2005 CHRYSLER VOYAGER warning

(3) Hoist vehicle.
(4) Disconnect electrical connector (Fig. 24).
(5) Remove the two screws attaching front impact
sensor to outer rails (Fig. 24).
(6) Remove sensor from vehicle.
SIDE IMPACT SENSORS
B-PILLAR MOUNTED
The right and left front row side impact sensors,
are mounted identically, on opposite sides of the vehi-
cle, in the b-pillar.
(1) Open hood, disconnect and isolate the battery
negative cable.
(2)
WARNING: Wait two minutes for the system reserve
capacitor to discharge before beginning any airbag
component service. Personal injury or death may
result.
(3) Remove the B-pillar lower trim for the side of
the vehicle that you are replacing the side impact
sensor (Refer to 23 - BODY/INTERIOR/B-PILLAR
LOWER TRIM - REMOVAL).
(4) Disconnect the electrical connector from the
impact sensor (Fig. 25).
(5) Remove the four retaining screws to the impact
sensor bracket (Fig. 25).
(6) Remove impact sensor from vehicle (Fig. 26).
SLIDING DOOR OPENING MOUNTED
The right and left second row side impact sensors,
are mounted identically, on opposite sides of the vehi-cle, in the sliding door opening lower rear where the
lower roller arm mounts in the lower door track.
(1) Open hood, disconnect and isolate the battery
negative cable.
(2)
Fig. 24 FRONT IMPACT SENSOR REMOVE/INSTALL
1 - FRONT IMPACT SENSOR WIRE HARNESS RETAINER
2 - FRONT IMPACT SENSOR RETAINING SCREW
3 - FRONT IMPACT SENSOR WIRE HARNESS
4 - FRONT IMPACT SENSOR
5 - LOWER RADIATOR SUPPORT
Fig. 25 FRONT ROW SIDE IMPACT SENSOR AND
BRACKET
1 - B-PILLAR
2 - FRONT ROW SIDE IMPACT SENSOR ELECTRICAL
CONNECTOR
3 - FRONT ROW SIDE IMPACT SENSOR AND MOUNTING
BRACKET
4 - FRONT ROW SIDE IMPACT SENSOR RETAINING SCREW
Fig. 26 FRONT ROW SIDE IMPACT SENSOR/
BRACKET
1 - FRONT ROW SIDE IMPACT SENSOR
2 - SENSOR TO BRACKET ATTACHMENT
3 - FRONT ROW SIDE IMPACT SENSOR MOUNTING BRACKET
8O - 20 RESTRAINTSRS
IMPACT SENSOR (Continued)

WARNING: Wait two minutes for the system reserve
capacitor to discharge before beginning any airbag
component service. Personal injury or death may
result.
(3) Open sliding door to the fullest open position.
(4) Remove the two retaining screws to the impact
sensor (Fig. 27).
(5) Disconnect the electrical connector from the
impact sensor and remove from vehicle (Fig. 27).
QUARTER PANEL MOUNTED
(1) Open hood, disconnect and isolate the battery
negative cable.
(2)
WARNING: Wait two minutes for the system reserve
capacitor to discharge before beginning any airbag
component service. Personal injury or death may
result.
(3) Remove the quarter trim panel for the side of
the vehicle that you are replacing the side impact
sensor (Refer to 23 - BODY/INTERIOR/QUARTER
TRIM PANEL - REMOVAL).
(4) Remove the two retaining screws to the impact
sensor (Fig. 28).
(5) Disconnect the electrical connector from the
impact sensor and remove from vehicle (Fig. 28).
INSTALLATION
FRONT IMPACT SENSOR
(1) Position sensor in vehicle (Fig. 24).
(2) Install the two retaining screws to the impact
sensor (Fig. 24). Torque screws to 7 N´m (62 in. lbs.).
(3) Connect electrical connector (Fig. 24).
(4) Lower vehicle from hoist.
WARNING: Do not connect the battery negative
cable (Refer to 8 - ELECTRICAL/RESTRAINTS -
DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING - AIRBAG SYSTEM). Per-
sonal injury or death may result if the system test
is not performed first.
(5) Verify vehicle and system operation.
(6) Close hood.
SIDE IMPACT SENSORS
B-PILLAR MOUNTED
(1) Position sensor bracket in vehicle (Fig. 25).
