Sitting correctly and safely
Adjusting the seat position
COl Introduction
This chapter contains information on the following subjects:
The dangers of assuming an incorrect sitting position . . . .............. .
Correct sitting position . . . . . . ......... . Overview of seats ...................... .
Mechanical controls on the front seats ..... .
Electrical controls on the front seats ....... . Adjusting and removing head restraints .... .
Adjusting the steering wheel position ...... .
Additional information and warnings:
• Seat functions, front 69
• Seat functions, passenger compartment 72
• Seat belts 79
• Airbag system 87
• Child seats (accessories) 96
A WARNING
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
Assuming an incorrect sitting position in the vehicle can increase the risk of severe or fa-tal injuries during a sudden driving or brak-ing manoeuvre, in the event of a collision or accident, or if the airbags are triggered.
• All vehicle occupants must assume a cor-rect sitting position before setting off and maintain this position throughout the trip. This also applies to the fastening of seat belts.
• The number of vehicle occupants must never exceed the number of seats with seat belts in the vehicle.
• Always secure children in the vehicle in an authorised restraint system which Is suita-ble for their height and page 96, 87.
• Always keep your feet in the footweli while the vehicle is in motion. Never place your feet on the seat or dash panel, for example, and never ride with your feet out the window. When you are sat like this, the airbag and seat belt cannot provide optimal protection and could actually increase the risk of Injury during an accident.
A WARNING
Always adjust seats, seat belts and head re-straints to their correct position before any journey and ensure that ail passengers have fastened their seat belt.
• Push the front passenger seat as far back as possible.
• Adjust the driver seat so that there is at least 25 cm between your breastbone and the hub of the steering wheel. If your build makes it impossible to fulfil this requirement then you must contact a qualified workshop so they can make any necessary modifications.
• Never travel with the back rest tilted far back. The further back the backrest is tilted, the greater the risk of injury caused by incor-rect seat belt routing or an incorrect sitting position.
• Never travel with the back rest tilted far forwards. When a front airbag is triggered it could force the seat backrest backwards and injure vehicle occupants on the back seats.
• Adopt and maintain the greatest possible distance from the steering wheel and dash panel.
• You should always sit upright with your back against the seat back rest with the front seats properly adjusted. Do not position any body part too close where the airbags are fit-ted.
• The risk of serious injury Is increased for passengers on the rear seat if they are not sitting upright because the seat belts are in-correctly positioned.
A WARNING
Incorrect adjustment of the seats can cause accidents and serious injuries.
• The seats may only be adjusted when the vehicle is stationary, or else the seat could change position unexpectedly while the vehi-cle is in motion, leading to a loss of control of the vehicle. Furthermore, an incorrect seating position is adopted while adjusting the seat. .,.
Sitting correctly and safely 61
Correct sitting position
Fig. 39 There must be a distance of at least 25 cm between the driver and the steering wheel. The distance to the dash panel must be at least 10 cm in the knee area.
f"'"""('n First read and observe the introductory L-Jc..l.l Information and safety warnings & on page 61.
The following details the correct sitting positions for the driver and passengers.
If any vehicle occupants cannot assume a correct sitting position due to their physical build, they should contact a qualified workshop to find out about possible special modifications. The seat belts and airbags can only provide a maximum lev-el of protection if a correct sitting position is as-sumed. Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles recom-mends using a Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles dealership for this purpose.
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles recommends the following seating position for your own safety and to reduce the level of injury in the case of a sudden braking manoeuvre or an accident:
The following applies to all vehicle occupants:
• Adjust the head restraint so that its upper edge is at the same height as the top of the head, but not lower than eye level. Position the back of your head as close to the head restraint as possible 39 and 40.
• When adjusting for short people, push the head restraint all the way down, even if the head is then underneath the top edge of the head restraint.
• For taller people, push the head restraint up as far as it will go.
Fig. 40 Correct seat belt routing and head re-straint adjustment.
• Keep both feet in the footwell while the vehicle is in motion.
• Adjust and fasten seat belts properly 79.
Additional points for the driver:
• Move the backrest into an upright position so that your back rests fully against it.
• Adjust the steering wheel so that the distance between the steering wheel and your breastbone is at least 25 cm 39 and the circumference of the steering wheel can be held at the sides with the arms slightly bent.
