC control module
Luggage compartment fuse assignment
F ig. 289 Luggage compar tment: fuse panel with p lastic brack et
Fuse panel @ (black) Fuse panel@ (black)
No. Equipment
l
ESC button , data logger, diagnostic con-
nector, BCM -1, adaptive light 10
Rear
seat heating, refrigerator, rearview
mirror
11 Electromechanical
steering
2 Networking gateway 12 Selector lever, BCM-2 voltage
3 adaptive air suspension
13 Side assist
4 Park ing aid 14 Engin e control module
5 Steering column lever 15 Starter
6 Suspension control system sensor
7 Belt tensioners, airbag control module 16
Left
headlight (headligh ts with adaptive
lig ht)/head light range control
Heated washer flu id nozzles, Home Link
8 (garage door opener) , night vision system
control module, sport differential, ionizer
9
Electromechan ical parking brake control
module
Fuse panel ® (red)
No. Equipment
l Left reversible belt tensioner
2 Right reversible belt tensioner
324

0 co .... N ,..... N .... 0 0 :c '
3
Starter diagnosis, DC/DC converter (with
Start/Stop system)
4 DC/DC converter (with Start/Stop system)
5 Image processing
6
Right headl ight (headlights with adaptive
light)
7 ESC control module
8
Sound actuator, AEM contro l modu le/
crankcase housing heater
9 Adapt ive cru ise control
10 Transmission control module
11 Climate control system sensors
Fuse panel © (brown)
No . Equipment
1 Electromechanical parking brake
2 Suspension control system sensor
3 Rear Infotainment system control panel
4 Smart mod ule (tank)
5 Front climate control system controls
6 Rear climate control system control panel
7 Networking gateway
8 Refrigerator
9 Special functions interface
10 Cell phone adapter, Bluetooth handset
11 AEM control module
12 Selector lever
13 Interior lighting
14 Rear exter ior light ing
15 Fue l pump
16 Electromechan ica l parking brake
Fuse panel @ (black)
No . Equipment
1 Luggage compa
rtment lid movement-acti-
vated opening
2 Luggage compartment sockets
3 Rea r socket
4 Front cigarette lighter
5 adaptive air suspension
6 1 lS V socket
Fuses and bulbs
Fuse panel @ (black)
7 Electromechanical parking brake
8 Rear seat heating
9 Rear exterior lighting
10 Rear climate control blower
Rear sun shade, closing aid, luggage com-
11 partment lid lock, convenience key, fuel
filler door
12 L uggage compartment lid control module
Fuse panel © (red)
No. Equipment
1 Rear seat adjustment buttons
3 Left rear seat (pneumatic)
s Trailer hitch control module
6 Left rear seat
7 R ight rear seat
8 Trailer hitch control module
9 Tra ile r hitch control module
10 Right rear seat (pneumatic)
Fuse panel® (brown)
No. Equipment
1
Start/Stop system, radio receiver/sound
amplifier
2 Sound amplifier
3
Start/Stop system, Rear Seat Entertain-
ment, radio receiver/sound amplifier
s
Automat ic dimming interior rearview mir-
r or (for Start-Stop system)
6 DVD changer (glove compartment)
7 TV tuner
8 Infotainment system control panel/drives
9 Instrument cluster, analog clock
10 Infotainment system display
11 Radio receiver
12
Rearview camera, peripheral cameras
(parking system)
325

Emergency situations
@ Tips
The discharged battery must be properly con
nected to the vehicle's electrical system .
When jump starting or charging the battery,
never connect the negative ground cable to
the battery negative post because the battery
manager system must be able to detect the
battery's state of charge. Always connect the
negat ive ground cable to the negative ground
pos t of the battery manager control unit.
Using the jump start
cable
Both jump start cables must be connected in the
correct order!
Fig. 290 E ngin e compartme nt: co nn ectors for jump start
cables and a charger
Fig. 291 Jump starting using a battery in anot her vehicle:
A -prov idin g current, B -drai ned
The procedure for connecting jump start cables
that is descr ibed next is designed to help jump
start your vehicle.
Vehicle with discharged battery:
... Turn off lights and accessories, move automatic
transmission lever to N (Neutral) or P (Park)
and set parking brake.
328
Connecting the positive cable (red) to the
positive terminal
... Open the cover on the positive terminal
qfig . 290.
1. Secure one end of the pos itive cable (red) to
t he jump start pin
(D q fig. 291 (pin under
the cover = "plus") on the vehicle that needs
to be started @.
2. Secure the other end of the positive cable
(red) to the positive terminal @on the bat
te ry provid ing the cur rent @.
Connecting the negative cable (black) to the
negative terminal
3. Secure one end of the negative cable (black)
to the negative terminal @ on the battery
that is providing the current @.
4. Secure the other end of the negative cable
(black) to the jump start pin@ (hex head pin
= "negative") on the vehicle that needs to be
started @.
Starting the engine
... Sta rt the eng ine on the vehicle providing the
jump start @and let it run at idle .
... Now start the engine on the vehicle with the
drained battery @.
... If the engine does not start, stop the starting
procedure after 10 seconds and then repeat it
after approximately 30 seconds .
... Remove the cables whe n the engi nes are run
ning. Remove them in reverse order from the
way they were installed.
" Close the cover on the positive terminal.
The battery is vented to the outside to prevent
gases from enter ing the vehicle interior. Make
sure that the jumper clamps are well connected
with their
metal parts in full contact with the
battery terminals .
A WARNING
To avoid serious personal injury and damage
to the vehicle, heed all warnings and instruc
tions of the jumper cable manufacturer. If in
doubt, call for road service .
- Jumper cables must be long enough so t hat
the vehicles do not touch.
Ill>

