Handles and Lock Mechanisms (01.14)
Body System (01.00)1-10-10 Workshop Manual May 2007
Convertible Roof (01.17)
Body System (01.00)1-12-16 Workshop Manual May 2007
12. Loosen (x6) screws retain ing plate (see Figure 10).
13. Slide retaining plate, disconnect pipes and remove pump (pipes and locations are numbered).
Installation
1. Check pump hydraulic oil le vel and top-up if required
(see Figure 1).
2. Clean pipes and install pipes to pump.
3. Slide retaining plate into place and tighten screws (pipes and locations are numbered).
4. Connect motor lucar connectors (x2).
5. Install end cover (locating tabs x2).
6. Connect pump multiplug.
7. Connect pump multiplug.
8. Install motor under tonneau body side ensuring the roof can be operated without pipes or wires fouling and
insulate with cloth if required. 9. Install cylinder pivot bracket and connect cylinder to
bracket.
10. Operate roof from fully shut to fully open then to halfway position with tonneau open and support roof
when hydraulic pressure drop s with suitable straps and
support tonneau cover with suitable prop.
11. Disconnect cylinder and remove cylinder pivot bracket.
12. Check pump and pipes for leaks.
13. Remove pump from tonneau bodyside and check oil level. If top up necessary remove reservoir end plug with
pump in upright position, add small quantity of oil
replace plug and re-check level.
14. Install pump casing and secure velcro.
15. Install pump and casing under tonneau onto location posts.
16. Install cylinder pivot bracket and connect cylinder to bracket.
17. Move tonneau well liner arou nd lower cylinder fixing
and motor casing and secure velcro.
18. Install trim clip and positi on tonneau lining stiffening
rod.
19. Restore roof and tonneau to original positionHydraulic Lock Valve - Renew
Removal
1. Operate roof to halfway position with tonneau open and support roof when hydraulic pressure drops with
suitable straps and support tonneau cover with suitable
prop (see Figure 1).
Figure 10
Figure 1
Repair Operation Time (ROT)
ItemCode
Hydraulic Lock Valve-Renew 01.17.AV
WAR NI NG
APPROXIMATELY 20 SECONDS AFTER THE OPEN/
CLOSE OPERATION HAS BEEN INTERRUPTED THE ROOF MAY SUDDENLY DROP DUE TO LOSS OF
HYDRAULIC PRESSURE. IF THIS HAPPENS ENSURE NO
BODY PARTS ARE CLOSE TO THE ROOF MECHANISM. IF THE ROOF REQUIRES MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT
PROPERLY USING SUITABLE PROPS AND STRAPS.
Restraining Devices (01.20)
Body System (01.00)
May 2007 Workshop Manual 1-14-1
Body System (01.00)
Restraining Devices (01.20)
Seat Belts
This vehicle is installed with two inertia reel safety belts. The
inertia belt reels automatically tension the belts to provide
security with comfort. In the event of a collision or during
severe braking, the belt reels will lock.
The driver and front passenger safety belt buckles are
installed with a switch, which is connected to a warning
indicator housed within the DIM. When the ignition is first
turned on the warning indicator will illuminate only if the
seat belt is not fastened. If the safety belt is fastened before
the ignition is turned on the circuit is broken and the
indicator will remain off.
Pre-tensioner and Load Limiting Systems
The driver and front passenger seat belts are equipped with
pre-tensioner and load limiting systems. In most moderate frontal or near frontal accidents, the front
airbag and pre-tensioner syst
ems will deploy simultaneously.
The pre-tensioners take up slack in the front seat belts as the
airbags are expanding. The load limiting system releases belt
webbing in a controlled manner to reduce belt force on the
occupant’s chest.
The RCM receives information on the status of the safety belt
buckles from a switch contained in the buckle. Only
fastened safety belts will activate.
The safety belt retractors, which are mounted within the
base of the B pillars, incorporate a torsion bar load limiting
device. This device consists of a retractor reel which is
In some moderate frontal or ne ar frontal accidents, only the
pre-tensioner system will deploy.
Restraining Devices (01.20)
Body System (01.00)1-14-2 Workshop Manual May 2007
mounted onto a spindle (torsion bar) which once the sensor
has locked the retractor reel and a predetermined load is
applied, twists and allows additional webbing into the
system. The deceleration force required to initiate this
sequence is approximately th e same as that required to
initiate airbag deployment. The torsion bar load limiting
device will only react if the safety belt is in use at the time of
the impact.