(2) Install the four retaining screws to the impact
sensor bracket (Fig. 25). Torque screws to 7 N´m (62
in. lbs.).
(3) Connect the electrical connector (Fig. 25).
(4) Install the B-pillar lower trim for the side of
the vehicle that you are replacing the side impact
sensor (Refer to 23 - BODY/INTERIOR/B-PILLAR
LOWER TRIM - INSTALLATION).
Fig. 27 2ND ROW SIDE IMPACT SENSOR
1 - 2ND ROW SIDE IMPACT SENSOR ELECTRICAL CONNECTOR
2 - 2ND ROW SIDE IMPACT SENSOR RETAINING SCREWS
3 - SLIDING DOOR LOWER ROLLER ARM
Fig. 28 3RD ROW SIDE IMPACT SENSOR
1 - 3RD ROW SIDE IMPACT SENSOR
2 - 3RD ROW SIDE IMPACT SENSOR MOUNTING SCREWS
3 - REAR SPEAKER
4 - REAR WHEEL WELL
RSRESTRAINTS8O-21
IMPACT SENSOR (Continued)

WARNING: Do not connect the battery negative
cable (Refer to 8 - ELECTRICAL/RESTRAINTS -
DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING - AIRBAG SYSTEM). Per-
sonal injury or death may result if the system test
is not performed first.
(5) Verify vehicle and system operation.
(6) Close hood.
SLIDING DOOR OPENING MOUNTED
(1) Connect electrical connector (Fig. 27).
(2) Position sensor in vehicle (Fig. 27).
(3) Install the two retaining screws to the impact
sensor (Fig. 27). Torque screws to 7 N´m (62 in. lbs.).
WARNING: Do not connect the battery negative
cable (Refer to 8 - ELECTRICAL/RESTRAINTS -
DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING - AIRBAG SYSTEM). Per-
sonal injury or death may result if the system test
is not performed first.
(4) Verify vehicle and system operation.
(5) Close hood.
QUARTER PANEL MOUNTED
(1) Position sensor in vehicle (Fig. 28).
(2) Connect electrical connector (Fig. 28).
(3) Install the two retaining screws to the impact
sensor (Fig. 28). Torque screws to 7 N´m (62 in. lbs.).
(4) Install the quarter trim panel for the side of
the vehicle that you are replacing the side impact
sensor (Refer to 23 - BODY/INTERIOR/QUARTER
TRIM PANEL - INSTALLATION).
WARNING: Do not connect the battery negative
cable (Refer to 8 - ELECTRICAL/RESTRAINTS -
DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING - AIRBAG SYSTEM). Per-
sonal injury or death may result if the system test
is not performed first.
(5) Verify vehicle and system operation.
(6) Close hood.
KNEE BLOCKER AIRBAG
DESCRIPTION
The Knee Blocker Airbag (Fig. 29) is located on the
driver side of the vehicle beneath the instrument
panel under steering column cover (Fig. 30).
The knee blocker airbag includes one reaction plate
and one load plate, within which the cushion and
inflator are mounted and sealed. Following a knee
blocker airbag deployment, the knee blocker airbag
and instrument panel assembly must be replaced.
Refer to the proper diagnostic information for diagno-
sis and testing.
OPERATION
The knee blocker airbag is equipped with a single
inflator. When the Occupant Restraint Controller
(ORC) sends the proper electrical signals to the initi-
ator, the electrical energy generates enough heat to
initiate a small pyrotechnic charge which, in turn
ignites chemical pellets within the inflator. Once
ignited, these chemical pellets burn rapidly and pro-
duce a large quantity of inert gas. The inflator is
sealed to the back of the airbag housing and a dif-
fuser in the inflator directs all of the inert gas into
the airbag cushion, causing the cushion to inflate. As
the cushion inflates, the knee blocker airbag trim
deploy. Following an airbag deployment, the airbag
cushion quickly deflates by venting the inert gas
towards the instrument panel through vent holes
within the fabric used to construct the back panel of
the airbag cushion.
Some of the chemicals used to create the inert gas
may be considered hazardous while in their solid
state before they are burned, but they are securely
sealed within the airbag inflator. Typically, the poten-
tially hazardous chemicals are burned during an air-
bag deployment event.
