
Refuelling
Fig. 178 Right rear vehicle sid e: Opening t he fuel filler
flap
Fig. 179 Fu el filler flap with attached fuel cap
When activating the central locking, the fuel
filler flap is automatically unlocked or locked.
Refuel the vehicle with the ignition turned
off.
Taking the fuel cap off
.. Turn off the ignition .
.. Press the left side of the fuel filler flap to
open it~
fig. 178 -arrow- .
.. Unscrew fuel cap counter-clockwise and
hang it on the fuel filler flap~
fig. 179.
Refuelling procedure
.. Insert the fuel nozzle from the gasoline
pump into the fuel filler neck as far as it will
go .
.. Select a medium refuelling rate so that the
nozzle switches off automatically when the
tank is full.
Putting the fuel cap back on
.. After filling your tank, twist the fuel cap
clockwise as far as it will go .
.. Close the fuel filler flap.
Fuel supply and filling your fuel tank 217
To avoid fuel spilling or evaporating from the
fuel tank always close fuel cap properly and
completely.
_& WARNING
Improper refueling or handling of fuel can
cause fire, explosion and severe burns.
- Fuel is highly flammable and can cause
severe burns and other injuries.
- Failure to shut the engine off while refu
eling and/or to insert the pump nozzle
fully into the fuel filler neck could cause
fuel to spray out of filler neck or to over
flow. Fuel spray and overflowing fuel can cause a fire .
- Never use a cellular telephone while re
fueling. The electromagnetic radiation
can cause sparks that can ignite fuel va
pors and cause a fire.
- Never get back into your vehicle while re
fueling.
If in exceptional circumstances
you must get back in your vehicle while
refueling, make certain that you close
the door and touch metal to discharge static electricity before touching the fill
er nozzle again. Static electricity can
cause sparks that can ignite fuel vapors
released during refueling .
- Never smoke or have an open flame any
where in or near your vehicle when refu
eling or filling a portable fuel container .
- For your safety, we strongly recommend
that you do not travel with a portable
fuel container in your vehicle . The con
tainer, full or empty may leak and could
cause a fire, especially in a crash.
- If, under exceptional circumstances, you must transport a portable fuel container,
please observe the following:
- Never fill a portable fuel container
while it is anywhere in or on the vehicle
(for example, in the luggage compart
ment, or on the trunk). Static electrici
ty can build up while filling and can ig
nite fuel vapors causing a fire .
- Always place a portable fuel container
on the ground before filling.

218 Fuel supply and filling your fuel tank
-Always keep the filler nozzle complete
ly inside the portable container before
and during filling.
- If filling a portable container made of
metal , the filler no zzle must always be
in contact with the container. Th is will
help prevent static electricity from dis
charging and cause a fire .
- Never spill fuel inside the vehicle or
luggage compartment. Fuel vapors are
highly flammable .
-Always observe local and state/provin
cial laws regarding the use, storage
and transportation of fuel containers.
- Make certain the fuel container meets
industry standards (ANSI/ ASTM
F 852-86).
(D Note
If any fuel has spilled onto the car, it
should be removed immediately to prevent
damage to the paint .
@ For the sake of the environment
As soon as the correctly operated nozzle
sw itches off automatically for the first
time, the tank is full . Do not try to add
more fuel because fuel may spill out. In
addition, the expansion space in the fuel
tank will be filled -causing the fue l to
overflow when it becomes warm and pol
lute the environment.
@ Tips
-Running yo ur engine while refuelling
may cause vapors to escape or even
cause fue l to spill out of the tank . This
would then shut off the fuel nozzle be
fore the tank is full.
- Do not refuel your vehicle with the igni
tion turned on. The fuel gauge may oth
erwise not indicate the correct fuel level
after refuelling .
- The fuel filler flap of your vehicle is not locked when you lock the vehicle from
the inside .
Unlocking the fuel filler flap by hand
You can open the fuel filler flap by hand if the
power locking system should fail.
Fig. 180 Sed an Lugga ge com pa rtment: op ening the
side trim
Fig. 181 Lug gag e compart men t: Em erge ncy opening
of fuel filler fla p
The emergency opening mechanism is located
behind the right side trim panel in the lug
gage compartment .
Opening the side trim
"' Sedan: Insert a tool such as a screwdriver
c:> page 256 or the emergency key into the
right side of the upper gap~
fig. 180 .
"' Sedan: Pry upward to release the trim .
.,.. allroad : Open the right side trim panel.
