2021 KIA NIRO EV tire pressure

WELCOME TO THE KIA FAMILY!
Your new Kia vehicle has been designed, engineered and manufactured to provide you with years of comfortable and dependable driving. Kia is committed to
quality, innovation, safety and – above all – your satisfaction.
USING THIS FEATURES & FUNCTIONS GUIDE
The information contained in this guide is a brief overview of the operation and features of your new Kia vehicle.
This Features & Functions Guide and the specific operational and safety information it provides are not a substitute for your Owner’s Manual. In the interest of
your safety and that of the vehicle’s occupants, and to help you avoid risks that may result in death or serious injury, Kia reminds you to carefully read the Owner’s
Manual in order to fully familiarize yourself with the important information and safety warnings it contains.
While Kia endeavors to ensure that the information contained in this guide is accurate at the time of printing, Kia may change vehicle specifications without notice
in advance of or after the fact and assumes no liability in connection with such changes.
1.
If you’re having trouble scanning codes, check the following:
§ The code should be centered and focused in your mobile device’s camera screen
§ Consider moving your device closer to or farther away from the code
§ The code should be well lit, without significant shadow
§ Avoid scanning from a significant angle
§ Confirm that the device’s app supports 2D QR Code scanning
§ Tr y another QR Code Reader app; not all apps are created equal
2. After scanning, you may experience a “connection error” message or a “connecting” message with no subsequent response. These messages typically indicate that your device is having trouble connecting to the Internet
QUICK TIPS
VIDEOS AND QR CODES
Kia provides a number of video resources to assist you with becoming familiar with the features and functions found in your Kia
vehicle. You can access these resources by snapping the QR Codes with your mobile device using the built-in QR Code Reader or
a downloaded QR Code Reader App.
After opening the QR Code Reader App on your mobile device, the app will utilize your device’s camera. Center the code in the
camera viewing area – with some apps, as soon as the app recognizes the code, it will launch the corresponding video.
With other apps, you will have to snap or “take a picture” of the code. The app will then launch the corresponding video.
For operation specifics, refer to the instructions that come with the QR Code Reader App. You can also view the videos by
visiting the following website: www.youtube.com/KiaFeatureVideos.
Refer to the inside front cover for more information on QR codes.www.youtube.com/KiaFeatureVideos
QR CODES
Tire Pressure Monitoring System Video

VIDEOS & QR CODES .....Inside Front Cover
INSTRUMENT CLUSTER
Instrument Cluster Overview ................03
Indicators & Warning Lights .................04
Electric Vehicle (EV ) Indicators ...............05
Energy Consumption .......................05
Charge Warning Messages on LCD Display ......06
Tire Pressure Monitoring System ( TPMS) .......08
VEHICLE SETTINGS
LCD Instrument Cluster Modes ...............09
Trip Modes / Trip Computer ..................09
User Settings – Instrument Cluster .............10
Vehicle Settings* – Audio Head Unit ............11
Service Interval Mode .......................11
ELECTRIC VEHICLE (EV) FEATURES
Drive Modes ..............................12
Charging Connector Auto/Lock Mode ...........13
Scheduled Charging* .......................13
Charging Your Electric Vehicle .................14
EV Mode - UVO link with Navigation* ...........16
Regenerative Braking with Paddle Shifters .......18
ADVANCED DRIVER ASSISTANCE
SYSTEMS (ADAS)
Blind-Spot Collision-Avoidance Warning (BCW )* ...19
Rear Cross-Traffic Collision-Avoidance
Assist (RCCA)* ...........................19
Lane Keeping Assist (LK A)* .................20
Lane Following Assist (LFA)* .................22
Forward Collision-Avoidance Assist (FCA) ......23
Highway Driving Assist (HDA)* ...............24
Leading Vehicle Departure Alert (LVDA) ........25
Driver Attention Warning (DAW)* ..............26
DRIVER’S PANEL
Instrument Cluster Control ..................27
Electronic Stability Control (ESC) .............27
Hill-Start Assist Control (HAC) ...............27
Power Button ............................28
Power Windows, Window Lock & Central Door Lock 29