WARNING: The inert gas that is produced when the
chemicals are burned is harmless. However, a small
amount of residue from the burned chemicals may
cause some temporary discomfort if it contacts the
skin, eyes, or breathing passages. If skin or eye irri-
tation is noted, rinse the affected area with plenty
of cool, clean water. If breathing passages are irri-
tated, move to another area where there is plenty of
clean, fresh air to breath. If the irritation is not alle-
viated by these actions, contact a physician.
Fig. 29 KNEE BLOCKER AIRBAG
8O - 22 RESTRAINTSRS
IMPACT SENSOR (Continued)

REMOVAL
(1) Open hood, disconnect and isolate the battery
negative cable.
(2)
WARNING: Wait two minutes for the airbag system
reserve capacitor to discharge before beginning
any airbag system or component service. Failure to
do so may result in accidental airbag deployment,
personal injury or death.
(3) Remove the steering column opening cover two
retaining screws (Fig. 31) and unsnap cover from
instrument panel (Refer to 23 - BODY/INSTRU-
MENT PANEL/STEERING COLUMN OPENING
COVER - REMOVAL).
(4) Disconnect the knee blocker airbag electrical
connector (Fig. 32).
(5) Remove five knee blocker airbag retaining bolts
from airbag (Fig. 33).
(6) Remove knee blocker airbag from vehicle.
INSTALLATION
(1) Place the knee blocker airbag into position in
the instrument panel opening (Fig. 33).
(2) Connect the one electrical connector (Fig. 32).
(3) Install the five knee blocker airbag retaining
bolts (Fig. 33).
(4) Position the steering column opening cover
over retaining slots and firmly snap into place (Fig.
31). Install the two retaining screws (Fig. 31) (Refer
to 23 - BODY/INSTRUMENT PANEL/STEERING
COLUMN OPENING COVER - INSTALLATION).
WARNING: Do not connect the battery negative
cable (Refer to 8 - ELECTRICAL/RESTRAINTS -
DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING - AIRBAG SYSTEM). Per-
sonal injury or death may result if the system test
is not performed first.
(5) Verify vehicle and system operation.
(6) Close hood.
Fig. 30 KNEE BLOCKER AIRBAG LOCATION
1 - KNEE BLOCKER AIRBAG 3 - UNDER STEERING COLUMN COVER RETAINING SCREWS
2 - UNDER STEERING C0LUMN COVER
RSRESTRAINTS8O-23
KNEE BLOCKER AIRBAG (Continued)

anchor. The OCM then monitors the return voltage
from each of the sensors. The bladder pressure sen-
sor input allows the OCM to determine whether the
passenger front seat is occupied and the relative size
of the occupant by providing a weight-sensing refer-
ence to the load on the seat cushion. The belt tension
sensor provides an additional logic input to the OCM
microprocessor that allows it to distinguish between
the lower seat belt cinch loads of a belted occupant
and the higher loads associated with a belted child
seat.
Pre-programmed decision algorithms and OCS cal-
ibration allow the OCM microprocessor to determine
when the seat cushion load as signaled by the blad-
der pressure sensor and the seat belt cinch load as
signaled by the belt tension sensor indicate that pas-
senger airbag protection is appropriate. When the
programmed conditions are met, the OCM sends the
proper electronic occupant classification messages
over the PCI data bus to the Occupant Restraint
Controller (ORC), and the ORC enables or disables
the deployment circuits for the passenger front sup-
plemental restraints. The ORC also provides a con-
trol output for the Passenger Airbag Disabled (PAD)
indicator in the instrument panel center stack, based
upon the electronic occupant classification messages
it receives from the OCM.
The OCM microprocessor continuously monitors all
of the OCS electrical circuits and components to
determine the system readiness. If the OCM detects
a monitored system fault, it sets an active and stored
Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) and sends the appro-
priate electronic messages to the ORC over the PCI
data bus. Then the ORC sets a DTC and sends mes-
sages to control the airbag indicator operation
accordingly. An active fault only remains for the
duration of the fault, or in some cases for the dura-
tion of the current ignition switch cycle, while a
stored fault causes a DTC to be stored in memory by
the OCM and the ORC. For some DTC's, if a fault
does not recur for a number of ignition cycles, the
OCM will automatically erase the stored DTC. For
other internal faults, the stored DTC is latched for-
ever.
