2002 JEEP GRAND CHEROKEE dash

INSTALLATION
WARNING: ON VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH AIR-
BAGS, DISABLE THE AIRBAG SYSTEM BEFORE
ATTEMPTING ANY STEERING WHEEL, STEERING
COLUMN, OR INSTRUMENT PANEL COMPONENT
DIAGNOSIS OR SERVICE. DISCONNECT AND ISO-
LATE THE BATTERY NEGATIVE (GROUND) CABLE,
THEN WAIT TWO MINUTES FOR THE AIRBAG SYS-
TEM CAPACITOR TO DISCHARGE BEFORE PER-
FORMING FURTHER DIAGNOSIS OR SERVICE. THIS
IS THE ONLY SURE WAY TO DISABLE THE AIRBAG
SYSTEM. FAILURE TO TAKE THE PROPER PRE-
CAUTIONS COULD RESULT IN ACCIDENTAL AIR-
BAG DEPLOYMENT AND POSSIBLE PERSONAL
INJURY.
(1) If the vehicle is not equipped with the optional
automatic headlamps light sensor/vehicle theft secu-
rity system indicator, be certain that the hole plug is
installed in the clearance hole located to the out-
board side of the driver side defroster outlet in the
instrument panel top cover (Fig. 22).
(2) Before installing the top cover onto the top of
the instrument panel, be certain that the rubber top
cover seal is properly positioned on the forward edge
of the top cover panel.
(3) Position the top cover onto the top of the
instrument panel.
(4) Align the four snap clips on the top cover with
the snap clip receptacles in the instrument panel top
pad.
(5) Press firmly downward on the top cover over
each of the four snap clip locations until each of the
snap clips is fully seated in their receptacles in the
instrument panel top pad.
(6) Reconnect the battery negative cable.
INSTRUMENT PANEL TOP PAD
REMOVAL
WARNING: ON VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH AIR-
BAGS, DISABLE THE AIRBAG SYSTEM BEFORE
ATTEMPTING ANY STEERING WHEEL, STEERING
COLUMN, OR INSTRUMENT PANEL COMPONENT
DIAGNOSIS OR SERVICE. DISCONNECT AND ISO-
LATE THE BATTERY NEGATIVE (GROUND) CABLE,
THEN WAIT TWO MINUTES FOR THE AIRBAG SYS-
TEM CAPACITOR TO DISCHARGE BEFORE PER-
FORMING FURTHER DIAGNOSIS OR SERVICE. THIS
IS THE ONLY SURE WAY TO DISABLE THE AIRBAG
SYSTEM. FAILURE TO TAKE THE PROPER PRE-
CAUTIONS COULD RESULT IN ACCIDENTAL AIR-
BAG DEPLOYMENT AND POSSIBLE PERSONAL
INJURY.(1) Disconnect and isolate the battery negative
cable.
(2) Remove the trim from the right and left A-pil-
lars. (Refer to 23 - BODY/INTERIOR/A-PILLAR
TRIM - REMOVAL).
(3) Remove the top cover from the instrument
panel. (Refer to 23 - BODY/INSTRUMENT PANEL/
INSTRUMENT PANEL TOP COVER - REMOVAL).
(4) Remove the four nuts that secure the instru-
ment panel top pad to the studs on the dash panel
near the windshield fence line (Fig. 23).
(5) Remove the speakers from the instrument
panel top pad. (Refer to 8 - ELECTRICAL/AUDIO/
SPEAKER - REMOVAL - INSTRUMENT PANEL
SPEAKER).
(6) Disengage the retainer that secures each of the
two instrument panel wire harness speaker take outs
to the mounting hole in the instrument panel top
pad. Tuck the loose ends of these speaker take outs
down the defroster ducts to keep them out of the way
during the remainder of this procedure.
(7) If the vehicle is so equipped, remove the two
screws that secure the automatic headlamp light sen-
sor/vehicle theft security system indicator unit to the
instrument panel top pad just outboard of the driver
side defroster outlet. Move the sensor/indicator unit
towards the windshield to keep it out of the way dur-
ing the remainder of this procedure.
(8) Remove the cluster bezel from the instrument
panel. (Refer to 23 - BODY/INSTRUMENT PANEL/
CLUSTER BEZEL - REMOVAL).
