2011 SKODA ROOMSTER oil change

Tyre pressure monitoring system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Diesel particle filter (diesel engine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Driving and the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
The first 1 500 kilometres and afterwards . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Catalytic converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Driving in an economical and environmentally
conscious manner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Environmental compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Motoring abroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Avoiding damage to your vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Driving through bodies of water on roads . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Towing a trailer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Towing a trailer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
General Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Taking care of your vehicle and cleaning the
vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Care of the exterior of vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Care of the interior of vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Petrol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Diesel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Refuelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Inspecting and Replenishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Engine compartment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Engine oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Cooling system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Brake fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Windshield washer system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Wheels and Tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Wheels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Accessories, changes and replacement of parts . 166
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Breakdown assistance
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Breakdown assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
First-aid kit and warning triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Fire extinguisher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Vehicle tool kit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Spare wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Changing a wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Tyre repair kit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Jump-starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Towing the vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Fuses and light bulbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Electric fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Bulbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Praktik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Praktik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Rear interior lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Lashing eyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Adjustable safety partition behind the front seats . . . 189
Fixing of the loading floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Adjustment of the safety partition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Emergency unlocking of the loading area door . . . . . . 190
Technical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Technical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
General information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Used abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Performances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Identification details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Fuel consumption according to the ECE standards and
EU guidelines
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Engine oil specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Engine 1.2 l/51 kW - EU5/EU2 DDK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Engine 1.2 l/63 kW TSI - EU5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Engine 1.2 l/77 kW TSI - EU5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Engine 1.4 l/63 kW - EU5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Engine 1.6 l/77 kW - EU4/EU2 DDK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Engine 1.2 l/55 kW TDI CR - EU5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Engine 1.6 l/66 kW TDI CR DPF - EU5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Engine 1.6 l/77 kW TDI CR DPF - EU5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2034
Table of Contents

An information for the engaged gear
A
⇒ fig. 4 is shown in the display of the in-
strument cluster.
In order to minimise the fuel consumption, a recommendation for shifting into an-
other gear is indicated in the display.
If the control unit recognises that it is appropriate to change the gear, an arrow Bis shown in the display. The arrow points up or down, depending on whether it is
recommended to shift into a higher or lower gear.
At the same time, the recommended gear is indicated instead of the currently en-
gaged gear A .

Multi-functional indicator (onboard computer) Introduction The multi-functional indicator appears in the display
⇒ fig. 5 or in the information
display ⇒ page 17 depending on the equipment fitted to your vehicle.
The multi-functional indicator offers you a range of useful information. The outside temperature ⇒ 
page 15 Driving time ⇒ 
page 15 Current fuel consumption ⇒ 
page 15 Average fuel consumption ⇒ page 16
Range ⇒ page 16
Distance driven ⇒ page 16
Average speed ⇒ page 16
Current speed ⇒ page 16
Oil temperature ⇒ page 16
Warning against excessive speeds ⇒ page 16
On vehicles which are fitted out with information display, it is possible to switch
off the display of some information.
Note
● In certain national versions the displays appear in the Imperial system of
measures.
● If the display of the second speed is activated in mph, the current speed is not
indicated in km/h on the display. Memory
Fig. 5 Multi-functional indicator
The multi-functional indicator is equipped with two automatic memories. The se-
lected memory is displayed in the middle of the display field ⇒ fig. 5 .
The data of the single-trip memory (memory 1) is shown if a 1 appears in the dis-
play. A 2 shown in the display means that data relates to the total distance mem-
ory (memory