Fuel filler door emergency release
"' Loosen the strap from its bracket and pull
on it
c:> fig . 181 . You can now open the fuel
fi ller f lap as usual
c:> page 217.

266 Fuses and bulbs
No.
5 Sound actuator/exhaust
sound tuning
6 Headlight
range control sys-
tern/cornering light
7 Headlight (cornering light)
Control modules (electro-
mechanical parking brake,
8 shock absorber, quattro
I
sport, trailer hitch), DCDC
converter
9 Adaptive cruise control
10 Shift gate
11 Side assist
12 Headlight range control,
parking system
13 Airbag
14 Rear wiper (allroad)
15 Auxiliary fuse (instrument
panel)
16 Auxiliary fuse
terminal 15
(engine area)
Fuse panel @ (brown)
2 Brake light sensor
3 Fuel pump
4
5 Left seat heating with/with-
out seat ventilation
6 E5C
7 Horn
-Front left door (window reg·
8 ulator, central locking, mir-
ror, switch, lighting)
9 Wiper motor
10 ESC
Two-door models: rear left
window regulator, Four-door
11 models: rear left door (win-
dow regulator, central
lock-
ing, switch, lighting)
12 Rain and light sensor
Fuse panel © (red)
3 Lumbar support
Amps
5/15
5/7,5 7,5
5
5
5
5
5
5
15
10
40
5
25
5
15/30
5
15
30
30
25
30
5
10
No. Consumer
4 Dynamic steering
6
7
8
9
Interior lighting (Cabriolet)
Windshield washer system ,
headlight washer system
Vehicle electrical system
control module 1
Vehicle electrical system
control module 1 Left rear window regulator
motor (Cabriolet)/sunroof
10 Vehicle electrical system
control module 1
11 Right rear window regulator
(Cabriolet)/sun shade motor
12 Anti-theft
alarm warning
system
Right cockpit fuse assignment Amps
35
5
35
20
30
7,5/20
30
7,5/20
5
Fig. 211 R ight cockpi t: fuse pane l wit h plastic cl ip
No. Consumer Amps
Fuse panel @ (black)
5 Steering column switch
5
module
7 Terminal 15 diagnostic
con-
nector 5
•
....

--No. Consumer Amps
I a
Gateway (Databus diagnos-
5 tic interface)
I
9 Supplementary heater
Fuse panel ® (brown )
1 CD/DVD playe r
2
Wi-Fi
3 MMI/Radio
4 Instrument cluster
5 Gateway (instrument cluster
control module)
6 Ignition lock
7 Light switch
8
Climate cont
rol system
blower
9 Steering column lock
10 Climate control system
11 Termina
l 30 diagnostic con-
nector
-
12 Steering column switch
module
Right luggage compartment fuse
assignment
5
5
5
5/20
5
5
5
5
40
5
10
10
5
F ig . 2 12 R igh t lu ggage compar tmen t: fu se pan el w ith
pla stic cl ip
-
Fu se s and bulb s 267
No . Consumer Amps
Fuse panel @ (blac k)
Luggage compartment lid
1 control module (all
road) /
30/10
Power top control module
(Cabriolet)
Trailer con trol modu le or re-
2 tractable rear spoiler (RS 5 15
Coupe)
3 Trailer control module 20
4 Trailer contro l modu le 20
5 Electromechanical parking
5
brake
6 E lectron ic damping con trol 15
7
Electromechanical parking
30
brake
8 R ear exterior lighting 30
9 quattro sport
35
10 Rear exterior lighting
30
11 Vehicle electrical system
20
con trol module
12 Term inal 30
5
Fuse panel © (brown )
1 Luggage compartment lid
30
control module (allroad)
-.
2 12-volt
socket, cigarette
20
lighter
3 DCDC converte
r path 1 40
4 DCDC converter path
2, DSP
30
amplifie r, radio
6
Right upper cabin heating
30
(Cabriolet)
7
Electromechanical parking
30
brake
R ig ht front door (window
9 regulator, central locking,
30
mirror, switch, lighting)
10 L
eft upper cabin heating
30
(Cabriole t)
Two-door models : rear r ight
window regu lator, Four-door
11 models : rear right door
30
(w indow regulato r, ce ntra l
l ock ing, switch , lighti ng)

_______________________________ ___:I~n ~d ~e:.::x 287
Changin g engine oi l
Chass is 225
U ndercoat ing ............ .... .. .. . 208
Checking
Eng ine coolant level ........ . .. .. .. .