-When connect ing jumper cables, make sure
that they cannot get caught in any mov ing
parts in the engine compartment.
- Before you check anything in the engine
compartment, a lways read and heed a ll
WARNINGS
¢ page 271.
(D Note
Impro per hook-u p of jum per cables can ru in
the generato r.
- Always connect POSITIVE( +) to POSITI VE
( + ), and NEGATIVE( -) to NEGATIVE( -)
g round post of the battery manager contro l
unit.
- Check that a ll screw p lugs on the batt ery
cells are sc rewed in firmly. If not, t ighten
pl ugs p rior to connect ing clamp on negative
b atte ry te rmi nal.
- Please note t hat the procedure fo r con nect
i ng a jumper cab le as desc ribed above ap
p lie s specifica lly to the case of yo ur vehicle
b eing ju mp started. When you are g iv ing a
ju mp s tart t o another vehicle, do
not con
n ect th e neg ative( -) ca b le to the neg ative
( -) t ermin al on t he disch arge d batte ry @
¢ fig . 291 . Instead, secure ly connect the
n egative(- ) cab le to either a solid metal
com ponent that is f irm ly bolted to the en
gine block o r to the engine bloc k itself. If
the battery that is be ing c ha rged does not
vent to the outs ide, escap ing batte ry gas
could ignite and ex plod e!
Towing with a tow truck
General hints
Yo ur Audi requires special h andling for towing .
The follow ing information is to be us ed by com
mercia l tow tr uck o pera tors w ho kn ow how to op
e rat e the ir equip men t sa fely.
- Never tow your Audi. Towing will cause dam
age to the engine and transmission .
- Never wrap the safety chains or winch cables
~ around the brake lines. ,..,
~ - To prevent unnecessary damage, your Audi N
8 must be transported with a flat bed truck . 0 :r
-To load the vehicle on to the flat bed , use the
towing loop found in the vehicle tools and at
tach to the front or rear anchorage
¢ page 329 and c> page 330.
A WARNING
A veh icle being towed is not safe for passen
gers. Neve r allow anyo ne to ride in a vehicle
b eing towed, for any reason.
Front towing loop
Fi g. 29 2 Fron t bumper: removing th e cap
Fig. 293 Fron t bumper: insta lling the towing loop
The thread for the towing loop is on the right
s ide of the front bumper beh ind a cap.
.,. Remove the towing loop f rom the vehicle too l
kit.
.,. Press the cap inward with brief, forceful pres
sure
c> fig. 292 . The cap will loosen from the
bumper .
.,. Tighten the tow ing loop in the threaded open
ing until it stops
c> fig. 293 and then tighten it
w ith a wheel w re nch .
.,. Afte r usi ng, p la ce th e tow ing loop b ack i n the
-
veh icle tool kit. ..,.
329