Automatic Door Lock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Power/Heated Outside Mirrors*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Power Folding Outside Mirrors* ..............29
STEERING WHEEL CONTROLS
Smart Cruise Control (SCC) with Stop & Go* .....30
Navigation-based Smart Cruise Control - Curve
(NSCC-C)* .............................31
Cruise Control ............................32
Tilt/ Telescoping Steering Wheel ..............32
Headlights & High Beams ...................33
Turn Signals & Fog Lights* ..................33
Windshield/Rear Wipers & Washers ...........34
AUDIO SYSTEM
Audio Controls ...........................35
Bluetooth® Wireless Technology ..............36
Android Auto™ / Apple CarPlay® Setup .........38
UVO link Activation* .......................39
UVO Assistance* ..........................39
Kia Access with UVO link App Download ........40
Kia Access with UVO link App Features Guide ....40
Standard Audio System - Value* ...............41
UVO link with Navigation* ...................42
CENTER PANEL
Digital Clock .............................43
USB Charger Ports*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Multimedia USB Ports & Power Outlets* ........43
Wireless Smartphone Charging System* ........44
CENTER PANEL (CO N T IN U ED)
Automatic Climate Control ..................45
Rotary Dial Shifter Knob ....................46
Heated Steering Wheel Button* ...............46
Electronic Parking Brake (EPB) ...............47
Auto Hold ...............................47
Seat Warmers / Ventilated Seats* .............48
S E AT I N G
Front Seat Headrest Adjustment ..............49
Rear Occupant Alert (ROA) with Door Monitoring .49
Power Adjustable Driver’s Seat* ..............50
6-Way Manual Adjustable Passenger’s Seat* ....50
Folding Rear Seats ........................51
OTHER KEY FEATURES
Hood Release Lever and Latch ...............52
Sunvisor ................................52
Smart Key ...............................53
Double-Turn Lock /Unlock All .................53
Map/Room Lamps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Sunroof Operation* ........................54
Reverse Parking Distance Warning (PDW )* ......55
Rear View Monitor (RVM) ...................55
Liftgate Release Button* ....................56
Child-Protector Rear Door Lock ..............56
Tire Mobility Kit ...........................56
SAFETY FEATURES
Occupant Detection System (ODS) /
Passenger Airbag Off Indicator .............57
Seat Belts ...............................57
MAINTENANCE CHART .........Back Cover
LEGAL DISCLAIMERS ......Inside Back Cover
*IF EQUIPPED2NIRO EV FEATURES & FUNCTIONS GUIDE
TABLE OF CONTENTS

220200
20
20 12 0
1 40
40
10 0
60
80180
40 160
60 140
80 120
100
E
F
mi
RANGE
68
°cCRUISE 60 mi/h
EPB
ECO
MPH
electric
LV .3R ND
L H
2518 mi
*IF EQUIPPED 4NIRO EV FEATURES & FUNCTIONS GUIDE
B
C
Indicators & Warning Lights
High Beam Indicator
Light ON Indicator
Front Fog Light Indicator*
Master Warning Light
FCA / FCW Indicator*
Lane Keeping Assist (LK A) Indicator*
Electronic Brake Force (EBD) System Warning Indicator( Two separate indicators on Instrument Cluster lit at same time)
Immobilizer Indicator*
READY Indicator
ECO Mode Indicator
ECO+ Mode Indicator
SPORT Mode Indicator
E V Service Warning Light
EV Temperature Warning
Charging System Warning Indicator
Seat Belt Warning Indicator
Low Tire Pressure Light / Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) Malfunction Indicator*Electronic Stability Control (ESC) Indicator / ESC Malfunction Indicator

Electronic Stability Control (ESC) OFF Indicator
Electronic Parking Brake (EPB) & Brake Fluid Warning Indicator
Electronic Power Steering (EPS) Warning Indicator
Airbag Warning Indicator
Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) Warning Indicator
Cruise Indicator*
(red color)
(yellow color)
Regenerative Brake Warning Indicator (Two separate indicators on Instrument Cluster lit at same time)
LED Headlamp Warning Indicator*
Charging Light Indicator
Power Down Warning Light
High Voltage Battery Level Warning Light
12 V B a t ter y
EPBElectric Parking Brake (EPB)
Your vehicle’s instrument cluster & indicator light locations may differ from those in the illustrations. For more information on the instrument cluster, the LCD Warning Messages and the function of all indicator and warning lights, please refer to section 4 of the Owner’s Manual.