Emergency Locking Retractor (ELR)
The retractors in all seat posi tions feature ELR. During any
period of sudden deceleration, or under lateral load when
cornering at speed, a sensor weight within the safety belt
retractor moves a locking pawl against the teeth on the
retractor reel, which then locks the retractor preventing any
further release of webbing. As soon as the load applied onto
the retractor through the safety belt webbing is removed the
locking pawl releases the retractor reel and normal
movement is returned to the retractor.
Automatic Locking Retractor (ALR)
Automatic locking retractors (ALR) are installed to all
passenger seat positions.
The safety belt webbing on these are clearly marked to show
their operating feature. To initiate the ALR system, fasten the
safety belt into it’s buckle and pull all of the webbing from
the retractor, as the safety belt is released the retractor locks
allowing travel in only one plane thus producing a fixed
length restraint and preventing the safety belt from
introducing slack, making any child seat it may be restraining
secure. The ALR system of the retractor is disengaged by
releasing the safety belt and allowing the safety belt to fully
retract onto the reel. Caution
It should be considered th at during any event that
utilizes the full capability of the safety belts, the
webbing may have been elongated and the torsion bar may have twisted. For this reason, if a vehicle is
involved in an accident which results in the deployment of the airbag(s), all the safety belts that were in use at
the time of the accident MUST be renewed.
Restraining Devices (01.20)
Body System (01.00)
May 2007 Workshop Manual 1-14-3
Airbag System
The airbag system is designed to provide increased collision
protection for front seat occu pants in addition to that
provided by the safety belt system. Safety belt use is
necessary to obtain the best occupant protection and to
receive the full advantages of the airbag system.
This vehicle is equipped with dr iver, passenger, side impact
airbags and seat belt pretensioners, which are electrically
controlled an RCM (Restraints Control Module).
The driver and passenger airbags (A) only deploy in a serious
front collision. The side airbags (B (one airbag in each front
seat)) only deploy according to which side has been
impacted in a serious side collision.
The purpose of the driver, passenger and side airbags is to
provide additional protection for the front seat occupants in
the event of a serious impact (front or side impacts). The
airbags are supplementary to the seat belts.
Airbag Deployment
The noise and gas associated with the deployment of the
airbags are not injurious to health.
Driver airbag Module
The driver airbag module is installed in the steering wheel,
the cover forming the outer surface of the steering wheel
boss. The cover has a split line moulded into its surface
allowing the airbag to exit through the cover when the
system deploys.
No routine maintenance is required and there are no
serviceable parts. The driver airbag module is replaced as an
assembly.
Passenger Airbag Module
The passenger airbag module is located above the glove
compartment behind a deployment panel.
The passenger airbag deployment panel hinges up out of the
way during airbag deployment.
The passenger airbag module is replaced as an assembly.
There is no routine maintenance required and there are no
serviceable parts.
Side Airbag Module
A side impact airbag module is mounted in the outboard
bolster of each front seat and uses compressed argon to
inflate. It provides protection for the thorax (the part of the
torso between the neck and the abdomen). In a side airbag
module deployment situation, the airbag module deploys
from behind a hard trim panel.
Clockspring
The airbag clockspring continuously transfers electrical
signals from the driver airbag module to the airbag sensor.
The airbag clockspring is mounted on the steering column,
behind the steering wheel and does not contain any
serviceable components. Ensure that the steering wheel is
locked in the central position before commencing any work
on the steering column, wheel or airbag.
Control Module
The primary purpose of the RCM is to discriminate between
an event that warrants an airbag system deployment and an
R P
N
D
WAR NI N G
AIRBAGS INFLATE RAPIDLY AND WITH
CONSIDERABLE FORCE, THERE IS THEREFORE A RISK OF DEATH OR SERIOUS INJURY SUCH AS
FRACTURES, FACIAL AND EY E INJURIES OR INTERNAL
INJURIES, PARTICULARLY TO OCCUPANTS WHO ARE NOT PROPERLY RESTRAINED BY SEAT BELTS OR ARE NOT SITTING CORRECTLY WHEN THE AIRBAGS
DEPLOY. THE RISK OF IN JURY FROM A DEPLOYING
AIRBAG IS GREATEST CLOSE TO THE TRIM COVERING THE AIRBAG.