2).
Switching over the memory takes place with the button B
⇒  fig. 6 on the wind-
shield wiper lever.
Single-trip memory (memory 1)
The single-trip memory collates the driving information from the moment the igni-
tion is switched on until it is switched off. New data will also flow into the calcula-
tion of the current driving information if the trip is continued within 2 hours after
switching off the ignition. If the trip is interrupted for more than 2 hours, the
memory is automatically erased.
Total-trip memory (memory 2)
The total distance driven memory gathers data from any number of individual
journeys up to a total of 19 hours and 59

minutes driving or 1 999 kilometres driv-
en. 99 hours and 59 minutes driving time or 9 999 km driven in vehicles with an
Information display. The memory is deleted when either of these limits is reached
and the calculation starts from anew.
The total-trip memory will not, contrary to the single-trip memory, be deleted af-
ter a period of interruption of driving of 2 hours. Note
All information in the memory 1 and 2 is erased if the battery of the vehicle is dis-
connected. 14
Instruments and warning lights

Yellow symbols
A yellow symbol signals a warning.
Check the relevant function as soon as possible.
The meaning of the yellow symbols:  Check engine oil level,
engine oil sensor disturbed
⇒ 
page 23 One warning signal will sound if a yellow symbol appears.
If several operational faults of priority 2 exist, the symbols appear one after the
other and are each illuminated for about 5 seconds. 
Set-up You can change certain settings by means of the information display. The current
setting is shown on the information display in the respective menu at the top be-
low the line.
You can select the following information (depending on the equipment installed
on the vehicle):
●
Language
● MFD Data
● Time
● Winter tyres
● Units
● Alternative speed displayed (Second speed)
● Service Interval (Service)
● Factory Setting
● Back
After selecting the menu point Back you will reach one level higher in the menu. Language
Here you can set in which language the warning and information texts should be
displayed.
Displays of the MFA
Here you can switch off or on certain displays of the multi-functional indicator.
Time
Here you can set the time, the time format (12 or 24 hour indicator) and the time
change summer/winter time.
Winter tyres
Here you can set at which speed a warning signal should sound. This function is
used for e.g winter tyres with the permissible maximum speed less than the maxi-
mum speed of the vehicle.
When exceeding the speed, an indication is displayed on the information display:
Snow tyres max. speed ... km/h
Measures
Here you can set the units for temperature, consumption and distance driven.
Second speed
Here you can switch on the display of the second speed in mph or in km/h 1)
.
Service
Here you can have the kilometres still to be driven and the days until the follow-
ing service interval shown and the Service Interval Display reset.
Factory Setting
After selecting the menu Factory setting the factory setting of the information
display is restored. 1)
Valid for countries where the values are indicated in British measuring units. 19
Instruments and warning lights Using the system Safety Driving Tips General Maintenance Breakdown assis-
tance Praktik Technical data

The speed of the vehicle is, nevertheless, the most important factor. Doubling the
speed of the vehicle from 25 km/h up to 50 km/hour increases the kinetic energy
four times.
The common opinion that it is possible to support your body in a minor accident
with your hands, is incorrect. Even in a collision at only a low speed, the forces
acting on the body are such that it is no longer possible to support your body.
Even if you only drive at a speed within the range from 30 km/hour to 50 km/hour,
the forces which are produced on your body in the event of an accident can easily
exceed 10
000 N (Newton). This equals a weight of one tonne (1 000 kg).
In the event of a frontal collision, occupants of the vehicle not wearing a seat belt
are thrown forward and strike in an uncontrolled way parts of the interior of the
vehicle, such as steering wheel, dash panel, windshield ⇒ fig. 93 - left. The occu-
pants of a vehicle who have not fastened their seat belts may even be thrown out
of the vehicle. This can result in fatal injuries.
It is also important that rear seat occupants fasten their seat belts as they will
otherwise be thrown through the vehicle in an uncontrolled manner in the event
of an accident A rear seat passenger who has not fastened the seat belt is a dan-
ger not only to himself but also for those seated at the front ⇒ fig. 93 on the right. 
Important safety information regarding the use of
seat belts The correct use of the seat belts considerably reduces the risk of
injury! WARNING
● The belt webbing must not be jammed in-between at any point or twisted,
or chafe against any sharp edges.
● It is important that the belt webbing is properly routed if the seat belts are
to offer their maximum protection ⇒ page 107, How are seat belts correctly
fastened?