226
Checking tire pressure .............. . 241
Ch ild restraints
D anger of usin g child restraints in the
front seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
146
Where can I get additional information
about child restraints and their use? ..
184
Child restraint system anchors . .. ... .. 180
Ch ild safety .. ............. .... .. ... 166
Convertible locking retractor . . . . . . . . . 176
Important safety instructions for using
ch ild safety seats .... ... .. .. .. .. .. .
169
Impo rtant th ings to know when driv in g
wi th children ............ .... .. ...
166
Insta lling a chi ld res traint using the
L A TCH system ............ .. .. .. .. .
18 1
Mounting and releasing the ancho rage
hook .... .. .. ............. .. .. ...
18 1
Tether anchors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Tether straps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Child safety loc ks
Power windows .......... .. .. .. ....
42
Rear doors ... ........... .. .. ...... 42
Child safety seats .......... .... .. .. . 172
Booster seats ................ .. .. . 17 4
Convertible child seats .... .. .. .. .. .
173
Convertible locking retractor .. .. .. .. . 176
Danger of using child restra ints in the
front seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
146
How do I properly install a child safety
seat in my vehicle? ........ .. .. .. .. .
169
Infant seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Installing ............ ...... .... .. 176
LATC H system ......... ...... .... .. 18 1
Saf ety inst ruc tions ........ .. .. .. .. . 169
Unused safety belts on the rear seat 17 1
Ch ild seats
L ower ancho rages ........... .. ....
18 1
Cigarette lighter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Cleaning
Alcantara® (syn thetic suede) .. .. .. .. .
212
En gine compartment .............. . 213
Exhaust tail pipes ............... .. . 209
Fabr ics and fabric coverings ......... 209
Instrument panel ... . .......... .. .. 210
Interior ... .. .. .. .. . .. .......... .. 209
Leather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Matte finish paint ................. 204
MMI display/controls ... ......... ... 209
Plastic and vinyl .. .. . .. .. .. ... ... .. 206
Plastic parts ..... .. .. .. .. ......... 210
Safety belts ... .. .. . .............. 21 2
Trim strips .. .. .. .... ........... .. 206
Cleaning and protection . .. .......... . 202
Climate controls ..... . .. .......... .. . 76
Climate control system
Au tom atic recir culat ion ......... .. .. .
79
Supplementary heater ............... 79
synchronizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Clock .. ... ... .. .... .. .. ...... ... .. . 12
Closing
Power w indows ................... .
42
Sliding/tilting sunroof ............... 44
Sunshade ....... .. . .. ......... ... . 44
Closing/opening
at the lock cylinder .. ........... .... .
38
by remote control ............. .. .. . 35
with the centra l locking sw itch ........
36
with the conven ience key . .......... .. 36
Cold tire inflation pressure .......... .. 238
Coming home ... .. .... ........... .. . 48
Compact spare tire .................. 256
also refer to Spare tire ....... ... .. .. 256
Compartments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Compass in the mirror ... ......... ... . 56
Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Consumer Information . . . . . . . . . . 135, 280
Contacting NHTSA .... .. ......... ... 135
Convenience key
Ind icator lights .. ................. .
84
Starting engine (START ENGINE STOP
button) . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. ..... ..... .