WAR NI N G
THE WHOLE SEQUENCE OF AIRBAG DEPLOYMENT,
FROM SENSING THE IMPACT TO FULL INFLATION OF THE AIRBAG TAKES PLACE IN A FRACTION OF A SECOND.
Subframes (02.03)
Frame and Mounting (02.00)
2-1-8 Workshop Manual May 2007
8. Remove bolts (x2), remove both spring/damper assemblies.
9. Remove nuts (x2), anti-roll bar links to lower suspension
arms.
10. Remove bolts (x4). anti-roll bar to subframe. Remove anti-roll bar.
11. Disconnect ABS sensor mult iplugs (x2), release sensor
harness clips (x4) from both toe control arms.
12. Disconnect brake pad wear sensor multiplugs (x2). Release connectors (x2) from subframe.
13. Loosen and disconnect brake pipe unions (x2) from subframe brackets. Pl ug pipe connections.
14. Disconnect multiplug fr om ride height sensor.
15. Remove nut/bolt securing ride height sensor link to
upper suspension arm.
16. Remove bolts (x2), ride height sensor to subframe. Remove sensor.
17. Remove nuts/bolts (x2) and cam washers (x2), toe control arms to subframe.
18. Remove bolts (x2), nuts/bolts (x2) and cam washers (x2),
securing lower suspension arms to subframe
19. Remove nuts/bolts (x4), upper suspension arms to subframe.
20. With assistance, remove suspension assemblies from subframe.
21. Remove heatshield clips (x2) from rear of subframe.
22. Release clips (x23), ha rness to subframe, remove
harness.
23. Release brake pipes from cl ips (x7), remove pipes (x2).
24. Remove brake pipe clips (x5) from subframe.
Installation
1. Clean suspension components and brake pipes.
2. Instal brake pipe clips (x5) in subframe.
3. Install brake pipes (x2) in clips (x7).
4. Install harness and secure with clips (x23).
5. Install heatshield clips (x2).
6. With assistance, install suspension assemblies in subframe.
7. Install bolts/nuts (x4), upper suspension arm to subframe. Do not torque tighten at this stage.
8. Install bolts (x2), bolts/nuts (x2) and cam washers (x2) securing lower suspension arm to subframe. Do not
torque tighten at this stage.
9. Position toe control arm, install bolts (x2, cam washers (x2 and nuts (x2). Do not torque tighten at this stage.
10. Install ride height sensor, in stall and torque tighten bolts
(x2).
11. Align ride height sensor li nk to upper suspension arm,
install bolt/nut, tighten to correct torque.
12. Connect multiplug to ride height sensor. 13. Remove pipe plugs, install and torque tighten brake
pipe unions.
14. Connect brake pad wear sensor multiplugs, install in subframe brackets.
15. Connect ABS sensor multiplugs (x2), install harness clips (x4), in toe control arms.
16. Install anti-roll bar, install bolts (x4). Do not torque tighten at this stage.
17. Align anti-roll bar links to lower suspension arms. Install nuts (x2), do not torque tighten at this stage.
18. Install spring/damper assemblies (x2). Install bolts (x2), do not torque tighten at this stage
19. With assistance, install transaxle in subframe. Install and torque tighten hydramount nuts (x2).
20. Lower hoist, remove slings.
21. Align driveshafts to transaxle flanges, install plates (x6), new Allen bolts (x12) and tighten to correct torque.
22. Install rear subframe asse mbly (see Workshop Manual
procedure 02.01.CA Subframe Assembly - Rear -
Remove for Access and Refit).
23. Connect vehicle battery.
24. 4 wheel alignment check/adjust (see Workshop Manual procedure 04.00.AD 4 Wheel Alignment - Check and
Adjust).
25. Final torque tighten all suspension nuts/bolts.
RH/LH Transmission Rear Hydromount
Isolator Assembly-Renew
Removal
1. Raise vehicle on ramp.
2. Remove rear exhaust silenc er (see Workshop Manual
procedure 09.00.KA Silencer and Bypass Valve
Assembly - Remove for Access and Refit).