0 co .... N ,..... N .... 0 0 :c '
scope of maintenance and repairs which can be
carried out by vehicle owners.
Also, safety and
environmental
concerns place very strict limits
on the nature of repairs and adjustments to en
gine and transmission parts which an owner can perform .
Maintenance, adjustments and repairs usually re
quire special tools, testing devices and other
equipment available to specially trained work
shop personnel in order to assure proper per
formance, reliability and safety of the vehicle and
its many systems.
Improper maintenance, adjustments and repairs
can impair the operation and reliability of your
vehicle and even void your vehicle warranty .
Therefore, proof of servicing in accordance with
the maintenance schedule may be a condition for upholding a possible warranty claim made within
the warranty period.
Above all , operational safety can be adversely af
fected, creating unnecessary risks for you and
your passengers.
If in doubt about any servicing, have it done by
your authorized Audi dealer or any other properly equipped and qualified workshop. We strongly urge you to give your authorized Audi dealer the
opportunity to perform all scheduled mainte nance and necessary repairs. Your dealer has the
facilities, original parts and trained specialists to keep your vehicle running properly .
Performing limited maintenance yourself
The following pages describe a limited number of
procedures which can be performed on your vehi
cle with ordinary tools, should the need arise and
trained personnel be unavailable. Before per
forming any of these procedures, always thor
oughly read all of the applicable text and careful ly follow the instructions given . Always rigorously
observe the
WARNINGS provided .
Before you check anything in the engine com
partment, always read and heed all WARNINGS
c::> .&. and c::> .&. in Working in the engine compart
ment on page 271 .
Consumer information
A WARNING
-Serious personal injury may occur as a result
of improperly performed maintenance, ad
justments or repairs .
- Always be extremely careful when working
on the vehicle. Always follow commonly ac
cepted safety practices and general com
mon sense. Never risk personal injury.
- Do not attempt any of the maintenance,
checks or repairs described on the following pages if you are not fully familiar with these
or other procedures with respect to the ve hicle, or are uncertain how to proceed.
- Do not do any work without the proper tools
and equipment. Have the necessary work
done by your authorized Audi dealer or an
other properly equipped and qualified work
shop.
- The engine compartment of any motor vehi cle is a potentially hazardous area. Never reach into the area around or touch the radi
ator fan.
It is temperature controlled and
can switch on suddenly - even when the en
gine is off . The radiator fan switches on au
tomatically when the coolant reaches a cer
tain temperature and will continue to run
until the coolant temperature drops.
- Always switch off the ignition before anyone
gets under the vehicle .
-Always support your vehicle with safety
stands if it is necessary to work underneath
the vehicle . The jack supplied with the vehi
cle is not adequate for this purpose and
could collapse causing serious personal in
jury.
- If you must work underneath the vehicle
with the wheels on the ground, always make
sure the vehicle is on level ground, that the
wheels are always securely blocked and that
the engine cannot be started.
- Always make sure the transmission selector
lever (automatic transmission) is in "P"
(Park position) and the park brake is ap-
plied.
~
337

Consumer inf orm ation
@ For the sake of the env ironment
- Changing the engine settings wi ll adversely
affect emission levels. Th is is detrimental to
the environment and increases fuel con
sumption.
- Always observe environmental regu lations
when disposing of old engine o il, used brake
flu id, d irty engine coolant, spent batteries
or worn out tires.
- Undeployed airbag modules and pretension
ers might be classified as Perchlorate Mate
rial -special handl ing may apply, see
www.dtsc .ca.gov/hazardouswaste/perchlo
r ate. When the vehicle or parts of the re
straint system including airbag modu les
safety be lts wi th pretensioners are scrap
ped, all applicab le laws and regulations
must be observed. Your authorized Audi
dealer is familiar with these requirements
and we recommend that you have your deal er perform this service for you.
Accessories and technical changes
Additional accessories and parts replacement
Always consult on authorized Audi dealer before
purchasing accessories.
Your vehicle incorporates the latest safety design
features ensuring a high standard of active and passive safety.
This safety could be comp romised by non-ap
proved changes to the vehicle. For this reason, if
parts have to be replaced, please observe the fo l
lowing points when insta lling addit ional accesso
ries:
Approved Audi accessories and genuine Audi parts are available from author ized Audi dealers.
These dealers also have the necessary facilities,
too ls and trained specialists to install the parts
and accessories properly.
338
A WARNING
-
Using the wrong spare parts or using non-ap-
proved accessories can cause damage to the
vehicle and serious personal i njury.
- Use on ly accessories expressly approved by
Aud i and genuine Audi spare parts
- These parts and accessor ies have been spe
cially designed to be used on your vehicle.
- Do not use license plate brackets in the
front area that are d ifferent from the one
installed at the fac tory, or add additional li
cense plate brackets.
- Never install accessor ies such as telephone
cradles or beverage holders on airbag covers
or w it hi n the airbag deployment zones. Do
ing so will i ncrease t he risk of injury if a ir
bags are triggered in an accident!
- Before you check anything in the eng ine
compa rtment, always read and heed all
WARN INGS ¢page 271.
(D Note
-If items other than genu ine A udi spa re
parts, add-on equipment and accessory
i t ems are used or if repair wor k is not per
formed according to specified me thods, this
can resul t in severe damage to your vehi
cle's eng ine and body (such as corrosion)
and adve rsely affect your vehicle's warranty.
- The innovative aluminium concep t of your
Audi AB means that all servicing, repairs or
other work on the veh icle body must be car
ried out exclus ively by an Audi workshop.
- If emergency repairs must be performed
elsewhere, have the vehicle exam ined by an
authorized Audi dealer as soon as possible.
- The manufacture r cannot be held liable for
damage which occurs d ue to failure to com
ply with these stipulations.
Technical Modifications
Our guidelines must be complied with when tech
nical modifications ore mode.
Always consult an authorized Audi dealer
befo re
starting work on any modifications .