(9) Remove the instrument cluster from the instru-
ment panel. (Refer to 8 - ELECTRICAL/INSTRU-
MENT CLUSTER - REMOVAL).
(10) Remove the steering column opening cover
from the instrument panel. (Refer to 23 - BODY/IN-
STRUMENT PANEL/STEERING COLUMN OPEN-
ING COVER - REMOVAL).
(11) Roll the glove box down from the instrument
panel. (Refer to 23 - BODY/INSTRUMENT PANEL/
GLOVE BOX - STANDARD PROCEDURE - GLOVE
BOX ROLL DOWN).
(12) Remove the end cap from the passenger side
lower outboard end of the instrument panel. (Refer to
23 - BODY/INSTRUMENT PANEL/INSTRUMENT
PANEL END CAP - REMOVAL).
(13) Remove the lower right center bezel from the
instrument panel. (Refer to 23 - BODY/INSTRU-
MENT PANEL/IP LOWER RIGHT CENTER BEZEL
- REMOVAL).
(14) Remove the glove box lamp and switch from
the instrument panel. (Refer to 8 - ELECTRICAL/
LAMPS/LIGHTING - INTERIOR/GLOVE BOX
LAMP/SWITCH - REMOVAL).
23 - 52 INSTRUMENT PANEL SYSTEMWJ
INSTRUMENT PANEL TOP COVER (Continued)

(15) Remove the two large screws on the glove box
opening upper reinforcement that secure the top pad
to the instrument panel structural duct (Fig. 24).(16) Remove the two small screws on the glove box
opening upper reinforcement that secure the panel
outlets to the instrument panel structural duct.
(17) Remove the center upper bezel from the
instrument panel. (Refer to 23 - BODY/INSTRU-
MENT PANEL/IP CENTER BEZEL - UPPER -
REMOVAL).
(18) Remove the center lower bezel from the
instrument panel. (Refer to 23 - BODY/INSTRU-
MENT PANEL/IP CENTER BEZEL - LOWER -
REMOVAL).
(19) Remove the four screws that secure the radio
to the instrument panel structural duct. Pull the
radio out of the instrument panel only far enough to
access the screws that secure the top pad to the
instrument panel structural duct.
(20) Remove the four screws that secure the heat-
er-A/C control to the instrument panel structural
duct. Pull the heater-A/C control out of the instru-
ment panel only far enough to access the screws that
secure the top pad to the instrument panel structural
duct.
(21) Remove all of the screws that secure the
perimeter of the top pad to the instrument panel
structural duct.
Fig. 23 Instrument Panel Top Pad to Dash Panel Mounting
1 - STUD (4)
2 - NUT (4)3 - INSTRUMENT PANEL
4 - DASH PANEL
Fig. 24 Instrument Panel Top Pad to Glove Box
Opening Mounting
1 - PASSENGER SIDE TRIM BEZEL
2 - PANEL OUTLETS
3 - SMALL SCREWS
4 - LARGE SCREWS
5 - GLOVE BOX OPENING UPPER REINFORCEMENT
WJINSTRUMENT PANEL SYSTEM 23 - 53
INSTRUMENT PANEL TOP PAD (Continued)

(22) Remove the front bin from the floor console.
(Refer to 23 - BODY/INTERIOR/FLOOR CONSOLE -
REMOVAL).
(23) Reach through the front bin opening of the
floor console to access and remove the two screws
that secure the center floor tunnel bracket to the
instrument panel.
(24) Reach through the front bin opening of the
floor console to access and loosen the two nuts that
secure the center floor tunnel bracket to the studs on
the floor panel transmission tunnel.
(25) Slide the center floor tunnel bracket rearward
in the vehicle far enough to disengage the locating
hole in the lower flange of the top pad from the locat-
ing pin on the instrument panel structural duct (Fig.
25).