• The steering wheel must always point towards the breastbone and not towards the face.
• Adjust the driver seat by moving it forwards or backwards so that you are able to press the pedals to the floor with your knees still slightly angled and the distance to the dash panel in the knee area is at least 10 cm 39.
• Adjust the height so that you can reach the highest point of the steering wheel.
• Always leave both feet in the footwell, to help ensure you maintain control of the vehicle at all times.
Additional points for the front passenger:
• Move the backrest into an upright position so that your back rests fully against it.
• Push the front passenger seat as far back as possible so that the airbag can provide maximum protection if it is deployed.
A WARNING
Driving without head restraints or with Incor-rectly adjusted head restraints Increases the risk of severe or fatal injuries In the event of an accident or sudden' driving or braking ma-noeuvre.
• If a seat is occupied, the head restraint for that seat must be fitted and adjusted correct-ly.
• Each vehicle occupant must adjust the head restraint to suit their body size, to help reduce the risk of neck injuries in an acci-dent. As far as possible, the upper edge of
Adjusting the steering wheel position
an-0211
Fig. 46 Below the steering wheel: lever for me-chanical adjustment in the steering column trim.
r--f'n First read and observe the introductory L-W.I information and safety warnings & on page 61.
Adjust the steering wheel position before setting off and only when the vehicle is stationary.
• Push down the lever 46 Q).
• Adjust the steering wheel so that you can hold it on the outside of the ring (at the 9 o'clock and 3 o'clock positions =:o Fig. 47) with both hands and slightly bent arms.
• Push the lever up firmly until it lines up with the steering column =:o &.
Before the journey
A WARNING (Continued)
the head restraint must be level with the top of the head, but not lower than eye level. Po-sition the back of your head in the middle and as close to the head restraint as possible.
• Never adjust, fit or remove the head re-straint while the vehicle is in motion.
• Head restraints that have been removed should be fitted as soon as possible so that passengers have correct protection.
CD
When removing or fitting head restraints, make sure that they do not hit the roof, the front seat back rest or other parts of the vehicle. This will prevent damage from occurring.
A WARNING
Incorrect use of the steering column position adjustment and Incorrect adjustment of the steering wheel can cause serious or fatal In-juries.
• After adjusting the steering column, al-ways move lever =:oFig. 46 CD up so that it en-gages securely. This prevents the steering column from moving spontaneously while the vehicle Is In motion.
• Never adjust the steering wheel when the vehicle Is In motion. If you determine that a readjustment Is necessary, stop the vehicle safely and adjust the steering wheel to the correct position. .,.
Calling up the driver seat settings
• Within 10 minutes after the vehicle has been unlocked, briefly press the respective memory but-ton while the driver door is opened and the ignition is switched off.
• OR: with the driver door closed or ignition switched on, press and hold the corresponding memory button until the stored position has been attained.
Activating memory function of the vehicle key
• Unlock the driver door.
• Press the desired memory button 50 and keep it pressed until the end of the activation proc-ess.
• If required, keep the memory button pressed until the saved seat position is reached.
• Keeping the memory button pressed, simulta-neously press the unlocking button@ in the vehi-cle key within 10 seconds. A gong will sound to confirm that the settings have been activated.
Rotating front seats
r--('n First read and observe the introductory information and safety warnings & on page 69.
Turning the front seats
• Additional point to note for driver seat: en-gage selector lever position P or a gear to ensure the vehicle cannot roll.
• Additional point to note for driver seat: re-lease the handbrake and adjust the steering wheel so that it is as far up and as far forward as possi-ble.
• Open driver door or front passenger door.
• Adjust the backrest to an upright position.
• Place the outer armrest in the horizontal posi-tion.
• Move the driver seat to the mid point of the fore-and-aft adjustment.
• Pull the small lever on the front of the seat base and, at the same time, turn the seat inwards.
• You may need to readjust the seat and armrest for turning.
Deactivating memory function of the vehicle key
• Press Fig. 50 button and then keep it pressed till the end of the deactivation process.
• Keeping the memory button pressed, simulta-neously press the unlocking button @ in the vehi-cle key within 10 seconds. A gong will sound to confirm that the settings have been deactivated.