.
● No two persons (also not children) should ever use a single seat belt to-
gether.
● The maximum protection which seat belts can offer is only achieved if you
are correctly seated ⇒

 page 102, Correct seated position. WARNING (Continued)
● The belt webbing must not run across solid or fragile objects (e.g. specta-
cles, ball-point pens, keys etc.) as this may be a cause of injuries.
● Many layers of clothing and loose clothing (e. g. a winter coat over a jacket)
do not allow you to be correctly seated and impairs proper operation of the
seat belts.
● It is prohibited to use clamps or other objects to adjust seat belts (e. g. for
shortening the belts for smaller persons).
● The lock tongue should only be inserted into the lock which is the correct
one for your seat. Wrong use of the safety belt will reduce its capacity to pro-
tect and the risk of injury increases.
● The seat backrests must not be tilted too far to the rear otherwise the
seatbelts can lose their effectiveness.
● The belt webbing must always be kept clean. Soiled belt webbing may im-
pair proper operation of the inertia reel ⇒

 page 146, Seat belts.
● The slot of the belt tongue must not be blocked by paper or similar objects
otherwise the belt tongue will not lock in place properly.
● Inspect the seat belts regularly to ensure they are in good condition. If you
find seat belts which have damage to the belt, the seat belt connections, to
the inertia reel or to the lock, the relevant seat belt must be replaced by a
specialist garage.
● The seat belts must not be removed or changed in any way. Do not make
an attempt to repair the seat belts yourself.
● Damaged seat belts which have been subjected to stress in an accident
and were therefore stretched, must be replaced - this is best done by a spe-
cialist garage. The anchorage points of the belts must also be inspected. The
anchorage points for the belts should also be checked.
● In certain countries it is possible to use seat belts which differ in terms of
their operation from the seat belts which are described on the pages which
follow. 106
Seat belts

Trade-in and recycling of old cars
ŠKODA meets the requirements of the brand and its products regarding environ-
ment and resource protection. All new
ŠKODA vehicles can be utilized up to 95 %
and always 1)
be returned. In a lot of countries sufficient trade-in networks have
been created, where you can trade-in your vehicle. After you trade-in your vehicle,
you will receive a confirmation stating the recycling in accordance with environ-
mental regulations.
Vehicles with special built-on types
Technical documents regarding changes carried out on the vehicle must be kept
by the vehicle user, in order to hand over later to the old car user. This ensures the
recycling in accordance with environmental regulations. Note
Detailed information about the trade-in and recycling of old cars is available from
a ŠKODA Service Partner. 
Motoring abroad General Other circumstances may exist abroad.
It is also possible, in certain countries, that the
ŠKODA Service Partner network is
limited or has not been established yet. This is the reason why obtaining certain
spare parts may be somewhat complicated and specialist garage personnel may
only be able to make limited repairs. ŠKODA in the Czech Republic and its foreign
importers are happy to provide information about technical aspects of the vehicle,
required maintenance work and possibilities for getting repairs done. 
Unleaded petrol A vehicle fitted with a petrol engine must always be refuelled with unleaded pet-
rol
⇒ page 132. The automobile associations can provide you with information re-
garding the locations of filling stations which offer unleaded petrol. Headlights The low beam of your headlights is set asymmetrically. It illuminates the side of
the road on which you are driving to a greater extent. If you drive abroad on the
other side of the road, you will dazzle oncoming traffic.
Halogen projector headlights
The adaptation of the headlights (valid for vehicles which are designed for driving
on the left and on the right) must be performed by switching over a bezel by a
specialist garage.
Halogen projector headlights with cornering light function
Headlight beam setting ⇒ page 40