(26) Remove the instrument panel top pad from
the instrument panel structural duct.INSTALLATION
WARNING: ON VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH AIR-
BAGS, DISABLE THE AIRBAG SYSTEM BEFORE
ATTEMPTING ANY STEERING WHEEL, STEERING
COLUMN, OR INSTRUMENT PANEL COMPONENT
DIAGNOSIS OR SERVICE. DISCONNECT AND ISO-
LATE THE BATTERY NEGATIVE (GROUND) CABLE,
THEN WAIT TWO MINUTES FOR THE AIRBAG SYS-
TEM CAPACITOR TO DISCHARGE BEFORE PER-
FORMING FURTHER DIAGNOSIS OR SERVICE. THIS
IS THE ONLY SURE WAY TO DISABLE THE AIRBAG
SYSTEM. FAILURE TO TAKE THE PROPER PRE-
CAUTIONS COULD RESULT IN ACCIDENTAL AIR-
BAG DEPLOYMENT AND POSSIBLE PERSONAL
INJURY.
If the top pad is being replaced with a new unit, be
certain to transfer or install the panel outlets and
the passenger side trim bezel to the new unit before
it is installed on the instrument panel structural
duct. (Refer to 24 - HEATING & AIR CONDITION-
ING/DISTRIBUTION/AIR OUTLETS - REMOVAL)
and (Refer to 23 - BODY/INSTRUMENT PANEL/IP
TRIM BEZEL - PASSENGER - REMOVAL).
(1) Position the instrument panel top pad over the
instrument panel structural duct and the studs on
the dash panel near the windshield fence line.
(2) Route the instrument panel wire harness take
out for the glove box lamp and switch unit to the
switch mounting hole in the upper glove box opening
reinforcement.
(3) Reach through the front bin opening of the
floor console to engage the locating hole in the lower
flange of the top pad with the locating pin on the
instrument panel structural duct (Fig. 25).
(4) Reach through the front bin opening of the
floor console to slide the center floor tunnel bracket
forward in the vehicle far enough to capture the
lower flange of the top pad between the bracket and
the structural duct.
(5) Reach through the front bin opening of the
floor console to install and tighten the two screws
that secure the center floor tunnel bracket to the
instrument panel. Tighten the screws to 11.8 N´m
(105 in. lbs.).
Fig. 25 Instrument Panel Top Pad Remove/Install
1 - STRUCTURAL DUCT
2 - LOCATING PIN
3 - INSTRUMENT PANEL TOP PAD
4 - LOWER FLANGE
5 - CENTER FLOOR TUNNEL BRACKET
23 - 54 INSTRUMENT PANEL SYSTEMWJ
INSTRUMENT PANEL TOP PAD (Continued)

(6) Reach through the front bin opening of the
floor console to access and tighten the two nuts that
secure the center floor tunnel bracket to the studs on
the floor panel transmission tunnel. Tighten the nuts
to 11.8 N´m (105 in. lbs.).
(7) Reinstall the front bin into the floor console.
(Refer to 23 - BODY/INTERIOR/FLOOR CONSOLE -
INSTALLATION).
(8) Install and tighten all of the screws that secure
the perimeter of the top pad to the instrument panel
structural duct. Tighten the screws to 2.2 N´m (20 in.
lbs.).
(9) Install and tighten the four screws that secure
the heater-A/C control to the instrument panel struc-
tural duct. Tighten the screws to 2.2 N´m (20 in.
lbs.).
(10) Install and tighten the four screws that secure
the radio to the instrument panel structural duct.
Tighten the screws to 2.2 N´m (20 in. lbs.).
(11) Reinstall the center lower bezel onto the
instrument panel. (Refer to 23 - BODY/INSTRU-
MENT PANEL/IP CENTER BEZEL - LOWER -
INSTALLATION).
(12) Reinstall the center upper bezel onto the
instrument panel. (Refer to 23 - BODY/INSTRU-
MENT PANEL/IP CENTER BEZEL - UPPER -
INSTALLATION).
(13) Install and tighten the two large screws on
the glove box opening upper reinforcement that
secure the top pad to the instrument panel structural
duct (Fig. 24). Tighten the screws to 11.8 N´m (105
in. lbs.).
(14) Install and tighten the two small screws on
the glove box opening upper reinforcement that
secure the panel outlets to the instrument panel
structural duct. Tighten the screws to 2.2 N´m (20 in.
lbs.).
(15) Reinstall the glove box lamp and switch into
the instrument panel. (Refer to 8 - ELECTRICAL/
LAMPS/LIGHTING - INTERIOR/GLOVE BOX
LAMP/SWITCH - INSTALLATION).