0 co .... N ,..._
N .... 0 0 :c '
Checking the brake fluid level . . . . . . . . . . 279
Brakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Brake fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 79
Electromechanical parking brake . . . . . . . . 81
New brake pads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Braking Brake assist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Emergency braking function . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Worn brake pads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Brak ing guard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94, 99
Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Break-in period
Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
B reak ing in
New brake pads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
N ew engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Ne w tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Browsing through album covers . . . . . . . . . 190
Bulbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
But tons
Mul tifunc tion steering wheel . . . . . . . . . . . 11
C
Cable (Audi music interface)
California Proposition 65 Warning ...... .
Battery specific .............. .. .... .
Call .. .. .. .. .. ............... .. .... . 185
272
280 149
Call list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Call options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Capacities Fuel tank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Washer fluid reservoir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Car carrier Transporting your vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Cargo area
refer to Luggage compartment.. .. ..... 213
Caring for and cleaning leathe r . . . . . . . . . . 309
Catalytic converter
CD 271
refer
to Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180, 189
Ce ll phone
Playing music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
also refer to Telephone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Center armrest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Index
Center conso le lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 7
Central locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Centra l locking sw itch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Convenience key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Em ergency locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Luggag e compartment lid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Remote contro l key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Chang ing engine oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Changing the battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Charging and chang ing the battery . . . . . . . 198
Child restraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Danger of using child restraints in the front
seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Child restraint system anchors . . . . . . . . . . 261
Child safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Gu idance fixtures for lower anchorages . . 262
Child safety lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Child safety seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Child safety seats Convertib le child seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Infant seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Installing a child restraint using the LATCH
system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
LATCH system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Lower anchorages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Mounting and releasing the anchorage
hook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Safety instruc tions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Child seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Securing ........................... 258
Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Cleaning/removing ice from windows . . . . . 308
Cl eaning Alcantara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Cleaning art ificial leather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Cleaning carbon parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308, 309
Cl eaning controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Cleaning decorative parts and trim . . . . . . . 308
Cleaning displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Cleaning exhaust tail pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Cleaning plastic parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Cl eaning tail lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Cleaning textiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
341

Index
Closing Hood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Panorama glass roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Sun roof.. .. .. ...... ......... .... .... 38
Sun shade (panoramic sunroof) . . . . . . . . . 40
Sunshade (sliding/tilting sunroof) . . . . . . . 38
Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Closing/opening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Closing aid (doors) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Cockpi t (overview) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Color number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Coming home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Compartments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Compass in the mirror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S2
Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Conference call . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Connecting and d isconnecting an MP3 play-
er . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Connections
refer to Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 , 189
Consum er information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Consumer Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Consumption (fuel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Contacting NHTSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Contacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
I mport ing/exporting 153
Convenience key Unlocking/locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Cooling mode (automatic climate control) . . 70
Cooling system Checking/adding coolant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Coolant temperature indicator . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Cover Flow
refer to Browsing through album covers . 190
Cup holders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Current economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
D
Data encryption 196
Data recorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Date.. .... .. .. ... ............ .... .. . 204
Date display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 204
Daylight saving time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Daytime running lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Declar ation of compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
342
Defrosting (windows) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
DEF (instrument cluster) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Demo mode
refer to Presentation mode . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Determining correct load limit . . . . . . . . . . 297
Digital compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
D igital Rights Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
D.
. 1mens1ons . .. .. .. .. .. .. ........... . .
Directory
refer to Contacts
Display 334
150
Brightness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196, 206
Settings .... .. . ... .. .. ......... 190, 196
Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Doors Child safety lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Closing aid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Emergency locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Driver information system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Ind icator lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Service interval display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Driver seating position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Drives
refer to Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180, 189
Drive select . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Driving safe ly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Driving through water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Driving time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
DVD Changer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Full screen display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
also refer to Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180, 189
Dynamic steering . ... .. ........... 110, 129
Dynamic volume
refer to System volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
E
Economy tips (efficiency program) . . . . . . . . 13
E conomy (fuel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Efficiency program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
E lectromechanical parking brake . . . . . . . . . 81
Electronic Differential Lock (EDL) . . . . . . . . 126
Electronic immobilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Electronic speed limiter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26