1996 LAND ROVER DEFENDER tow

MANUAL GEARBOX
3
ADJUSTMENT
12.Slacken stop screw locknut.
13.Apply light pressure to gear lever towards LH
side and turn screw clockwise until it abuts yoke.
14.Turn screw anti-clockwise until 25 mm freeplay
is felt at gear lever knob. Ensure 5th gear can be
engaged.
15.Tighten stop screw locknut.
16.Check that all other gears are selectable.
17.Remove gear lever.
18.Manouvre tunnel cover into position and secure
with 16 screws.
19.Fit fuse box and cover.
20.Fit tunnel carpet.
21.Fit insulation pad into tunnel aperture.
22.Locate gaiter over lower lever and bias springs.
23.Fit gear lever to lower lever spline, secure with
new nyloc nut and tighten to
25 Nm (18 lbf/ft).
24.Fit gear lever cover.
25.Fit gear lever and transfer box lever knobs.

STEERING
1
DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION DESCRIPTION
The steering system incorporates a compression joint
in the lower shaft and is designed to collapse on
impact. The mis-alignment of the upper steering
column with the steering box and the inclusion of two
universal joints, is also designed to prevent the
column moving toward the driver under frontal impact.
The steering box is located behind the first chassis
cross member and is connected to the road wheel
swivel housing by a drag link and track rod. A
hydraulic damper absorbs shocks in the steering,
caused by road wheel deflections when operating on
rough terrain.Power steering system
The power steering system comprises a hydraulic
pump which is belt driven from the engine and
supplied with fluid from a reservoir that also acts as a
cooler.
The steering box houses a self neutralizing rotary
valve which is part of the worm/valve assy and an
hydraulic piston/rack to assist the mechanical
operation. The rotary valve which is operated by
movement of the steering wheel, directs fluid pressure
to the appropriate side of the hydraulic piston/rack to
provide assistance.
Power steering system
1.Hydraulic pump
2.Fluid reservoir
3.Steering box
4.Upper column5.Universal joints
6.Lower shaft
7.Compression joint
8.Drag link

57STEERING
8
FAULT DIAGNOSIS 4. DIRECTIONAL STABILITY
From 1. GENERAL STEERING:
1.Is directional stability concern when vehicle is
towing?
YES - Check towing/vehicle loading parameters
in Owner's Handbook.
NO - go to 3.
2.Is problem resolved?
YES - end
NO - continue.
3.Check condition of rear trailing link/chassis
bushes.
4.Is problem resolved?
YES - end
NO - continue.
5.Check condition of front and rear shock
absorbers. If necessary, change units in pairs,
side to side.
6.Is problem resolved?
YES - end
NO - continue.
7.Check steering damper
See Steering Damper
.
8.Is problem resolved?
YES - end
NO - continue.
9.Check wheel balance
10.Is problem resolved?
YES - end
NO - contact local technical office.POWER STEERING FLUID LEAKS
1.Is fluid level correct?
YES - go to 3.
NO - Refill or drain to correct level. Bleed
system, check for leaks
See Repair, Power
Steering System - Bleed.
2.Is problem resolved?
YES - end
NO - continue.
3.Are hoses or joints leaking? Check on full lock
with engine at 2000 rev/min.
YES - loosen and retorque joints.
NO - go to 6.
4.Does leak remain?
YES - change PAS pipe.
NO - end.
5.Does leak remain?
YES - suspect seal in component. Check and
replace as necessary.
NO - end.
6.Is oil escaping from filler cap?
YES - bleed system
See Repair, Power
Steering System - Bleed.
NO - go to 8.
7.Is oil still escaping from filler cap?
YES - go back to 1.
NO - end.
8.Is oil leaking from PAS pump?
YES - go to 10.
NO - continue.
9.Is oil leaking from PAS box?
YES - go to 10.
NO - end.
10.Clean unit, add tracer dye to system. Retest
11.Is oil still leaking?
YES - establish leak point. Repair or replace unit
as necessary.
NO - end.