3. Remove bolts (x4) from subframe cross brace.
4. Loosen clamp nut and release rear exhaust pipe from centre pipe.
5. Remove rear exhaust pipe through subframe.
6. Position hydraulic lift er to support transaxle.
Caution
Always plug pipe connections to prevent ingress of dirt.
New Allen bolts should have a thread lock coating.
Caution
Final tightening of suspension components must be
carried out with the suspensi on arms at normal ride
height.
Repair Operation Time (ROT)
ItemCode
Transmission Rear Hydromount
Isolator Assembly-Renew RH
02.03.BC
Transmission Rear Hydromount
Isolator Assembly-Renew LH
02.03.BD
Warning
To avoid personal injury, i.e. severe burns to the skin, allow exhaust system to cool down before removing
exhaust system components.
Issue 5, January 2010 Workshop Manual 3-0-1
Engine System (03.00)
Contents
Engine Assembly (03.00) ....................................... 3-0-3Description ............................................................. 0-3
Maintenance ........................................................... 0-4Engine Assembly-Renew ........................................ 0-4
Engine Assembly-Remove for Access and Refit ....... 0-4
Engine Structure (03.01) ........................................ 3-1-1 Description ............................................................. 1-1Engine Block .......................................................... 1-1
Cylinder Block Drain Plug ...................................... 1-2
Knock Sensors........................................................ 1-3
Bedplate ................................................................ 1-3
Engine Mountings .................................................. 1-3
Cylinder Heads ...................................................... 1-4
Inlet/Exhaust Manifolds .......................................... 1-4
Specifications.......................................................... 1-4
Maintenance ........................................................... 1-5 Upper Intake Manifold Assembly (LHD) - Renew ... 1-5
Upper Intake Manifold Asse mbly (RHD) - Renew ... 1-6
Upper Intake Manifold Assembly Gasket (LHD)
- Renew ................................................................. 1-8
Upper Intake Manifold Assembly Gasket (RHD)
- Renew ................................................................. 1-9
Intake Manifold Assembly - Remove for Access
and Refit (With Engine Removed)......................... 1-11
RH/LH Cylinder Head Gasket - Renew................. 1-12
RH/LH Cylinder Head - Overhaul ........................ 1-13
Cylinder Head (Engine Set) - Overhaul ................. 1-14
Valve Set (Engine Set) - Renew
(including de-coke) .............................................. 1-15
Inlet Valve (Set) - Renew ...................................... 1-16
Exhaust Valve (Set) - Renew ................................. 1-16
Spring (Valve Set) - Renew ................................... 1-17
Spring (Inlet Valve Set) - Renew ........................... 1-18
Inlet and Exhaust Valve Seal (Engine Set) - Renew 1-19
Spring (Valve Exhaust Set) - Renew....................... 1-19
RH/LH Cylinder Head Gasket - Renew (with
Engine Removed) ................................................. 1-20
Cylinder Head Gasket (E ngine Set) - Renew (with
Engine Removed) ................................................. 1-21
Lubrication System (03.02) .. .................................. 3-2-1
Dry Sump System .................................................. 2-1
Specifications.......................................................... 2-2 Engine Oil Specification ......................................... 2-2
Maintenance ........................................................... 2-2 Oil Pressure Pump to Sump Gasket - Renew .......... 2-2
Oil Pump Chain - Renew ....................................... 2-2
Oil Sump Pan - Renew........................................... 2-3
Oil Sump Pan - Remove and Reseal ....................... 2-5
Oil Cooler - Renew ................................................ 2-8
Oil Cooler Tank Assembly - Renew ........................ 2-9
Thermostat - Renew ............................................... 2-9
Oil Cooler Tank Pipe Assembly - Renew .............. 2-10
Oil Thermostat to Tank Tube Assembly - Renew .. 2-10
Oil Pump Inlet Tube Assemb ly - Renew ............... 2-11 Oil Pump Inlet Tube Assembly - Renew ............... 2-12
Oil Pump Outlet Tube Asse
mbly - Renew ............ 2-12
Oil Thermostat Cooler Pipe Assembly - Renew .... 2-13
Oil Temperature Controller - Renew .................... 2-14
Oil Sump Pan - Renew (with Engine Removed) .... 2-14
Oil Sump Pan - Remove and Reseal
(with Engine Removed) ........................................ 2-17
Cooling System (03.03) ......................................... 3-3-1 Description ............................................................. 3-1Water Pump .......................................................... 3-1
Thermostat ............................................................ 3-1