83
Stopping the engine (START ENGINE
STOP button) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84
Switching on ignition ............... . 83
un locking/loc king ............. ..... 36
Convenience opening/clos ing .......... 43
Convertible child safety seats ......... 173
•
•

288 Index
Convertible locking retractor
Activating .. ... ....... ... ... ..... . 178
Deactivating . .. ... ...... ... .. .... . 179
Using to secure a ch ild safety seat l76, 178
Coolan t system . ........... .. .. .... . 226
Cooling mode (automatic climate control) 77
Cooling System Expansion tank ........... .... .... . 226
Cornering light .......... .. .. .. .. .. .. 47
Cruise control
Changing speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Presetting your speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Sw itching off .......... .. .. .. .. .. .. 90
Sw itch ing on ....................... 89
Cruising range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
(upho lder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
D
Data .. .. .. .. ............. .. .. .. .. . 27 7
Data reco rder .................. .... 185
Date display .... .. ..... ... .. .. .... .. 12
D aytime r unning lights.... .. .. .. .. 47, 48
Declaration of compliance
Adaptive cruise control ............. 283
Aud i side assist .... ...... ... ... .. . 283
Ce ll phone package ........... .. ... 283
Conve nience key .......... .... .... . 283
E lec tronic immobi lizer ..... .. .. .... . 283
H omelink ® universal remote contro l .. 283
Remote control key .. ... .. .. .. .... . 283
Tire pressure monitoring system .... . 283
D efe ctive light bulb warning . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1
Defrosting (w indows) ................. 78
D etermin ing cor rect load limit ... .... . 2 43
D ig ita l clock .... ... .... ... ... ... .. .. 12
Dig ita l compass ..................... 56
D imensions .. ... .......... .. .. .. .. . 276
D imm ing the rearview mirro r .. .. .. .. . . 51
Doors Ch ild safety locks . ..... ... .. .. .... .. 42
emergency locking .................. 38
D river info rm ation sys tem
E nhanced sh ift indicator ... .. .. .. .. . . 28
Open doo r or front lid warning . . . . . . . . 24
O utside temperature display .. ... ... .. 24
Sound system display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Driver seat
refer
to Seating position
128
D riving offroad ..................... 197
Driving safely ..... ............. .... 12 7
Driving through water . .. ..... ... .. .. 194
D rivi ng time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
D ust filter
refer to Pollutant filter (automatic AC
system) ....... .. ............. .... . 76
Dynam ic steer ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113, 190
E
E85 (Fuel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Efficiency program ................. .. 27
Fuel economy messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Memo ry levels . .. ................ .. 25
Other equ ipment ... ........... .. .. . 28
S hi ft indica tor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
E lectro-mechan ica l power assist .... ... 190
E lectromechanica l pa rking brake
Emergency brak ing .... ..... ... .. .. . 87
Indicator light .. .. ................ . 85
Parking ... .. .. .. .. .............. .. 86
Re leas ing and closing ... ....... .. .. . 85
Start ing assist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Start ing from rest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Start ing off w ith a t railer ........ .... . 87
Wa rning/ind icator lights ........ .... . 16
Elec tronic differen tial lock (EDL) ....... 185
Warning/ind icator lights ........... .. 19
E lectronic immobilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 38
El ectronic power con trol
( E PC) warning/indicator ligh t . . . . . . . . . 20
E lectronic speed
Li miter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
E lectronic Stabilization Contro l (ESC) . .. 185
Warning/ind icator lights ..... ... .. .. . 19
E mergen cy actua tion
Doors ............................ 38
Ignit ion key ..... .. .... .... ... .. .. . 35
Rear lid ... .... .. ... .. .. ..... ... .. . 41
S liding/tilting su nroof .. ..... ... .. .. . 45
E mergency bra king .............. .... . 87
Emergency flasher .............. .... . 49
Warning/ind icator lights ........... .. 23
Emergency key .... ... .. ..... ... .. .. . 33
Starting engine .. ............. .... . 82

290 Index
Floor mats ........ ......... ... .... . 132
Fog lights/rear fog light(s) ..... .. .. .. . . 47
Folding the rear seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
F oot pedals ....................... . 132
For the sake of the environment Gasoline fumes and the environment .. 217
L ett ing the engine warm up . . . . . . 80, 83
Refueling ............... .. .. .... . 217
Saving fue l by early upshift ing .. ...... 11
Front airbags Descr ipt ion .... .... ...... .. .. .. .. . 149
H ow they work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Frontal collisions and the laws of physics 138
Fr ont passenger's door emergency locking 38
Front seats Adjusting .. ..... ........... ... .. . 129
Ch ild restraints in the front seat . .. .. . 146
Fuel Additives . ... ............ .. .. .. .. . 214
Blended gasoline ............. .. ... 214
Consumpt ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Filler neck .. ... . ...... ... .. .. .. .. . 216
Fu el gauge ... ........... .. .. .... .. 12
Gasoline . ... ............ .. .. .. .. . 214
Gasoline additives ................ . 216
Low fuel level symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Octane rating .................... . 214
Recommendation ........... .. .... . 214
Refuelling .... ........... .. .. .... . 217
Reserve .. ... ... .... ..... .. .. .. .. .. 12
Tank capacity ............. ... .. ... 277
Tank system .......... .... ... .. .. .. 21
Un lock ing the fuel fi ller flap by hand .. 218
Fuel economy messages (efficiency pro-
gram) . .. .. .. ... .. ..... ... .... .. .. .. 29