57STEERING
10
FAULT DIAGNOSISREV: 05/99 VISUAL AND SAFETY CHECKS
WARNING: Before taking vehicle out on
the public highway for road test, it is
important that the following basic visual
checks are carried out to ensure that the vehicle
complies with legal requirements.
Tyres and wheel rims
1.Check and adjust tyre pressures
See
GENERAL SPECIFICATION DATA,
Information, Tyre Pressures
.
Note that this information refers to standard tyres
fitted as original equipment.
2.Check condition of tyres. Inspect for signs of
uneven wear, damage and feathering. Check
tread depth.
3.Ensure that the tyre make, type and general
condition are common across each axle.
4.Check wheel rims for signs of damage and
excessive run out.
5.Carry out road test
See Road Test Procedure
.
ROAD TEST PROCEDURE
General steering/handling problems can usually be
classified into one of the categories listed and ARE
GENERALLY RELATED TO THE AGE, CONDITION
AND USE OF THE VEHICLE.
WARNING: Ensure that all road tests are
conducted by suitably qualified drivers in
a safe and legal manner, and where local
traffic conditions allow.
1.Carry out visual and safety checks
See Visual
and Safety Checks
.
Confirm general nature of complaint with customer,
simulating where possible the conditions under which
the problem occurs. Carry out following road test
procedure to establish the problem.2.Steering load assessment - drive at 16 km/h (10
mph). Put 90°turn input into steering wheel,
check self centering. The self centering should
be equal on each lock but not necessarily return
to exactly straight ahead without assistance from
the driver.
3.Steering assessment - drive at 64 km/h (40 mph)
on a staight FLAT road (no camber), check for
steering veer. The vehicle should follow a
straight path with NO tendency to follow a
curved path. If vehicle veers towards the kerb,
vehicle may be 'camber sensitive'. A small
amount of veer in direction of camber is
acceptable.
4.Directional stability assessment - drive at 112
km/h (70 mph) or maximum legal speed on a
straight flat road. Carry out a normal lane
change. Vehicle should quickly settle into a new
straight path.
5.Braking assessment (medium effort) - drive at 96
km/h (60 mph) on a straight flat road. Apply
steady medium braking effort, noting any
tendency to veer. Carry out brake test three
times, if a veer is consistently noted carry out a
braking efficiency test on a rolling road.
6.Braking assessment (full effort) - drive at 96
km/h (60 mph) on a straight flat road. Apply full
braking effort, noting any tendency to veer. Carry
out brake test three times, if a veer is
consistently noted carry out a braking efficiency
test on a rolling road.
If the symptom described by the customer is stiff
steering or steering niggle, carry out stiff steering
procedure
See Stiff Steering Checklist.
If not, proceed with basic checks and adjustments
See Visual Check and Basic Adjustments.

STEERING
7
OVERHAUL Fitting sector shaft cover
73.Fit new sealing ring to cover.
74.Align cover with casing.
75.Screw cover assembly fully on to sector shaft
adjuster screw.
76.If necessary back off sector shaft adjuster screw.
Tap cover in place to allow cover to joint fully
with casing.
NOTE: Before tightening fixings, rotate
input shaft to ensure sector shaft roller is
free to move in valve worm. If initial
resistance is left, turn adjuster screw
approximately two turns in a clockwise direction.
77.Fit cover bolts. Tighten to
75 Nm (55 lbf/ft).
Fitting cylinder cover
78.Fit new square section seal to cover.
79.Remove slave bolt fitted at instruction 68. Press
cover into cylinder just to clear retainer ring
groove.
80.Fit retaining ring to groove with one end of ring
positioned 12 mm from extractor hole.
Adjusting sector shaft
NOTE: Refit drop arm and tighten nut
sufficiently to ensure that no backlash
exists between drop arm and sector shaft.
81.To set worm on centre, rotate input shaft to full
inner-lock (full right lock for a left hand drive
vehicle, full left lock for a right hand drive
vehicle). Rotate input shaft back towards centre
two full turns.
82.The box is now on centre and can be adjusted.
83.Hold input shaft and rock drop arm to establish
backlash is present. Continue rocking and slowly
turn sector shaft adjusting screw clockwise.
Continue rotating adjuster screw until backlash
has almost been eliminated.