This illustration is for demonstration purposes only. Some indicators and warning lights may not appear in illustration. On the vehicle, they may appear in the LCD.
A
INSTRUMENT CLUSTER
INSTRUMENT CLUSTER

ALWAYS CHECK THE OWNER’S MANUAL FOR COMPLETE OPER ATING INFORMATION AND SAFET Y WARNINGS. *IF EQUIPPED5
Ready indicator light – Illuminates
when the vehicle is ready to drive.
When the ready indicator light is OFF or
blinking, a malfunction has occurred.
Have an authorized Kia dealer address
the concern as soon as possible.
EV Service warning light – Illuminates
when there is a malfunction related
to the electric vehicle control system.
Have an authorized Kia dealer address
the concern as soon as possible.
Power down warning light –
Illuminates when the power is limited
for the safety of the electric vehicle.
Charging indicator light – Shows the
charging status of the high-voltage
battery. When charging, the red
indicator turns on. The indicator turns
off when not charging.
High-voltage battery level warning
light – Illuminates when the high-
voltage battery charge level is
insufficient.
Regenerative brake warning lights
(when both indicators are lit) –
Illuminates when the regenerative brake
system is not functioning correctly.
Electric Vehicle (EV) Indicators
A State of Charge (SOC) gauge
The State of Charge gauge displays the high-
voltage battery charge status.
•L (low) position on the gauge indicates that
the driving battery energy is low
•H (high) position on the gauge indicates that
the driving battery is fully charged
B Power / Charge Gauge
Niro EV’s Power / Charge gauge provides
information on the energy consumption rate
of the vehicle and the charge status of the
regenerative brakes.
•POWER – Shows the energy consumption
rate of the vehicle when driving uphill or
accelerating. The more electric energy used,
the higher the gauge level
•CHARGE – Shows the charging status of
the battery when it is being charged by
the regenerative brakes. The more electric
energy charged, the lower the gauge level
C Remaining Distance
Remaining Distance is the estimated distance
the vehicle can be driven with the remaining
high-voltage battery level. It is displayed
differently according to the selected drive mode.
For more information, refer to the Owner’s Manual.
Energy Consumption
There are several factors that contribute to
your electric vehicle’s energy consumption,
including maintenance of your vehicle, driving
style, environmental conditions, vehicle weight
and vehicle aerodynamics.
Below are tips on how to help reduce energy
consumption:
•Keep your vehicle in good condition
with regular maintenance
•Don’t “ride” the brake pedal
•Drive at a moderate speed, accelerating
smoothly and at a moderate rate
•Keep tires inflated to the recommended
pressure
•Travel lightly, without carrying unnecessary
weight in your vehicles
•Ensure wheels are aligned correctly
•Avoid placing large or heavy items on
roof racks
•Avoid hilly, winding or poorly maintained
roads
•Use ECO or ECO+ Drive Modes in certain
weather conditions (rain, snow, wind)
For more information, refer to section 6 of the Owner’s Manual.
INSTRUMENT CLUSTERINSTRUMENT CLUSTER

*IF EQUIPPED †LEGAL DISCL AIMERS ON BACK INSIDE COVER8NIRO EV FEATURES & FUNCTIONS GUIDE
A
Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS)†2 3
The TPMS indicator functions as both Low Tire Pressure Light and TPMS Malfunction Indicator. The indicator will illuminate if it detects one or more tires is significantly underinflated, the vehicle has a spare tire installed without
TPMS or the outside temperature becomes significantly lower.
The LCD screen in the instrument cluster will display the Low Tire Pressure indicator A showing which tire(s) is underinflated.
Inflate tire(s) to specifications using an accurate digital tire pressure gauge to turn off Low Tire Pressure Light . See front
driver’s door jamb for PSI specification.