Radiator................................................................. 3-1
Cooling Fans .......................................................... 3-1
Coolant Reservoir .................................................. 3-1
Engine Oil Cooler .................................................. 3-2
Specifications......................................................... 3-2
Torque Figures ....................................................... 3-2
Maintenance ........................................................... 3-2 Coolant-Drain/Fill .................................................. 3-2
Thermostat - Renew............................................... 3-3
Water Pump - Renew ............................................ 3-3
Water Pump Pulley - Renew .................................. 3-3
Oil Temperature Controller - Renew ...................... 3-4
Radiator Fan and Motor Assembly - Remove and
Install ..................................................................... 3-4
Radiator and Condenser Assembly - Renew ........... 3-5
Radiator Assembly - Renew.................................... 3-5
Air Conditioning Condenser - Renew ..................... 3-6
Radiator Fan Modulator - Remove and Install......... 3-6
Expansion Tank Assembly - Renew ........................ 3-6
Coolant Recovery Tank Assembly - Remove and
Install ..................................................................... 3-7
Engine Coolant Reservoir Hose - Renew ................ 3-8
Water Inlet/Outlet Manifold - Renew ..................... 3-8
Engine Electric Coolant Temperature Sensor
- Renew ............................................................... 3-10
Thermostat Cover - Renew .................................. 3-11
Fuel Charging System (03.04)................................ 3-4-1 Safety Precautions .................................................. 4-1
Maintenance ........................................................... 4-2Fuel Rails - Renew ................................................. 4-2
Fuel Injection Pressure Sensor - Renew .................. 4-3
Fuel Temperature Sensor - Renew ......................... 4-3
Fuel Injector Engine Set - Renew............................ 4-4
Fuel Injector - Each - LH Bank - Renew.................. 4-5
Fuel Injector - Each - RH Bank - Renew ................. 4-5
Engine Set - Fuel Injector - LH Bank - Renew ......... 4-6
Engine Set - Fuel Injector - RH Bank - Renew......... 4-6
Accessory Drive System (03.05) ............................ 3-5-1 Description ............................................................. 5-1Auxiliary Drives...................................................... 5-1
Automatic Belt Tensioner ....................................... 5-1
Specifications ......................................................... 5-1
Maintenance ........................................................... 5-1
3-0-2 Workshop Manual Issue 5, January 2010
Drive Belt-Renew ...................................................5-1
Engine Drive Belt and Bracket Assembly Oil Pump
Tensioner-Renew ...................................................5-1
Idler Pulley-Renew .................................................5-2
Engine Drive Belt Idler Assembly-Renew ................5-2
Engine Cranking System (03.06) ........................... 3-6-1 Maintenance ...........................................................6-1 Starter Motor-Renew ..............................................6-1
Ignition System (03.07) ......................................... 3-7-1 Maintenance ...........................................................7-1 Coil Assembly-Engine Set - LH-Renew ....................7-1
Emission Control (03.08) ...................................... 3-8-1 Maintenance ...........................................................8-1 Vacuum Outlet Hose Assemb ly-Renew ..................8-1
Secondary Air Injection Pump Tube-Renew............8-1
Vacuum System Reservoir and Bracket Assembly
- Renew .................................................................8-1
Oil Tank Breather Hose-Renew ..............................8-1
Air Cleaner to Rocker Cover Hose-Renew ..............8-1
Oil Separator Tube Assembly-Renew ......................8-1
Oil Separator Assembly-Renew...............................8-2
Emissions Separator Hose-Renew ...........................8-2
Secondary Air Injection Pump and Bracket
Assembly-Renew ....................................................8-2
PCV Valve Assembly-Renew ...................................8-2
Crank Vent Hose-Renew ........................................8-3
Exhaust Valve to Exhaust Manifold Tube Assembly
- Renew .................................................................8-3
Oil Separator to Inlet Manifold Hose- Renew .........8-3
EGR Module-Renew...............................................8-3
Valve Train (03.09)................................................ 3-9-1 Specifications ..........................................................9-1
Maintenance ...........................................................9-1 Left Side Timing Chain Arm Assembly - Remove
