2023 BUICK ENCLAVE traction control

Buick Enclave Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
16411536) - 2023 - CRC - 3/28/22
258 Vehicle Care
General Information
For service and parts needs, visit your
dealer. You will receive genuine GM parts
and GM-trained and supported service
people.
Genuine GM parts have one of these marks:
California Perchlorate Materials
Requirements
Certain types of automotive applications,
such as airbag initiators, seat belt
pretensioners, and lithium batteries
contained in electronic keys, may contain
perchlorate materials. Perchlorate Material–special handling may apply. See
www.dtsc.ca.gov/hazardouswaste/
perchlorate.
Accessories and Modifications
Adding non-dealer accessories or making
modifications to the vehicle can affect
vehicle performance and safety, including
such things as airbags, braking, stability,
ride and handling, emissions systems,
aerodynamics, durability, Driver Assistance
Systems, and electronic systems like antilock
brakes, traction control, and stability control.
These accessories or modifications could
even cause malfunction or damage not
covered by the vehicle warranty.
Damage to suspension components caused
by modifying vehicle height outside of
factory settings will not be covered by the
vehicle warranty.
Damage to vehicle components resulting
from modifications or the installation or use
of non-GM certified parts, including control
module or software modifications, is not
covered under the terms of the vehicle
warranty and may affect remaining
warranty coverage for affected parts.
GM Accessories are designed to complement
and function with other systems on the
vehicle. See your dealer to accessorize the
vehicle using genuine GM Accessories
installed by a dealer technician.
Also, see
Adding Equipment to the
Airbag-Equipped Vehicle 062.
Vehicle Checks
Doing Your Own Service Work
{Warning
It can be dangerous to work on your
vehicle if you do not have the proper
knowledge, service manual, tools,
or parts. Always follow owner’s manual
procedures and consult the service
manual for your vehicle before doing any
service work.
If doing some of your own service work, use
the proper service manual. It tells you much
more about how to service the vehicle than
this manual can. To order the proper service
manual, see Publication Ordering
Information 0342.

Buick Enclave Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
16411536) - 2023 - CRC - 3/28/22
298 Vehicle Care
aging. This area should be free of grease,
gasoline, or other substances that can
deteriorate rubber.
Parking for an extended period can cause
flat spots on the tires that may result in
vibrations while driving. When storing a
vehicle for at least a month, remove the
tires or raise the vehicle to reduce the
weight from the tires.
Buying New Tires
GM has developed and matched specific
tires for the vehicle. The original
equipment tires installed were designed
to meet General Motors Tire
Performance Criteria Specification (TPC
Spec) system rating. When replacement
tires are needed, GM strongly
recommends buying tires with the same
TPC Spec rating.
GM's exclusive TPC Spec system
considers over a dozen critical
specifications that impact the overall
performance of the vehicle, including
brake system performance, ride and
handling, traction control, and tire
pressure monitoring performance. GM'sTPC Spec number is molded onto the
tire's sidewall near the tire size. If the
tires have an all-season tread design,
the TPC Spec number will be followed
by MS for mud and snow. See
Tire
Sidewall Labeling 0286 for additional
information.
GM recommends replacing worn tires in
complete sets of four. Uniform tread
depth on all tires will help to maintain
the performance of the vehicle. Braking
and handling performance may be
adversely affected if all the tires are not
replaced at the same time. If proper
rotation and maintenance have been
done, all four tires should wear out at
about the same time. However, if it is
necessary to replace only one axle set
of worn tires, place the new tires on
the rear axle. See Tire Rotation0296.
{Warning
Tires could explode during improper
service. Attempting to mount or
dismount a tire could cause injury or
(Continued)
Warning (Continued)
death. Only your dealer or authorized
tire service center should mount or
dismount the tires.
{Warning
Mixing tires of different sizes (other
than those originally installed on the
vehicle), brands, tread patterns,
or types may cause loss of vehicle
control, resulting in a crash or other
vehicle damage. Use the correct size,
brand, and type of tire on all wheels.
{Warning
Using bias-ply tires on the vehicle
may cause the wheel rim flanges to
develop cracks after many miles of
driving. A tire and/or wheel could fail
suddenly and cause a crash. Use only
radial-ply tires with the wheels on
the vehicle.