When there is a problem with the TPMS, the TPMS Malfunction Indicator will blink for
approximately one minute then illuminate – see dealer for service.25
36 36
PSI
36
•Even with TPMS, tire pressure should be checked manually at least once a month. Only adjust tire pressure on “cold tires” that have been sitting for 20 minutes, and tires that are not hot in temperature from direct sunlight or heat •For proper maintenance and optimal fuel economy, maintain recommended tire inflation pressures and stay within the load limits and weight distribution recommended for your vehicle •In winter or cold weather, the TPMS light may illuminate if the tire pressure was adjusted to the recommended tire inflation pressure during warm weather
QUICK TIP
REMINDERS:
• Check the recommended tire pressure label located on the left side of driver's door jamb, visible when the door is open
• Consult your dealer for service if Low Tire Pressure Light remains illuminated after inflating your tire(s)
Personal electronic devices (such as laptops, wireless chargers, remote start systems, etc.) may interfere with TPMS system, which may cause the Malfunction Warning Indicator (Check Engine Light) to illuminate.
For more information, refer to the Owner’s Manual.
Refer to the inside front cover for more information on QR codes.www.youtube.com/KiaFeatureVideos
QR CODES
Tire Pressure Monitoring System Video
INSTRUMENT CLUSTER
INSTRUMENT CLUSTER

*IF EQUIPPED10NIRO EV FEATURES & FUNCTIONS GUIDE
User Settings - Instrument Cluster
To enter the User Settings mode in the LCD Instrument Cluster Modes, press the Mode button A when the vehicle is at a
standstill, Rotary Dial Shifter Knob in Park while the Engine Start /Stop button is in the ON position. Then select User Settings by pressing the Move/Reset (OK ) button.
You can navigate the selections on the display by pressing the OK button B up/down, and then selecting the item by pressing
the OK button B again.
Driving Assistance*:
•Lane Safety
•Driver Attention Warning (DAW )*
•Smart Cruise Control (SCC) Reaction
•Leading Vehicle Departure Alert*
•Lane Follow Assist
•Forward Collision-Avoidance Assist
(FCA)*
•Forward Collision Warning (FCW )*
•Blind-Spot Collision Warning (BCW )
•Rear Cross-Traffic Collision Warning
(RCCW )*
Door:
•Automatically Lock
•Automatically Unlock
•Two Press Unlock
Lights:
•One Touch Turn Signal
•Ambient Light
Brightness
•Ambient Light Color
•Headlamp Delay*
Sound:
•Parking Distance Warning-Forward
Volume*
Convenience:
•Seat Easy Access*
•Utility Mode
•Welcome Mirror/Light
•Wireless Charging System*
•Wiper/Lights Display*
•Auto Rear Wiper
•Smart Regeneration
•Icy Road Warning
Service Interval:
•Enable Service Interval
•Adjust Interval
•Reset
Other features:
•Aux. Battery Saver+
•Energy Consumption Reset
•Temperature Unit
•Tire Pressure Unit
•Instrument Cluster Layout*
Reset
•Choosing reset will restore defaults for all
User Settings menusRefer to the inside front cover for more information on QR codes.www.youtube.com/KiaFeatureVideos
QR CODES
Vehicle & User Settings Video
Ambient, Mood & Theme Lighting Video
VEHICLE SETTINGS
(Buttons located on Steering Wheel – Type B)
MODE
RES
CRUISE
CAN CELOKSET
MODE
RES
CRUISE
CAN CELOKSET
MODE
A
B
VEHICLESETTINGS

*IF EQUIPPED12NIRO EV FEATURES & FUNCTIONS GUIDE
C
D
To help reduce energy consumption:
•Drive at a moderate speed, accelerating smoothly and at a moderate rate
•Keep tires inflated to the recommended pressure and wheels aligned properly
QUICK TIP
For more information on Driving Modes, refer to your Owner’s Manual or contact your local dealership.
Drive Modes
Niro EV is equipped with four distinct and customizable driving modes. Press
the Drive Mode button A to select the desired mode.
•ECO+ – This super power-saving mode is designed to help maximize
battery energy. Press and hold the Drive Mode button A to select the
ECO+ mode
•ECO – This mode can help enhance efficiency by managing battery usage
•NORMAL – This mode balances drivability and efficiency
•SPORT – This mode provides enhanced acceleration and dynamic
drivability
An indicator in the instrument cluster will illuminate to show which drive
mode you have selected (no indicator will appear for the NORMAL mode).
Smart ECO pedal guide – When
ECO mode is selected, the instrument
cluster will show 3 efficiency zones
to keep you informed of your power
usage with accelerator pedal input.