(16) Reinstall the lower right center bezel onto the
instrument panel. (Refer to 23 - BODY/INSTRU-
MENT PANEL/IP LOWER RIGHT CENTER BEZEL
- INSTALLATION).(17) Reinstall the end cap onto the instrument
panel. (Refer to 23 - BODY/INSTRUMENT PANEL/
INSTRUMENT PANEL END CAP - INSTALLA-
TION).
(18) Roll the glove box back up into the instrument
panel. (Refer to 23 - BODY/INSTRUMENT PANEL/
GLOVE BOX - STANDARD PROCEDURE - GLOVE
BOX ROLL DOWN).
(19) Reinstall the steering column opening cover
onto the instrument panel. (Refer to 23 - BODY/IN-
STRUMENT PANEL/STEERING COLUMN OPEN-
ING COVER - INSTALLATION).
(20) Reinstall the instrument cluster into the
instrument panel. (Refer to 8 - ELECTRICAL/IN-
STRUMENT CLUSTER - INSTALLATION).
(21) Reinstall the cluster bezel onto the instru-
ment panel. (Refer to 23 - BODY/INSTRUMENT
PANEL/CLUSTER BEZEL - INSTALLATION).
(22) If the vehicle is so equipped, position the
automatic headlamp light sensor/vehicle theft secu-
rity system indicator unit to the instrument panel
top pad just outboard of the driver side defroster out-
let. Install and tighten the two screws that secure
the sensor/indicator unit. Tighten the screws to 2.2
N´m (20 in. lbs.).
(23) Engage the retainer that secures each of the
two instrument panel wire harness speaker take outs
to the mounting hole in the instrument panel top
pad.
(24) Reinstall the speakers onto the instrument
panel top pad. (Refer to 8 - ELECTRICAL/AUDIO/
SPEAKER - INSTALLATION - INSTRUMENT
PANEL SPEAKER).
(25) Install and tighten the four nuts that secure
the instrument panel top pad to the studs on the
dash panel near the windshield fence line (Fig. 23).
Tighten the nuts to 11.8 N´m (105 in. lbs.).
(26) Reinstall the top cover onto the instrument
panel. (Refer to 23 - BODY/INSTRUMENT PANEL/
INSTRUMENT PANEL TOP COVER - INSTALLA-
TION).
(27) Reinstall the trim onto the right and left
A-pillars. (Refer to 23 - BODY/INTERIOR/A-PILLAR
TRIM - INSTALLATION).
(28) Reconnect the battery negative cable.
WJINSTRUMENT PANEL SYSTEM 23 - 55
INSTRUMENT PANEL TOP PAD (Continued)

(5) Reach under the steering column opening cover
to access and remove the screw that secures the cour-
tesy lamp bracket and the inboard side of the JB to
the instrument panel steering column support
bracket.
(6) Remove the courtesy lamp bracket from the
inboard side of the JB and the instrument panel
steering column support bracket.
INSTALLATION
WARNING: ON VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH AIR-
BAGS, DISABLE THE AIRBAG SYSTEM BEFORE
ATTEMPTING ANY STEERING WHEEL, STEERING
COLUMN, OR INSTRUMENT PANEL COMPONENT
DIAGNOSIS OR SERVICE. DISCONNECT AND ISO-
LATE THE BATTERY NEGATIVE (GROUND) CABLE,
THEN WAIT TWO MINUTES FOR THE AIRBAG SYS-
TEM CAPACITOR TO DISCHARGE BEFORE PER-
FORMING FURTHER DIAGNOSIS OR SERVICE. THIS
IS THE ONLY SURE WAY TO DISABLE THE AIRBAG
SYSTEM. FAILURE TO TAKE THE PROPER PRE-
CAUTIONS COULD RESULT IN ACCIDENTAL AIR-
BAG DEPLOYMENT AND POSSIBLE PERSONAL
INJURY.
(1) Reach under the instrument panel to position
the upper end of the courtesy lamp bracket to the
inboard side of the Junction Block (JB) and the
instrument panel steering column support bracket
(Fig. 30).(2) Install and tighten the screw that secures the
courtesy lamp bracket and the inboard side of the JB
to the instrument panel steering column support
bracket. Tighten the screw to 2.2 N´m (20 in. lbs.).
(3) Position the courtesy lamp to the lower end of
the courtesy lamp bracket.