Fuel filler flap
Unlocking the fuel filler flap by hand .. 218
Fuses Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265, 266, 267
Replacing . ................. ..... . 265
G
Garage door opener (HomeL ink) .. .. ... 123
Garment hooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Gas discharge lamps ......... ... .... . 268 Gauges
Engine coolant temperature . . . . . . . . . . 10
Fuel gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Tachometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Gear recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Gearshift indicator ...... ........... .. 27
Gearshift lever
6-speed manual transmission .... .... . 91
General illustration
Instruments and controls ....... .... .. 8
Generator Warning/ind icator lights ........... .. 17
G lossary of tire and loading terminology 235
G love compartment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Valet parking .... ................ .. 45
GPS controlled clock ................ .. 12
Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) . .. 275
Ground clearance .. ... .......... .... 198
H
Headlights
Cleaning system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Defective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Headlight range control ............. 22
Left hand drive, right hand drive .. .. .. . 49
Travel mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Headlight washer reservoir ..... .. .... 233
Head restraints .. .. ............. .... 131
Adjusting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 131
Removing/installing .............. .. 61
Heated exterior mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SO
rear window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
seats .... ... .. .. .. ...... ....... .. . 78
windshield washer spray nozzles . . . . . . 53
Heating ... ..... .. .. .............. .. 76
Heavy clothing and safety be lts ...... .. 140
High beam .. .... ... ................ . 48
High voltage warning label ........ ... 275
Hill descent control ................ .. 95
Homelink (remote control)
Hood 123
Opening . ..... .. ................ . 219
Re lease lever .... ............. .... 219
Hooks ... .. .. .. .. ............... .. . 72
Horn ...... .. .. .. .. ............... .. 8

292 Index
Lights Emergency flashers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
H igh beam ............ .... .. .... .. 48
Turn signa ls ....................... 48
Locking Rear lid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
Lackin g/unlocking
at the lock cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
by remote control .................. 35
with the central locking switch .. .. .... 36
with the convenience key ......... ... . 36
Lo w beams .................... ... .. 47
Lower ancho rage locator button .. ..... 181
Low er univ ersal anchorage bars (Canada) 180
Lowe r unive rsal anchorages (Canada) 180
Luggag e
Stowing .... .. .......... .. .. .... . 133
Luggage compartment ................ 68
Cargo net ............... ........ .. 71
Cover .. .... ............. .. .. .... ..
69
Enlarging .. ... ............ .. .... .. 69
Floo r ...... ............. .. .. .... .. 75
Lid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
Loading .. .. ... .......... ...... ... 133
Partition net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 71
Pass-through . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4
Reversible mat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Sec uring attachments ..... .. .. .... .. 73
Ski sack .... ............... .. .. .. .. 74
T ie-downs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 , 134
Valet parking ............ .. .. ...... 45
Lumbar support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 60
M
Maintenance .... .. ..... ......... .. . 280
M alf unc tion Indicator Lamp (MIL) . . 20, 30
Man ual transmission ................. 91
Matte finish pa int .............. .. ... 204
M echanical key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 34
Memory function .................... 62
Mil eage
Average ..................... .... .. 25
Instantaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Mir rors
Adjusting the exterior mirrors .... ..... SO
Compass .... .. .......... .. .. .... .. 56 dimming .....................
.. .. . 51
Vanity mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Monitoring the Advanced Airbag System 156
mult itron ic ........................ . 91
Automatic Shift Lock (ASL) ...........
93
Driving .......... ............... .. 93
Emergenc y mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Manual shift program ............ .. .
96
Selector lever ...................... 92
N
Natural leather .. .. ................ . 210
Net ............................... 66
New tires and wheels .............. .. 246
NHTSA Co ntact ing .. .. .. ... ......... ... .. 135
Number of seats .................. .. 137
0
Occupant seating positions 128
Octane rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Odometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Offroad ........................... 197
OFF (automatic climate control) . . . . . . . . 77
Oil
refer to Eng ine oi l . . . . . . . . . . . . 221,224
Oil consumption . ................. .. 224
On-Board Diagnost ic System (OBD)
Data Link Connector (DLC) . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Electronic speed limiter .............. 31
Malfunction Indicator Lamp (MIL) .... . 30
Open door or front lid warning ......... 24
Opening Power windows . .... .......... .. .. . 42
Rear lid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 41
Sliding/tilting su nroof .............. . 44
Sunshade ......................... 44
Su n shades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 53
Opening/closing at the lock cy linder . .. .......... .. .. . 38
by remote control .................. 35
with the centra l locking switch ....... . 36
with the convenience key ............. 36
Operate your vehicle econom ically and
minimize pollution .............. .. .. 196