B Variable ECO zone
C Variable power zone
D Regeneration/charge zone
NP
PRELEASE
AUTO
HOLD
D
R
DRIVE
MODE
(Button located at right below Rotary Dial Shifter Knob)
Refer to the inside front cover for more information on QR codes.www.youtube.com/KiaFeatureVideos
QR CODES
Drive Mode Integrated Control Video
B
ELECTRIC VEHICLE (EV) FEATURES
ELECTRIC VEHICLE (EV) FEATURES
Power Range
Regeneration Range
Variable ECO Range
A

Sales Consultant:
______________________________________________________________
Date:
____________________
Sales Manager:
________________________________________________________________
Date:
____________________
Customer:
_____________________________________________________________________
Date:
____________________
LEGAL DISCLAIMERS
Driving while distracted is dangerous and should be avoided. Drivers should remain attentive to driving and always exercise caution when using the steering-wheel-mounted controls while dri\
ving.
Driving while distracted can result in a loss of vehicle control that may lead to an accident, severe personal injury and death. The driver’s primary responsibility is in the safe and legal operation of a vehicle, and use of any handheld devices, other equipment or vehicle systems which take the driver’s eyes, attention and focus away from the safe operation of a vehicle or that are not permissible by law should never be used during operation of the vehicle.
Safety Features: No system, no matter how advanced, can compensate for all driver error and/or driving conditions. Always drive safely.
1. UVO link: Purchase/lease of certain 2019 and newer Kia vehicles with UVO link includes a complimentary 1-year subscription starting from new vehicle retail sale/lease date as recorded by the dealer. After your complimentary 1-year UVO link subscription expires, continued access to the full suite of UVO link available on your Kia will require a paid subscription at the then current subscription rate or your use of certain UVO link features may immediately terminate. Use of UVO is subject to agreement to the UVO Privacy Policy (available at https://owners.kia.com/us/en/privacy-policy.html ) and Terms of Service (available at https://owners.kia.com/us/en/terms-of-service.html ). UVO link is transferable to subsequent owner during the original UVO link service term. Only use UVO link when safe to do so. Kia Access with UVO link App is available from the Apple® App Store® or Google Play™. Kia Motors America, Inc. reserves the right to change or discontinue UVO link at any time without prior notification or incurring any future obligation. Message and data rates may apply. Cellular and GPS coverage is required to use most features. UVO link features may vary by model, model year, and trim level. Features, specifications, and fees are subject to change. For more on details and limitations, visit https://owners.kia.com or your authorized Kia dealer. Apple and App Store are registered trademarks of Apple Inc. Google and logos are trademarks of Google, LLC.
2. Airbags: For maximum protection, always wear your seat belt.
3. Android Auto™: Vehicle user interface is a product of Google and its terms and privacy statements apply. Requires the Android Auto app on Google Play and an Android compatible smartphone running Android™ 5.0 Lollipop or higher. Data plan rates apply. Android Auto is a trademark of Google LLC.
4. Apple App Store: App Store is a service mark of Apple, Inc.
5. Apple CarPlay®: Apple® and Apple CarPlay® are trademarks of Apple, Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. Apple CarPlay® runs on your smartphone cellular data service. Normal data rates will apply. Distracted driving can result in a loss of vehicle control. Never use a handheld device or vehicle system that takes your focus away from safe vehicle operation.
6. Bluetooth® Wireless Technology: The Bluetooth® word mark and logos are registered trademarks owned by Bluetooth SIG Inc., and any use of such marks by Kia is pursuant to license. A Bluetooth® enabled cell phone is required to use Bluetooth® wireless technology.
7. Driver Assist Features – Forward Collision-Avoidance Assist (FCA) / Forward Collision Warning (FCW), Blind-Spot Collision Warning (BCW), Rear Cross-Traffic Collision Warning (RCCW), Lane Keeping Assist (LKA), Lane Following Assist (LFA), Rear View Monitor, Reverse Parking Distance Warning (PDW)*, Smart Cruise Control (SCC) with Stop & Go, Navigation-based Smart Cruise Control - Curve (NSCC-C), Highway Driving Assist (HDA), Leading Vehicle Departure Alert (LVDA): These features are not substitutes for safe driving, and may not detect all objects surrounding vehicle. Always drive safely and use caution.