The OCM receives battery current from an IPM
high side driver (Run/Start). The OCM receives
ground through a ground circuit of the body wire
harness, which it shares with the ORC. These con-
nections allow the OCM to be operational whenever
the ignition switch is in the Start or ON positions.
To diagnose and test the OCS, use a scan tool and
the appropriate diagnostic information.
REMOVAL
Once any of the original factory-installed compo-
nents except the Occupant Classification Module(OCM) have been replaced with the service replace-
ment package components, the OCM can only be ser-
viced by replacing the entire passenger front seat
cushion unit with another complete service replace-
ment package (Refer to 23 - BODY/SEATS/SEAT
CUSHION - FRONT - REMOVAL).
WARNING: Never replace both the Occupant
Restraint Controller (ORC) and the Occupant Clas-
sification Module (OCM) at the same time. If both
require replacement, replace one, then perform the
Airbag System test (Refer to 8 - ELECTRICAL/RE-
STRAINTS - DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING - AIRBAG
SYSTEM) before replacing the other. Both the ORC
and the OCM store Occupant Classification System
(OCS) calibration data, which they transfer to one
another when one of them is replaced. If both are
replaced at the same time, an irreversible fault will
be set in both modules and the OCS may malfunc-
tion and result in personal injury or death.
(1) Disconnect and isolate the battery negative
cable.
(2)
WARNING: Wait two minutes for the airbag system
reserve capacitor to discharge before beginning
any airbag system or component service. Failure to
do so may result in accidental airbag deployment,
personal injury or death.
(3) Reach under the front edge of the passenger
side front seat cushion to access and remove the lock
pin from the connector lock tower on the Occupant
Classification Module (OCM) (Fig. 36).
(4) Disconnect the passenger front seat wire har-
ness connector for the OCM.
(5) Remove the two screws that secure the OCM to
the OCM bracket.
(6) Remove the OCM from under the passenger
front seat.
INSTALLATION
WARNING: To avoid personal injury or death on
vehicles equipped with the Occupant Classification
System (OCS), only the Occupant Classification
Module (OCM) and the seat cushion trim may be
serviced separately. All other components of the
passenger front seat cushion must be serviced only
as a complete factory-calibrated, assembled and
tamper-evident service replacement package.
Once any of the original factory-installed compo-
nents except the OCM have been replaced with the
service replacement package components, the OCM
can only be serviced by replacing the entire passen-
8O - 26 RESTRAINTSRS
OCCUPANT CLASSIFICATION MODULE (Continued)

ger side front seat cushion unit with another com-
plete service replacement package. (Refer to 23 -
BODY/SEATS/SEAT CUSHION - FRONT -
REMOVAL).
WARNING: Never replace both the Occupant
Restraint Controller (ORC) and the Occupant Clas-
sification Module (OCM) at the same time. If both
require replacement, replace one, then perform the
Airbag System test (Refer to 8 - ELECTRICAL/RE-
STRAINTS - DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING - AIRBAG
SYSTEM) before replacing the other. Both the ORC
and the OCM store Occupant Classification System
(OCS) calibration data, which they transfer to one
another when one of them is replaced. If both are
replaced at the same time, an irreversible fault will
be set in both modules and the OCS may malfunc-
tion may result in personal injury or death.
(1) Carefully position the Occupant Classification
Module (OCM) to the OCM bracket (Fig. 36). When
the OCM is correctly positioned, the connector on the
module will be pointed to right side of the vehicle.
(2) Install the two screws to the OCM. Torque the
screws to 2 N´m (20 in. lbs.).
(3) Connect the seat wire harness connector for the
OCM. Be certain that the latches on the connector
are each fully engaged.(4) Install the lock pin into the connector lock
tower on the OCM.
WARNING: Do not connect the battery negative
cable (Refer to 8 - ELECTRICAL/RESTRAINTS -
DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING - AIRBAG SYSTEM). Per-
sonal injury or death may result if the system test
is not performed first.
WARNING: Following successful completion of the
Airbag System test procedure, the Occupant Classi-
fication System Verification Test must be done
using a scan tool and the appropriate diagnostic
information.