(4) Install and tighten the screw that secures the
courtesy lamp to the lower end of the courtesy lamp
bracket. Tighten the screw to 2.2 N´m (20 in. lbs.).
(5) Reinstall the instrument panel fuse cover to
the bottom of the JB and Body Control Module
(BCM) unit. (Refer to 8 - ELECTRICAL/POWER
DISTRIBUTION/FUSE COVER - INSTALLATION).
(6) Reconnect the battery negative cable.
INSTRUMENT PANEL
INTERMEDIATE BRACKET
REMOVAL
WARNING: ON VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH AIR-
BAGS, DISABLE THE AIRBAG SYSTEM BEFORE
ATTEMPTING ANY STEERING WHEEL, STEERING
COLUMN, OR INSTRUMENT PANEL COMPONENT
DIAGNOSIS OR SERVICE. DISCONNECT AND ISO-
LATE THE BATTERY NEGATIVE (GROUND) CABLE,
THEN WAIT TWO MINUTES FOR THE AIRBAG SYS-
TEM CAPACITOR TO DISCHARGE BEFORE PER-
FORMING FURTHER DIAGNOSIS OR SERVICE. THIS
IS THE ONLY SURE WAY TO DISABLE THE AIRBAG
SYSTEM. FAILURE TO TAKE THE PROPER PRE-
CAUTIONS COULD RESULT IN ACCIDENTAL AIR-
BAG DEPLOYMENT AND POSSIBLE PERSONAL
INJURY.
(1) Disconnect and isolate the battery negative
cable.
(2) Remove the accelerator pedal assembly from
the shoulder studs on the dash panel. (Refer to 14 -
FUEL SYSTEM/FUEL INJECTION/ACCELERATOR
PEDAL - REMOVAL).
(3) Remove the instrument panel from the vehicle.
(Refer to 23 - BODY/INSTRUMENT PANEL -
REMOVAL).
(4) Remove the one nut that secures the instru-
ment panel intermediate bracket to the stud on the
dash panel (Fig. 31).
(5) Remove the instrument panel intermediate
bracket from the two shoulder studs and the one
stud on the dash panel.
Fig. 30 Instrument Panel Courtesy Lamp Bracket
Remove/Install
1 - STEERING COLUMN
2 - SCREW
3 - COURTESY LAMP BRACKET
4 - DRIVER SIDE COURTESY LAMP
5 - JUNCTION BLOCK
6 - SCREW
23 - 60 INSTRUMENT PANEL SYSTEMWJ
INSTRUMENT PANEL COURTESY LAMP BRACKET (Continued)

INSTALLATION
WARNING: ON VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH AIR-
BAGS, DISABLE THE AIRBAG SYSTEM BEFORE
ATTEMPTING ANY STEERING WHEEL, STEERING
COLUMN, OR INSTRUMENT PANEL COMPONENT
DIAGNOSIS OR SERVICE. DISCONNECT AND ISO-
LATE THE BATTERY NEGATIVE (GROUND) CABLE,
THEN WAIT TWO MINUTES FOR THE AIRBAG SYS-
TEM CAPACITOR TO DISCHARGE BEFORE PER-
FORMING FURTHER DIAGNOSIS OR SERVICE. THIS
IS THE ONLY SURE WAY TO DISABLE THE AIRBAG
SYSTEM. FAILURE TO TAKE THE PROPER PRE-
CAUTIONS COULD RESULT IN ACCIDENTAL AIR-
BAG DEPLOYMENT AND POSSIBLE PERSONAL
INJURY.
(1) Position the instrument panel intermediate
bracket to the two shoulder studs and the one stud
on the dash panel (Fig. 31).
(2) Loosely install the one nut that secures the
intermediate bracket to the one stud on the dash
panel.
(3) Reinstall the instrument panel into the vehicle.
(Refer to 23 - BODY/INSTRUMENT PANEL -
INSTALLATION).
(4) Reinstall the accelerator pedal assembly onto
the shoulder studs on the dash panel. (Refer to 14 -FUEL SYSTEM/FUEL INJECTION/ACCELERATOR
PEDAL - INSTALLATION).
(5) Reconnect the battery negative cable.