Buick Enclave Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
16411536) - 2023 - CRC - 3/28/22
Vehicle Care 299
Winter tires with the same speed rating
as the original equipment tires may not
be available for H, V, W, Y and ZR
speed rated tires. Never exceed the
winter tires’maximum speed capability
when using winter tires with a lower
speed rating.
If the vehicle tires must be replaced
with a tire that does not have a TPC
Spec number, make sure they are the
same size, load range, speed rating, and
construction (radial) as the original
tires.
The Tire and Loading Information label
indicates the original equipment tires
on the vehicle. See Vehicle Load Limits
0 195.
Different Size Tires and Wheels
If wheels or tires are installed that are a
different size than the original equipment
wheels and tires, vehicle performance,
including its braking, ride and handling
characteristics, stability, and resistance to
rollover may be affected. If the vehicle has
electronic systems such as antilock brakes,
rollover airbags, traction control, electronic stability control, or All-Wheel Drive, the
performance of these systems can also be
affected.
{Warning
If different sized wheels are used, there
may not be an acceptable level of
performance and safety if tires not
recommended for those wheels are
selected. This increases the chance of a
crash and serious injury. Only use GM
specific wheel and tire systems developed
for the vehicle, and have them properly
installed by a GM certified technician.
See Buying New Tires 0298 and
Accessories and Modifications 0258.
Uniform Tire Quality Grading
The following information relates to the
system developed by the United States
National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration (NHTSA), which grades
tires by treadwear, traction, and
temperature performance. This applies
only to vehicles sold in the United
States. The grades are molded on the
sidewalls of most passenger car tires. The Uniform Tire Quality Grading
(UTQG) system does not apply to deep
tread, winter tires, compact spare tires,
tires with nominal rim diameters of
10 to 12 inches (25 to 30 cm), or to some
limited-production tires.
While the tires available on General
Motors passenger cars and light trucks
may vary with respect to these grades,
they must also conform to federal
safety requirements and additional
General Motors Tire Performance
Criteria (TPC) standards.
Quality grades can be found where
applicable on the tire sidewall between
tread shoulder and maximum section
width. For example:Treadwear 200 Traction AA Temperature A
All Passenger Car Tires Must Conform to
Federal Safety Requirements In Addition
To These Grades.
Treadwear
The treadwear grade is a comparative
rating based on the wear rate of the
tire when tested under controlled

Buick Enclave Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
16411536) - 2023 - CRC - 3/28/22
300 Vehicle Care
conditions on a specified government
test course. For example, a tire graded
150 would wear one and one-half (1½)
times as well on the government course
as a tire graded 100. The relative
performance of tires depends upon the
actual conditions of their use, however,
and may depart significantly from the
norm due to variations in driving habits,
service practices and differences in road
characteristics and climate.
Traction
The traction grades, from highest to
lowest, are AA, A, B, and C. Those
grades represent the tire's ability to
stop on wet pavement as measured
under controlled conditions on specified
government test surfaces of asphalt and
concrete. A tire marked C may have
poor traction performance. Warning:
The traction grade assigned to this tire
is based on straight-ahead braking
traction tests, and does not include
acceleration, cornering, hydroplaning,
or peak traction characteristics.Temperature
The temperature grades are A (the
highest), B, and C, representing the
tire's resistance to the generation of
heat and its ability to dissipate heat
when tested under controlled conditions
on a specified indoor laboratory test
wheel. Sustained high temperature can
cause the material of the tire to
degenerate and reduce tire life, and
excessive temperature can lead to
sudden tire failure. The grade C
corresponds to a level of performance
which all passenger car tires must meet
under the Federal Motor Safety
Standard No. 109. Grades B and A
represent higher levels of performance
on the laboratory test wheel than the
minimum required by law. Warning:
The temperature grade for this tire is
established for a tire that is properly
inflated and not overloaded. Excessive
speed, underinflation, or excessive
loading, either separately or in
combination, can cause heat buildup
and possible tire failure.Wheel Alignment and Tire
Balance
The tires and wheels were aligned and
balanced at the factory to provide the
longest tire life and best overall
performance. Adjustments to wheel
alignment and tire balancing are not
necessary on a regular basis. Consider an
alignment check if there is unusual tire wear
or the vehicle is significantly pulling to one
side or the other. Some slight pull to the
left or right, depending on the crown of the
road and/or other road surface variations
such as troughs or ruts, is normal. If the
vehicle is vibrating when driving on a
smooth road, the tires and wheels may
need to be rebalanced. See your dealer for
proper diagnosis.
Wheel Replacement
Replace any wheel that is bent, cracked,
or badly rusted or corroded. If wheel nuts
keep coming loose, the wheel, wheel bolts,
and wheel nuts should be replaced. If the
wheel leaks air, replace it. Some aluminum
wheels can be repaired. See your dealer if
any of these conditions exist.