.
Halogen headlight
When using Halogen headlights, it is necessary to stick a sticker over a certain
part of the headlights in order to prevent the dazzling of oncoming traffic.
You can purchase headlight stickers from the range of the ŠKODA Original Acces-
sories. Note
You can obtain further information regarding masking over or converting the
headlights from your specialist garage. 
Avoiding damage to your vehicle When driving on poor roads and lanes or when driving over kerb stones, steep
ramps, etc., you must pay particular attention to ensuring that any low-slung parts
of the vehicle, such as spoiler and exhaust, do not touch the ground and get dam-
aged.
This particularly applies to models with a lowered suspension (sport suspension)
and also when your vehicle is fully laden. 1)
Subject to fulfilment of the national legal requirements. 137
Driving and the Environment Using the system Safety Driving Tips General Maintenance Breakdown assis-
tance Praktik Technical data

CAUTION
● You must on no account treat the leather with solvents (e.g. gasoline, turpen-
tine), floor wax, shoe cream or such like.
● Avoid leaving your vehicle for lengthy periods in bright sunlight in order to
avoid bleaching the leather. If you leave your vehicle parked in the open for
lengthy periods, protect the leather from the direct rays of the sun by covering it
over.
● Sharp-edged objects on items of clothing such as zip fasteners, rivets, sharp-
edged belts may leave permanent scratches or signs of rubbing on the surface.
● The use of a mechanical steering wheel lock may damage the leather surface
of the steering wheel. Note
● Use a care cream with light blocker and impregnation effect regularly and each
time after cleaning the leather. The cream nourishes the leather, allows it to
breathe and keeps it supple and also provides moisture. It also creates surface
protection.
● Clean the leather every 2 to 3 months, remove fresh soiling each time this oc-
curs.
● Remove fresh stains such as those from ball-point pens, ink, lipstick, shoe
cream, etc., as quickly as possible.
● Care also for the leather dye. Refreshen areas which have lost their colour
with a special coloured leather cream as required.
● The leather is a natural material with specific properties. During the use of the
vehicle, minor optical changes can occur on the leather parts of the covers (e. g
wrinkles or creases as a result of the stress of the covers). 
Seat belts –
Keep the seat belts clean!
– Wash seat belts which have become soiled using a mild soapy solution.
– Inspect the seat belts regularly to ensure they are in good condition.
Belt webbing which has become severely soiled may prevent the inertia reel from
reeling up the belt properly. WARNING
● The seat belts must not be removed for cleaning.
● Never clean the seat belts chemically as dry cleaning may destroy the fab-
ric. The seat belts must also not be allowed to come into contact with corro-
sive liquids (such as acids etc.).
● Seat belts which have damage to the webbing, the connections, the inertia
reel or the lock should be replaced by a specialist garage.
● Inertia reel belts must be completely dried before being reeled up. 146
Taking care of your vehicle and cleaning the vehicle

–
Unscrew the cap of the engine oil filler opening.
– Pour in a suitable grade of oil in portions of 0.5 litres ⇒ page 194 .
– Inspect the oil level ⇒ page 152.
– Carefully screw on the cap of the filler opening and push the dipstick in fully. WARNING
● Avoid dripping oil onto hot parts of the engine when topping up will oil - a
risk of fire!
● Read and observe the warning notes ⇒
 page 150, Working in the engine
compartment before working in the engine compartment. For the sake of the environment
The oil level must on no account be above the range a ⇒ page 152. Oil will other-
wise be drawn in through the crankcase ventilation and may pass through the ex-
haust system to atmosphere. The oil may combust in the catalytic converter and
damage it. 
Changing engine oil The engine oil must be changed at the intervals stated in the Service schedule or
according to the service interval indicator
⇒ page 12. WARNING
● Only carry out the engine oil change, if you have the required professional
knowledge!
● Read and observe the warning notes ⇒
 page 150, Working in the engine
compartment before working in the engine compartment.
● First of all, let the engine cool down, wear an eye protection and gloves -
risk of caustic burns due to hot oil. CAUTION
You must not pour any additives into the engine oil - risk of engine damage! Dam-
age, which results from such product, are excluded from the warranty. For the sake of the environment
● You must on no account pour oil into the ground or into the sewage system.
● In view of the problems involved in properly disposing of old oil, the necessary
special tools and the knowledge required for such work, we recommend that you
have the oil and oil filter change carried out by an authorised