(5) Verify vehicle and system operation.
(6) Close hood.
OCCUPANT RESTRAINT
CONTROLLER
DESCRIPTION
The Occupant Restraint Controller (ORC) (Fig. 37)
is also sometimes referred to as the Airbag Control
Module (ACM).
Fig. 36 OCM - REMOVE/INSTALL
1 - OCCUPANT CLASSIFICATION MODULE (OCM)
2 - LOCK TOWER
3 - LOCK PIN
4 - CONNECTOR
5 - SCREW (2)
6 - BRACKET
Fig. 37 OCCUPANT RESTRAINT CONTROLLER -
TYPICAL
1 - ORC
2 - ORIENTATION ARROW UPON INSTALLATION
3 - LABEL
4 - ORC ELECTRICAL CONNECTORS
RSRESTRAINTS8O-27
OCCUPANT CLASSIFICATION MODULE (Continued)

restraint system protection in case there is a loss of
battery current supply to the ORC during an impact.
Two sensors are contained within the ORC, an
electronic impact sensor and a safing sensor. The
ORC also monitors inputs from eight remote impact
sensors. Two front impact sensors are located on each
outboard side of the lower radiator support, and
three side impact sensors are located on each side of
the vehicle at the B-pillar, in the lower sliding door
opening in front of the C-pillar, and over the rear
wheel well between the C and D-pillars. The elec-
tronic impact sensors are accelerometers that sense
the rate of vehicle deceleration, which provides veri-
fication of the direction and severity of an impact.
The safing sensor is an electronic accelerometer
sensor within the ORC that provides an additional
logic input to the ORC microprocessor. The safing
sensor is used to verify the need for a supplemental
restraint deployment by detecting impact energy of a
lesser magnitude than that of the primary electronic
impact sensors, and must exceed a safing threshold
in order for the airbags to deploy. Vehicles equipped
with curtain airbags, there is a second safing sensor
within the ORC to provide confirmation to the ORC
microprocessor of side impact forces. This second saf-
ing sensor is a bi-directional unit that detects impact
forces from either side of the vehicle.
Pre-programmed decision algorithms in the ORC
microprocessor determine when the deceleration rate
as signaled by the impact sensors and the safing sen-
sors indicate an impact that is severe enough to
require supplemental restraint system protection
and, based upon the severity of the monitored
impact, determines the level of front airbag deploy-
ment force required for each front seating position.
When the programmed conditions are met, the ORC
sends the proper electrical signals to deploy the dual
multistage front airbags at the programmed force
levels, the front seat belt tensioners and, if the vehi-
cle is so equipped, either curtain airbag. For vehicles
equipped with the OCS, the passenger front airbag
and seat belt tensioner will be deployed by the ORC
only if enabled by the OCM messages (PAD indicator
OFF) at the time of the impact.
To diagnose and test the ORC and all airbag sys-
tem components, use a scan tool and the appropriate
diagnostic information.
REMOVAL
WARNING: Never replace both the Occupant
Restraint Controller (ORC) and the Occupant Clas-
sification Module (OCM) at the same time. If both
require replacement, replace one, then perform the
Airbag System test (Refer to 8 - ELECTRICAL/RE-
STRAINTS - DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING - AIRBAGSYSTEM) before replacing the other. Both the ORC
and the OCM store Occupant Classification System
(OCS) calibration data, which they transfer to one
another when one of them is replaced. If both are
replaced at the same time, an irreversible fault will
be set in both modules and the OCS may malfunc-
tion and result in personal injury or death.
(1) Disconnect and isolate the battery negative
cable.
(2)
WARNING: Wait two minutes for the airbag system
reserve capacitor to discharge before beginning
any airbag system or component service. Failure to
do so may result in accidental airbag deployment,
personal injury or death.
(3) Remove storage bin from instrument panel
(Refer to 23 - BODY/INSTRUMENT PANEL/STOR-
AGE BIN - REMOVAL).
(4) Remove three bolts holding ORC to floor
bracket (Fig. 39).
(5) Disconnect the wire connectors from the ORC
(Fig. 39).
(6) Remove the ORC from vehicle.
INSTALLATION
WARNING: Do not install ORC if mounting location
is deformed or damaged. This will cause the ORC
to be improperly located and could result in occu-
pant personal injury or death.