8.
Driver Attention Warning (DAW): Driver Attention Warning is not a substitute for safe driving and may not detect all instances of driver fatigue or inattentive driving practices. Failure to pay attention to travel conditions and vehicle operation could result in loss of vehicle control. Always drive safely and use caution.
9. Electronic Stability Control (ESC)/ Traction Control System (TCS)/Hill-start Assist Control (HAC): No system, no matter how advanced, can compensate for all driver error and/or driving conditions. Always drive safely.
10. Front Seat Headrest Adjustment: Never attempt to adjust headrests when vehicle is in motion.
11. Google Play™ Store is a trademark of Google, Inc. ©2021 Google Inc. All rights reserved. Google and the Google Logo are registered trademarks of Google Inc.
12. Navigation: Distracted driving can result in a loss of vehicle control. When operating a vehicle, never use a vehicle system that takes your focus away from safe vehicle operation. Navigation is for information purposes only, and Kia does not make any warranties about the accuracy of the information.
13. Occupant Detection System (ODS): Kia vehicles use a number of different ODS types that vary by model.
14. Power Button with Smart Key: Always come to a complete stop before turning the power on or off. However, if you have an emergency while the vehicle is in motion and must turn the power off, you can turn the power off to the ACC position by pressing the Power button for more than 3 seconds or 3 times in succession. If the vehicle is still moving, you can restart the power by pressing the Power button with the shift lever in Neutral (N). With the power off, hydraulic power assist for steering and braking will be disabled and the vehicle will be more difficult to control.
15. Roadside Assist: 24-hour Enhanced Roadside Assistance is a service plan provided by Kia Motors America, Inc. Certain limitations apply. Coverage details are available in the Kia Warranty and Consumer Information Manual. For access to Enhanced Roadside Assistance, a connected mobile phone via Bluetooth® within the cellular service coverage area is required.
16. Seat adjustments: Reclining the passenger seats can reduce the effectiveness of the safety restraint system and may lead to additional injury in an accident.
17. Seat belts: For maximum protection, always wear your seatbelt.
18. Seat warmers: Use extreme caution when using the seat warmers to avoid burns. Refer to the Owner’s Manual for more information.
19. SiriusXM®: SiriusXM Satellite Radio, SiriusXM Traffic and SiriusXM Travel Link each require a subscription sold separately, or as a package, by SiriusXM Radio Inc. If you decide to continue your service at the end of your trial subscription, the plan you choose will automatically renew and bill at then-current r\
ates until you call 1-866-635-2349 to cancel. See SiriusXM Customer Agreement for complete terms at www.siriusxm.com. Other fees and taxes will apply. All fees and programming are subject to change. Not all vehicles or devices are capable of receiving all services offered by SiriusXM. Data displays and individual product availability vary by vehicle hardware. Current information and features may not be available in all locations, or on all receivers. Weather Forecast, Current Conditions may not be available in all locations. Images above are for representative purposes only and are not real products. For actual features and images of real products, consult the vehicle manufacturer. SiriusXM is not responsible for any errors or inaccuracies in the data services or their use in the vehicle. Travel Link Stocks displays current price and daily delta of around 7,000 activ\
ely reported securities traded on the NYSE®, NASDAQ® and AMEX®. The service is delayed approximately 20 minutes. SiriusXM satellite service is available only to those at least 18 years of age in the 48 contiguous USA, DC, and Puerto Rico (with coverage limitations). SiriusXM Internet Radio service is available throughout our satellite service area and in AK and HI. © 2021 SiriusXM Radio Inc. Sirius, XM and all related marks and logos are trademarks of SiriusXM Radio Inc.
20. Steering-wheel-mounted controls: Driving while distracted is dangerous and should be avoided. Remain attentive to driving and be cautious when using steering-wheel-mounted controls wh\
ile driving.
21. Sunvisors: Sunvisor may not shield all direct light. Do not operate the vehicle if sunvisor is impairing your visibility.
22. Tilt/Telescoping Steering Wheel: Never attempt to adjust steering wheel position when vehicle is in motion.
23. Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS): Even with Tire Pressure Monitoring System, check tire pressure on a regular basis.