ŠKODA Service Part-
ner. Note
After your skin has come in contact with the oil, you must thoroughly wash your
skin. 
Cooling system
Coolant The job of the coolant is to cool the engine.
The cooling system does not require any maintenance under normal operating
conditions. The coolant consists of water with a concentration of coolant additive
of 40 %. This mixture not only provides antifreeze protection down to -25 °C but
also protects the cooling and heating system from corrosion. It also prevents the
formation of scale and significantly increases the boiling point of the coolant.
You must therefore not reduce the concentration of antifreeze agent in the cool-
ant by adding water, also not during the summer months or in countries with a
warm climate. The concentration of coolant additive in the coolant must be at
least 40 %.
You can increase the amount of antifreeze in the coolant if a higher concentration
of antifreeze is necessary for climatic reasons but only up to 60 % (antifreeze pro-
tection down to approx. -40 °C). The antifreeze protection tails off above that con-
centration.
Vehicles exported to countries with a cold climate (e.g. Sweden, Norway, Finland)
are already factory-filled with a coolant which offers antifreeze protection down
to about -35 °C. In these countries the concentration of coolant additive should be
at least 50 %.
Coolant
The cooling system is factory-filled with coolant (purple in colour), which complies
with the specification TL-VW

774 G. £ 153
Inspecting and Replenishing Using the system Safety Driving Tips General Maintenance Breakdown assis-
tance Praktik Technical data

WARNING
● If you find yourself in flowing traffic switch on the hazard warning lights
system and place the warning triangle on the side of the road at the prescri-
bed distance from your vehicle. Comply with the national legal regulations. In
this way you are protecting not only yourself but also other road users.
● Never start the engine with the vehicle sitting on the raised jack - danger
of suffering injury. CAUTION
If you have to change a wheel on a slope first block the opposite wheel with a
stone or similar object in order to secure the vehicle from unexpectedly rolling
away. Note
Comply with the national legal regulations. 
Changing a wheel Always change a wheel on a level surface as far as possible.
–
Take off the full wheel trim ⇒ page 170 or the caps ⇒ page 170.
– Slacken the wheel bolts ⇒ page 170.
– Jack up the vehicle until the wheel to be changed is clear of the ground
⇒ page 171.
– Unscrew the wheel bolts and place them on a clean surface (cloth, paper, etc.).
– Take off the wheel.
– Fit on the spare wheel and tighten the wheel bolts slightly.
– Lower the car.
– Tighten the wheel bolts firmly, alternately and diagonally using the wrench
(crosswise) ⇒ page 170.
– Mount the full wheel trim/wheel trim cap or the caps. Note
● All bolts must be clean and must turn easily.
● You must never grease or oil the wheel bolts!
● When fitting on unidirectional tyres, ensure that the tyres rotate in the correct
direction ⇒ page 161
. 
Subsequent steps After changing the wheel, you must perform the following steps.
–
Stow the vehicle tool kit in the space provided.
– Stow the replaced wheel in the luggage compartment.
– Check the tyre pressure on the spare wheel just mounted as soon as possible.
– Have the tightening torque of the wheel bolts checked with a torque wrench
as soon as possible. Steel and light alloy wheels must be tightened to a tight-
ening torque of 120

Nm.
– Change the damaged wheel or consult a specialist garage about possibilities
for getting repairs done. WARNING
It is necessary to observe the guidelines given on ⇒
 page 163, New tyres and
wheels if the vehicle is subsequently fitted with tyres which are different to
those it was fitted with at the works. Note
● If you find, when changing the wheel, that the wheel bolts are corroded and
difficult to turn, the bolts must be replaced before checking the tightening torque.
● Drive cautiously and only at a moderate speed to a workshop where the tight-
ening torque can be checked.  169
Breakdown assistance Using the system Safety Driving Tips General Maintenance Breakdown assis-
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