57STEERING
8
OVERHAUL 84.Refit locknut and tighten.
NOTE: It is important steering box is
centralised before any adjustments are
made.
85.Check maximum rolling torque one and a quarter
turns either side of centre position, using a
torque wrench and spline socketLRT-57-025.
Rotate adjuster screw to obtain across centre
torque of 0.34 Nm plus torque figure at one and
a quarter turns. Tighten adjuster locknut to
60
Nm (44 lbf/ft).
Adjusting rack adjuster.
86.Turn in rack adjuster to increase figure
measured in instruction 85. by 0.23 - 0.34 Nm.
The final figure may be less, but must not
exceed 1.35 Nm.
87.Lock rack adjuster in position with grub screw.
Tighten to
5 Nm (4 lbf/ft).
Torque peak check
With input shaft rotated from lock to lock, rolling
torque figures should be greatest across centre
position and equally disposed about centre position.
The condition depends on value of shimming fitted
between valve and worm assembly inner bearing cup
and casing. The original shim washer value will give
correct torque peak position unless major components
have been replaced.
Procedure
88.With input coupling shaft toward the operator,
turn shaft fully counter-clockwise.
89.Check torque figures obtained from lock to lock
using torque wrench and spline socket
LRT-57-025.
90.Check also for equal engagement either side of
centre.Adjustments
91.Note where greatest figures are recorded
relative to steering position.If greatest figures are
not recorded across centre of travel (steering
straight-ahead), adjust as follows:
If torque peak occursbeforecentre position,addto
shim washer value; if torque peak occursaftercentre
position,subtractfrom shim washer value,
refer to
fitting valve and worm assembly
.
Shim washers are available as follows:
0.03mm, 0.07mm, 0.12mm and 0.24mm.
NOTE: Adjustment of 0.07mm to shim
value will move torque peak area by 1/4
turn on the shaft.
CAUTION: When reshimming valve and
worm, extreme caution must be exercised
to prevent seal damage during
reassembly.

FRONT SUSPENSION
1
DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION DESCRIPTION
The front suspension design allows maximum wheel
travel and axle articulation providing good ground
clearance without loss of traction or directional
stability.
Long radius arms are fitted to the front axle and
provide maximum axle articulation which is vital for off
road performance. The radius arms are secured to
fabricated mounting brackets welded to the front axle.
Flexible rubber bushes are used on a stem end joint
to secure the rear of the radius arms to mountings on
the chassis cross member.
A panhard rod, which ensures that the front axle
remains centrally located, is fitted transversely and
also uses ferrule rubber bush mountings at both axle
and chassis locations.Two rubber bearing bushes, with retaining straps,
secure the rear of the anti-roll bar to the chassis
mountings, while bushed links support the front of the
bar to the front axle.
Conventional long travel coil springs and hydraulic
shock absorbers are used to control body movement
in all conditions. The shock absorbers are secured to
fabricated towers which are bolted to the chassis. The
upper and lower fixings use a single location stud with
flexible rubber bushes, support washers and securing
nuts. Retaining plates are used to secure the coil
springs to the fabricated towers and axle mountings.
Rubber bump stops are fitted underneath the chassis,
adjacent to the front road springs, and prevent
possible damage that could occur should there be
excessive axle to chassis movement.
Front suspension
1.Panhard rod
2.Radius arms
3.Coil springs
4.Shock absorber
5.Anti-roll bar

60FRONT SUSPENSION
4
REPAIR BUMP STOP
Service repair no - 60.30.10.
Remove
1.Remove fixings.
2.Remove bump stop.
NOTE: A chassis undertray may be fitted
on some vehicle derivatives to conform to
legal requirements. When under chassis
remove and refit procedures are required, it may
be necessary to remove the undertray
See
CHASSIS AND BODY, Repair, Front undertray
.
Refit
3.Position bolts in slots in chassis brackets.
4.Fit bump stop, secure with washers and nuts.ANTI-ROLL BAR
Service repair no - 60.10.01
Remove
1.Mark for reassembly position of rubber bushes
on anti-roll bar.
2.Remove 4 nuts, bolts and washers securing both
anti-roll bar bush straps to chassis mounting
brackets.
3.Remove nuts, bolts, washers and rubber bushes
securing anti-roll bar to both links
4.Remove anti-roll bar.
Refit
5.Position bushes on anti-roll bar. Ensure split
points towards axle on RH bush and away from
axle on LH bush.
6.Fit anti-roll bar with two straps. To ensure correct
fit angled sides of bar should point down.
Loosely fit the bolts, washers and nyloc nuts.
7.Fit bolt, washers and rubber bushes. Using new
nuts fit anti-roll bar to links and tighten to
68Nm
(50 lbf/ft).
8.Tighten nuts securing straps to30Nm (22lbf/ft).