and Install ..............................................................9-1
Right Side Timing Chain Arm Assembly - Remove
and Install ..............................................................9-8
RH/LH Secondary Tensioner Assembly - Remove
and Install ............................................................9-14
Right and Left Intake Camshaft - Remove
and Install ............................................................9-15
Right and Left Exhaust Camshaft - Remove
and Install ............................................................9-17
RH/LH Secondary Timing Chain-Renew ...............9-18
RH/LH Secondary Tensioner Assembly-Renew
(with Engine Removed).........................................9-19
RH/LH Intake Camshaft Renew With Engine
Removed .............................................................9-20
RH/LH Exhaust Camshaft-Renew (with Engine
Removed) ............................................................9-22
RH/LH Secondary Timing Chain-Renew (with
Engine Removed) .................................................9-24
RH/LH Intake Camshaft Sprocket and Housing Assembly-
Renew......................................................................9-25 Left Side Primary Chain - Re move and Install).......9-26
RH/LH Intake Camshaft Sprocket and Housing
Assembly-Renew (with Engine Removed) .............9-29
Engine Sealing (03.10) ........................................ 3-10-1 Specifications ........................................................10-1 Maintenance ......................................................... 10-1
Engine Timing Cover - Renew .............................. 10-1
Left Side Cam Cover - Remove and Install ............ 10-4
Left Side Cam Cover Gasket - Renew ................... 10-5
Right Side Cam Cover Gasket - Renew ................. 10-6
Cylinder Head Gasket - Renew (Engine Set) ......... 10-6
Right Side Cam Cover - Remove and Install .......... 10-9
Cam Cover - Vehicle Set - Remove and Install .... 10-10
Engine Timing Cover- Renew (with Engine
Removed) .......................................................... 10-11
John Guest Cartridge in the Engine Timing Cover
- Repair .............................................................. 10-14
Power Conversion (03.11) ...................................3-11-1 Maintenance ......................................................... 11-1 Connecting Rod Bearing-Renew (Engine Set) ........ 11-1
Crankshaft Main Bearing-Renew (Engine Set)........ 11-1
Crankshaft Assembly-Renew................................. 11-4
Piston-Renew (Engine Set) .................................... 11-7
Piston-Renew ..................................................... 11-12
Additional Piston-Renew (E ach) .......................... 11-17
Piston Ring-Renew (Engine Set) .......................... 11-18
Piston Ring-One Piston Se t-Renew ..................... 11-23
Piston Ring Set-Additional -Renew (Each) ............ 11-28
Connecting Rod-Renew (Engin e Set) .................. 11-29
Crankshaft Damper Pulley Assembly-Renew ....... 11-34
Crankshaft Front Oil Seal-R enew ........................ 11-35
Rear Oil Crankshaft Seal-Renew ......................... 11-36
Cylinder Block-Renew........................................ 11-36
Crankshaft Damper Pulley Assembly-Renew
(with Engine Removed) ...................................... 11-37
Crankshaft Front Oil Seal-Renew (with
Engine Removed) ............................................... 11-37
Crankshaft Rear Oil Seal-Renew (with
Engine Removed) ............................................... 11-38
Air Charging (03.12) .......... ..................................3-12-1
Maintenance ......................................................... 12-1 Clean Air Duct - Remove and Install ..................... 12-1
Engine Air Filter - Remove and Install ................... 12-1
Engine Air Cleaner Assembly - Remove
and Install ............................................................ 12-2
Evaporative Emissions (03.13 ) .............................3-13-1
Description ........................................................... 13-1 System Operation ................................................ 13-1
Engine Management System (03.14) ...................3-14-1 Maintenance ......................................................... 14-1 Right Engine Control Module - Renew.................. 14-1
LH Front Lower Heated Exhaust Gas Oxygen
(HEGO) Sensor - Renew....................................... 14-1
LH Front Upper Heated Exhaust Gas Oxygen
(HEGO) Sensor - Renew....................................... 14-1
RH Front Upper Heated Exhaust Gas Oxygen
(HEGO) Sensor - Renew....................................... 14-2
RH Rear Lower Heated Exhaust Gas Oxygen
(HEGO) Sensor - Renew....................................... 14-2
Left Side Powertrain Control Module (PCM)
(Coupe Only) - Remove and Install....................... 14-3
Left Side Powertrain Control Module (PCM)
(Roadster Only) - Remove and Install.................... 14-4