INSTRUMENT PANEL LOWER
RIGHT CENTER BEZEL
REMOVAL
WARNING: ON VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH AIR-
BAGS, DISABLE THE AIRBAG SYSTEM BEFORE
ATTEMPTING ANY STEERING WHEEL, STEERING
COLUMN, OR INSTRUMENT PANEL COMPONENT
DIAGNOSIS OR SERVICE. DISCONNECT AND ISO-
LATE THE BATTERY NEGATIVE (GROUND) CABLE,
THEN WAIT TWO MINUTES FOR THE AIRBAG SYS-
TEM CAPACITOR TO DISCHARGE BEFORE PER-
FORMING FURTHER DIAGNOSIS OR SERVICE. THIS
IS THE ONLY SURE WAY TO DISABLE THE AIRBAG
SYSTEM. FAILURE TO TAKE THE PROPER PRE-
CAUTIONS COULD RESULT IN ACCIDENTAL AIR-
BAG DEPLOYMENT AND POSSIBLE PERSONAL
INJURY.
(1) Disconnect and isolate the battery negative
cable.
(2) Unlatch and open the glove box.
(3) Remove the three screws that secure the lower
right center bezel to the instrument panel glove box
opening (Fig. 32).
(4) Pull the lower right center bezel straight back
from the instrument panel to disengage the two snap
clips that secure it to the receptacles in the instru-
ment panel top pad.
(5) Remove the lower right center bezel from the
instrument panel.
INSTALLATION
WARNING: ON VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH AIR-
BAGS, DISABLE THE AIRBAG SYSTEM BEFORE
ATTEMPTING ANY STEERING WHEEL, STEERING
COLUMN, OR INSTRUMENT PANEL COMPONENT
DIAGNOSIS OR SERVICE. DISCONNECT AND ISO-
LATE THE BATTERY NEGATIVE (GROUND) CABLE,
THEN WAIT TWO MINUTES FOR THE AIRBAG SYS-
TEM CAPACITOR TO DISCHARGE BEFORE PER-
FORMING FURTHER DIAGNOSIS OR SERVICE. THIS
IS THE ONLY SURE WAY TO DISABLE THE AIRBAG
SYSTEM. FAILURE TO TAKE THE PROPER PRE-
CAUTIONS COULD RESULT IN ACCIDENTAL AIR-
BAG DEPLOYMENT AND POSSIBLE PERSONAL
INJURY.
(1) Be certain that the glove box catch bumper is
installed in the mounting hole nearest the inboard
Fig. 31 Instrument Panel Intermediate Bracket
Remove/Install
1 - STUD
2 - DASH PANEL
3 - NUT (2)
4 - INTERMEDIATE BRACKET
5 - NUT (2)
6 - ACCELERATOR PEDAL
7 - SHOULDER STUDS
WJINSTRUMENT PANEL SYSTEM 23 - 61
INSTRUMENT PANEL INTERMEDIATE BRACKET (Continued)

SEALER LOCATIONS
SPECIFICATIONS
SEALER LOCATIONS
INDEX
DESCRIPTION FIGURE
APPLICATION METHODS 6
COWL PLENUM AND DASH PANEL 7
DASH, COWL AND PLENUM 8
INNER FENDER AND COWL 9
LOWER PLENUM AND BAFFLE 10
A-PILLAR 11
COWL SIDE ATTACHMENT 12
BODYSIDE ATTACHMENT 13
BODYSIDE INNER AND OUTER TO COWL 14
FENDER ATTACHMENT 15
DOOR HINGE BOLT HOLES 16
A-PILLAR AND B-PILLAR HINGE AREA 17
B-PILLAR AND SILL 18
SILL AND B-PILLAR 19
BODYSIDE APERTURE AND REAR WHEELHOUSE 20
FUEL FILLER GUSSET 21
OUTER WHEELHOUSE FLANGE 22
LIFTGATE OPENING 23
INNER WHEELHOUSE FLANGE TO BODYSIDE APERTURE 24
WHEELHOUSE LOWER 25
REAR INNER CROSSMEMBER 26
ROOF TO BODY SIDE APERTURE 27
23 - 118 BODY STRUCTUREWJ

Fig. 7 COWL PLENUM AND DASH PANEL
23 - 120 BODY STRUCTUREWJ
SEALER LOCATIONS (Continued)