Assigning driver seat settings to a vehicle key
• Activate memory function of the vehicle key.
• Unlock the vehicle using the same vehicle key.
• Adjust the driver seat.
• Lock the vehicle using the @button in the re-mote control key in order to save the settings.
After the settings have been stored, the driver seat always returns to the stored position automatically, as soon as the@ button in the vehicle key 39 is used to unlock the vehicle and the driver door is opened. <1
A WARNING
Incorrect handling of the rotating front seats can cause accidents and serious Injuries.
• Only ever adjust the front seats when the vehicle is stationary otherwise you could as-sume an incorrect sitting position.
• Rotating front seats must always be in the direction of travel and securely engaged in this position when the vehicle is in motion.
CD
If the seat is occupied when it is turned, it could be damaged.
• Turn the front seats only when they are not occupied.
pulled out quickly or during sudden braking, during travel in mountains or bends and during acceleration, the automatic belt retractor is locked.
Belt tensioners
The seat belts for the front seat occupants are equipped with belt tensioners.
The belt tensioners are activated by sensors dur-ing severe frontal, side and rear collisions. They tighten the seat belts against the direction in which they are pulled. Any slack in the seat belt is retrac-ted, which can reduce the passenger's movement forwards or in the direction of the impact. The belt
tensioner works together with the airbag system. The belt tensioner will not be activated if the vehi-cle rolls over if the combined curtain and side air-bags are not activated.
A fine dust may be produced when the airbags are triggered. This is quite normal and does not mean that there is a fire in the vehicle.
W All safety requirements must be observed L!.J when the vehicle or components of the sys-tem are scrapped. Qualified workshops are familiar with these requirements 87.
r-f'n First read and observe the introductory L-J,:.U information and safety warnings & on page 79.
Seat belts may become damaged during any work on the belt tensioners or while removing or refitting any vehicle parts in conjunction with any other re-pair work. This damage will not always be noticea-ble. The consequence may be that the belt ten-sioners could function incorrectly, or not function at all, in the event of an accident.
Regulations must be observed to ensure that the effectiveness of the belt tensioner is not reduced and that removed parts do not cause any injuries or environmental pollution. Qualified workshops are familiar with these requirements.
Airbag system
o:lJ Introduction
This chapter contains information on the following subjects:
Types of front passenger airbag systems . . . . 89
Indicator lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Description and function of the airbags 90 Front airbags 92 Switching the front passenger front airbag on and off manually using the key-operated switch . . . 93
A WARNING
The risk of severe or fatal injuries may be in-creased if the seat belts, automatic belt re-tractors and belt tensioners are not used cor-rectly, or if they are repaired by a non-profes-sional. As a result, the belt tensioners may not be triggered when they should, or they may be triggered unexpectedly.
• Any repairs, adjustments or removal and refitting of parts in the belt tensioners or seat belts should always be carried out by a quali-fied workshop and never by yourself 394.
• Belt tensioners and automatic belt retrac-tors cannot be repaired. They must be re-placed.
r:Gl:-. The airbag modules and belt tensioners may C!fS contain perchlorate. Please comply with leg-islation regarding disposal.
Curtain airbags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
The vehicle is equipped with a front airbag for the driver and front passenger. The front airbags can provide front seat occupants with additional chest and head protection if the seat, seat belts, head re-straints and, in the case of the driver, steering wheel are adjusted and used correctly. Airbags are meant only for additional protection. The airbags .,.