Buick Enclave Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
16411536) - 2023 - CRC - 3/28/22
Vehicle Care 301
Your dealer will know the kind of wheel that
is needed.
Each new wheel should have the same
load-carrying capacity, diameter, width,
offset, and be mounted the same way as
the one it replaces.
Replace wheels, wheel bolts, wheel nuts,
or Tire Pressure Monitor System (TPMS)
sensors with new GM original equipment
parts.
{Warning
Using the wrong replacement wheels,
wheel bolts, or wheel nuts can be
dangerous. It could affect the braking and
handling of the vehicle. Tires can lose air
and cause loss of control, resulting in a
crash. Always use the correct wheel,
wheel bolts, and wheel nuts for
replacement.
{Warning
Replacing a wheel with a used one is
dangerous. How it has been used or how
far it has been driven may be unknown.(Continued)
Warning (Continued)
It could fail suddenly and cause a crash.
When replacing wheels, use a new GM
original equipment wheel.
Caution
The wrong wheel can also cause
problems with bearing life, brake cooling,
speedometer or odometer calibration,
headlamp aim, bumper height, vehicle
ground clearance, and tire or tire chain
clearance to the body and chassis.
Tire Chains
{Warning
If the vehicle has a tire size other than
255/65R18, do not use tire chains. There is
not enough clearance. Tire chains used on
a vehicle without the proper amount of
clearance can cause damage to the
brakes, suspension, or other vehicle parts.
The area damaged by the tire chains
could cause loss of control and a crash.
Use another type of traction device only(Continued)
Warning (Continued)
if its manufacturer recommends it for the
vehicle's tire size combination and road
conditions. Follow that manufacturer's
instructions. To avoid vehicle damage,
drive slow and readjust or remove the
traction device if it contacts the vehicle.
Do not spin the wheels. If traction
devices are used, install them on the
front tires.
Caution
If the vehicle is equipped with 255/65R18
size tires, use tire chains only where legal
and only when necessary. Use low profile
chains that add no more than 12 mm
thickness to the tire tread and inner
sidewall. Use chains that are the proper
size for the tires. Install them on the tires
of the front axle. Do not use chains on
the tires of the rear axle. Tighten them
as tightly as possible with the ends
securely fastened. Drive slowly and follow
the chain manufacturer's instructions.
If the chains contact the vehicle, stop and
retighten them. If the contact continues,
(Continued)

Buick Enclave Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
16411536) - 2023 - CRC - 3/28/22
308 Vehicle Care
8. Make sure the metal tube is centered atthe striker. Push the tube toward the
front of the vehicle.
9. Close the liftgate and make sure it is fully latched.
The compact spare is for temporary use
only. Replace the compact spare tire with a
full-size tire as soon as you can.
Storing the Compact Spare Tire and
Tools
To store the spare tire and tools: 1. Open the liftgate. See Liftgate018.
2. Lift the load floor.
3. Remove the cargo management system. 4. Put back the spare tire and all tools as
they were stored in the rear storage
compartment.
5. Install the cargo management system and load floor.
The compact spare is for temporary use
only. Replace the compact spare tire with a
full-size tire as soon as you can.
Compact Spare Tire
{Warning
Driving with more than one compact
spare tire at a time could result in loss of
braking and handling. This could lead to a
crash and you or others could be injured.
Use only one compact spare tire at
a time.
If this vehicle has a compact spare tire, it
was fully inflated when new; however, it
can lose air over time. Check the inflation
pressure regularly. It should be 420 kPa
(60 psi).
Stop as soon as possible and check that the
spare tire is correctly inflated after being
installed on the vehicle. The compact spare
tire is designed for temporary use only. The vehicle will perform differently with the
spare tire installed and it is recommended
that the vehicle speed be limited to 80 km/h
(50 mph). To conserve the tread of the spare
tire, have the standard tire repaired or
replaced as soon as convenient and return
the spare tire to the storage area.
When using a compact spare tire, the AWD
(if equipped), ABS, and Traction Control
systems may engage until the spare tire is
recognized by the vehicle, especially on
slippery roads. Adjust driving to reduce
possible wheel slip.
Caution
When the compact spare is installed, do
not take the vehicle through an
automatic car wash with guide rails. The
compact spare can get caught on the rails
which can damage the tire, wheel, and
other parts of the vehicle.
Do not use the compact spare on other
vehicles.
Do not mix the compact spare tire or wheel
with other wheels or tires. They will not fit.
Keep the spare tire and its wheel together.