WARNING: Use correct screws when installing the
ORC.
Fig. 39 ORC - REMOVE/INSTALL
1 - ORC ELECTRICAL CONNECTORS
2 - ORC
3 - ORC MOUNTING SCREWS
RSRESTRAINTS8O-29
OCCUPANT RESTRAINT CONTROLLER (Continued)

WARNING: Never replace both the Occupant
Restraint Controller (ORC) and the Occupant Clas-
sification Module (OCM) at the same time. If both
require replacement, replace one, then perform the
Airbag System test (Refer to 8 - ELECTRICAL/RE-
STRAINTS - DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING - AIRBAG
SYSTEM) before replacing the other. Both the ORC
and the OCM store Occupant Classification System
(OCS) calibration data, which they transfer to one
another when one of them is replaced. If both are
replaced at the same time, an irreversible fault will
be set in both modules and the OCS may malfunc-
tion and result in personal injury or death.
(1) Install the ORC into vehicle (Fig. 39).
(2) Connect the wire connector to the ORC (Fig.
39).
(3) Install three bolts holding ORC to floor bracket
(Fig. 39). Torque bolts to 7.3 - 9.6 N´m (65 to 85 in.
lbs.)
(4) Install the storage bin onto the instrument
panel (Refer to 23 - BODY/INSTRUMENT PANEL/
STORAGE BIN - INSTALLATION).
WARNING: Do not connect the battery negative
cable (Refer to 8 - ELECTRICAL/RESTRAINTS -
DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING - AIRBAG SYSTEM). Per-
sonal injury or death may result if the system test
is not performed first.
(5) Verify vehicle and system operation.
(6) Close hood.
PASSENGER AIRBAG
DESCRIPTION
WARNING: Never disassemble the passenger air-
bag. The passenger airbag has no serviceable
parts. If tampered with internally, the airbag could
deploy and result in personal injury or death.
The Passenger Airbag is located beneath the
instrument panel and pad assembly. The airbag is
mounted to the back side of the instrument panel
reinforcement.
The instrument panel top pad is the most visible
part of the passenger airbag system. Located under
the instrument panel top pad are the airbag door, the
passenger airbag cushion and the airbag cushion
supporting components.
The passenger airbag includes a magnesium hous-
ing within which the cushion and inflator are
mounted and sealed.
Following a passenger airbag deployment, the pas-
senger airbag and the instrument panel must bereplaced. The passenger airbag cannot be repaired,
and must be replaced if deployed or damaged in any
way.
OPERATION
The passenger airbag is equipped with two infla-
tors, each with three levels of pressure output. The
inflators seal the hole in the airbag cushion so it can
discharge the gas it produces directly into the cush-
ion when supplied with the proper electrical signal.
Following an airbag deployment, the airbag cushion
quickly deflates by venting this gas through the
cushion material towards the instrument panel.
The passenger airbag is secured with screws to the
instrument panel beneath the instrument panel top
pad and above the glove box opening. The instrument
panel top pad above the glove box opening conceals
the airbag door and a predetermined hinge line
beneath its decorative cover. Upon airbag deploy-
ment, the top pad will bend at the hinge line and the
door will fold back out of the way onto the top of the
instrument panel.
When the front airbag system is deployed, the fol-
lowingMUSTbe replaced:
²Complete Steering Column Assembly.
²Lower Steering Column Coupler.
²Steering Wheel.
²Clock Spring.
²Driver Airbag.
²Passenger Airbag.
²Upper Instrument Panel with Pad.
CARE OF UNDEPLOYED AIRBAGS
Airbags must be stored in their original special
container until used for service. At no time should a
source of electricity be permitted near the inflator on
the back of an airbag. When carrying or handling an
undeployed airbag, the trim side of the airbag should
be pointing away from the body to minimize possibil-
ity of injury if accidental deployment occurs. Do not
place undeployed airbag face down on a solid surface,
the airbag will propel into the air if accidental
deployment occurs.
REMOVAL
DEPLOYED AIRBAG
(1) Open hood.
(2) Disconnect and isolate the battery negative
cable.
(3)
8O - 30 RESTRAINTSRS
OCCUPANT RESTRAINT CONTROLLER (Continued)