Sitting correctly and safely 87
Index
Numbers and Symbols
12-volt socket California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
2-seat arrangement Stowage compartment in armrest . . . . . . 184
2-seat arrangement, Business . . . . . . . . . . 182 Adjusting armrest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Adjusting seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Ash tray . .. .. . . . .. . . .. . . • . .. . .. .. . 186 Centre console . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Cigarette lighter . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . 186 Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Drink holder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Front stowage compartment . . . . . . . . . . 186 Moving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Refrigerator box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Seat heater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Upper stowage compartment . . . . . . . . . . 186 230-volt Euro socket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
230-volt grounded safety socket . . . . . . . . 246
230-volt power supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Residual current circuit breaker . . . . . . . . 247
3-seat bench
A
Folding out the table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Setting up the bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . 74
Abroad Extended trips with your vehicle 405 Selling the vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
ABS see Brake support systems . . . . . . . . . . . 275
ACC see Adaptive cruise control (ACC) . . . . . . 298
Accessing a service message . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Acoustic warnings Seat belt not fastened . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Adaptive chassis control Fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317, 318 Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Adaptive chassis control (DCC) . . . . . . . . . 317 Indicator lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Adaptive cruise control (ACC) . . . . . . . . . . 298 Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Indicator lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Operating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 Radar sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Special driving situations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Switching off temporarily . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 Warning lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . 300
Ad Blue Indicator lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . 347 Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 Refilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 Tank capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 Warning lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Additional battery California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Charging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Adjust Electrically adjustable front seat . . . . . . . . 66 Single seats in the passenger compartment .7.3
Adjusting Correct sitting position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Headlight range ..................... 113 Head restraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Mechanical front seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Memory seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Single seats in the passenger compartment .73 Steering wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Adjusts Electric lumbar support adjustment . . . . . . 66
Aerial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.406
AGM battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
........................ Cleaning the dash panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 Combined curtain and side airbags . . . . . . 94 Curtain airbags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Differences between front passenger front airbag systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 Front airbags . . . • . . • . . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . 92 Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Indicator lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Repairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 Switching off the front passenger front air-bag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Switching off with the key switch . . . . . . . . 93 Using child seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Vehicle care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Air conditioning system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 Air recirculation mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 Climatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Climatronic . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323, 325 Fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 Indirect ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 Information . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . 328 Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 Things to note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Index 465
Residual current circuit breaker . . . . . . . . 247 California Beach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 California Coast and Ocean . . . . . . • . . . . 247
Retrofitting Car telephone . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . 398 Rear seats, Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Rear seats, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Rear seats, Multivan . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . 64 seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Two-way radio . . . . • . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . 398
Retrofitting seats Business . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 California . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Multivan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Rev counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Reversing camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Rims .......................•....... 369 Bolted-on rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Bolted-on trims . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . 370 Identification . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . • . . . . 370
Roll-back function Electric sliding door . . . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . . 48 Electric windows . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . 57 Sliding/tilting roof . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Rolling road test bed . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . 286
Roof carrier . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . • . . . 137. 139
Roof ventilator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Rotating front seats . . . . . • . . . . . . • . • . . . . . 71
RSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . 165
Rubber seals . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Running in
5
Brake pads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Engine ........................... 394 see Brakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 The first kilometres . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 Tyres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . 370
SAFELOCK mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
SAFE shown In the display . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Safety equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Scrapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Screen Changing the language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Folding in/out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Function settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Image settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Main menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Settings . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Screen mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Seat adjustment Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Seat belt protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Seat belt routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
478 I Index
Seat belts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Automatic belt retractor . . . . . . • . . . . . • . . 86 Belt height adjuster . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . • . . 86 Belt status display . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . 80 Belt tensioner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . 86 Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . 83 Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . 392 Fastening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . 84 Not fastened . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . 82 Seat belt routing . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . • . . 85 Twisted seat belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Unfastening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . 84 Using . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . 83 Warning lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Seat belt warning lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Seat covers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 Cleaning Alcantara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 Cleaning and caring for natural leather . . 391 Cleaning cloth seat covers . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 Cleaning fabric trim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 Handling seat covers . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . 389 Leatherette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Seat functions front . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . 69 Passenger compartment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 rear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . 72
Seat functions, rear Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . 182 California . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . 193
Seat heating . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Seat rails Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . 133 California . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . 133 Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 Multivan . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . 64 3-seat bench . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Adjusting head restraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Adjusting the steering wheel position . . . . . 68 Electrically adjustable front seat . . . . . . . . 66 Electric lumbar support adjustment . . . . . . 66 Fitting head restraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Mechanical front seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Memory seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . 70 Multivan ......................•.... 64 Number of seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Number of seats, Business . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Number of seats, California . . . . . . . • . . . 193 Removing head restraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Rotating front seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Seat heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Single seats in the passenger compartment .7.3
Securing straps Buckle straps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Ratchet straps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128