Buick Enclave Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
16411536) - 2023 - CRC - 3/28/22
356 Index
Climate Control SystemsDual Automatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Rear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Cluster, Instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96, 98
Collision Damage Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Compact Spare Tire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Compartments Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
Connected Services Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Connections Connected Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Control Traction and Electronic Stability . . . . . . . 212
Control of a Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187
Controls Steering Wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Convex Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Coolant Engine Temperature Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178, 182
Cooling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Courtesy Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Courtesy Transportation Program . . . . . . . . 340 Coverage Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154
Cruise Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Adaptive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Cupholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Customer Assistance Offices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Text Telephone (TTY) Users . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Customer Information Publications Ordering Information . . . . . 342
Customer Satisfaction Procedure . . . . . . . . . 335
Cybersecurity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
D
Damage Repair, Collision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Danger, Warning, and Caution . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Dashboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Data Collection
Infotainment System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
OnStar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Data Recorders, Event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Database Coverage Explanations . . . . . . . . . .154
Daytime Running Lamps (DRL) . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Defensive Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187
Delayed Locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Destination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147
Diagnostics
Connected Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 Disabled Vehicle
Transporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Distracted Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Dome Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Door Ajar Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Delayed Locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Power Locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Drive Belt Routing, Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Drive Systems All-Wheel Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209, 272
Driver Assistance Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Information Center (DIC) . . . . . . . . . . . 112, 114
Mode Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Mode Control Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Teen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Driving Assistance Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Better Fuel Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Characteristics and Towing Tips . . . . . . . . 244
Defensive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Distracted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Hill and Mountain Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
If the Vehicle is Stuck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Impaired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Loss of Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

Buick Enclave Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./Canada/Mexico-
16411536) - 2023 - CRC - 3/28/22
Index 359
Instrument Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96, 98
Instrument Panel Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Interior Rearview Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 130
J
JackAuxiliary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Jump Starting - North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
K
Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Remote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Remote Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
L
Labeling, Tire Sidewall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
LampsCourtesy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Daytime Running (DRL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Dome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Exterior Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Exterior Lamps Off Reminder . . . . . . . . . . 124
Exterior Lighting Battery Saver . . . . . . . . 129
Flash-to-Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
High/Low Beam Changer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
License Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Lamps (cont'd)
Malfunction Indicator (Check
Engine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
On Reminder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Lane Change Alert (LCA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Keep Assist (LKA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Keep Assist Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Lap-Shoulder Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
LATCH System Replacing Parts after a Crash . . . . . . . . . . . 76
LATCH, Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
LED Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Liftgate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Lighting Entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Illumination Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
LED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Lights Airbag Readiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Antilock Brake System (ABS)Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Brake System Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Charging System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Lights (cont'd)
Check Engine (Malfunction
Indicator) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Cruise Control Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Door Ajar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Driver Mode Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Electric Parking Brake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Engine Oil Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Gauges and Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
High-Beam On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Lane Keep Assist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Low Fuel Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Seat Belt Reminders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Service Electric Parking Brake . . . . . . . . . . 107
StabiliTrak OFF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Tire Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Traction Control System (TCS)/StabiliTrak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Traction Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Locks
Automatic Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Delayed Locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Lockout Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Power Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Loss of Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189