2020 KIA OPTIMA tire type

751
Maintenance
2. Tire size designation
A tire’s sidewall is marked with a tire
size designation. You will need this
information when selecting replace-
ment tires for your car. The following
explains what the letters and num-
bers in the tire size designation
mean.
Example tire size designation:
(These numbers are provided as an
example only; your tire size designa-
tor could vary depending on your
vehicle.)
P205/55R16 89H
P - Applicable vehicle type (tiresmarked with the prefix “P’’ are
intended for use on passenger
vehicles or light trucks; however,
not all tires have this marking).
205 - Tire width in millimeters.
55 - Aspect ratio. The tire’s section height as a percentage of its
width.
R - Tire construction code (Radial).
16 - Rim diameter in inches. 89 - Load Index, a numerical code
associated with the maximum
load the tire can carry.
H - Speed Rating Symbol. See the speed rating chart in this section
for additional information.
Wheel size designation
Wheels are also marked with impor-
tant information that you need if you
ever have to replace one. The follow-
ing explains what the letters and
numbers in the wheel size designa-
tion mean.
Example wheel size designation:
6.0JX16
6.0 - Rim width in inches.
J - Rim contour designation.
16 - Rim diameter in inches. Tire speed ratings
The chart below lists many of the dif-
ferent speed ratings currently being
used for passenger vehicles. The
speed rating is part of the tire size
designation on the sidewall of the
tire. This symbol corresponds to that
tire's designed maximum safe oper-
ating speed.
S 112 mph (180 km/h)
T 118 mph (190 km/h)
H 130 mph (210 km/h) V 149 mph (240 km/h)Z Above 149 mph (240 km/h)
Maximum Speed
Speed
Rating
Symbol
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757
Maintenance
All season tires
Kia specifies all season tires on
some models to provide good per-
formance for use all year round,
including snowy and icy road condi-
tions. All season tires are identified
by ALL SEASON and/or M+S (Mud
and Snow) on the tire sidewall. Snow
tires have better snow traction than
all season tires and may be more
appropriate in some areas.
Summer tires
Kia specifies summer tires on some
models to provide superior perform-
ance on dry roads. Summer tire per-
formance is substantially reduced in
snow and ice. Summer tires do not
have the tire traction rating M+S
(Mud and Snow) on the tire side wall.
If you plan to operate your vehicle in
snowy or icy conditions, Kia recom-
mends the use of snow tires or all
season tires on all four wheels.
Snow tires
If you equip your car with snow tires,
they should be the same size and
have the same load capacity as the
original tires. Snow tires should be
installed on all four wheels; other-
wise, poor handling may result.
Snow tires should carry 4 psi (28
kPa) more air pressure than the
pressure recommended for the stan-
dard tires on the tire label on the dri-
ver's side of the center pillar, or up to
the maximum pressure shown on the
tire sidewall, whichever is less.
Do not drive faster than 75 mph (120
km/h) when your vehicle is equipped
with snow tires.WARNING
Do not use summer tires at tem-
peratures below 45°F (7°C) or
when driving on snow or ice. At
temperatures below 45°F (7°C),
summer tires can lose elastici-
ty, and therefore traction and
braking power as well. Change
the tires on your vehicle to win-
ter or all-weather tires of the
same size as the standard tires
of the vehicle. Both types of
tires are identified by the M+S
(Mud and Snow) marking. Using
summer tires at very cold tem-
peratures could cause cracks to
form, thereby damaging the
tires permanently.
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Maintenance
58
7
Tire chains
Tire chains, if necessary, should be
installed on the front wheels (drive
wheels).
Be sure that the chains are installed
in accordance with the manufactur-
er's instructions.
To minimize tire and chain wear, do
not continue to use tire chains when
they are no longer needed.
When driving on roads covered
with snow or ice, drive at less than
20 mph (30 km/h).
Use the SAE “S” class or wire chains.
If you hear noise caused by chains contacting the body, retighten the
chain to avoid contact with the
vehicle body.
To prevent body damage, retighten the chains after driving 0.3~0.6
miles (0.5~1.0 km).
Do not use tire chains on vehicles equipped with aluminum wheels.
In unavoidable circumstances, use
a wire type chain.
Use wire chains less than 0.47 inches (12 mm) to prevent damage
to the chain’s connection.
Radial-ply tires
Radial-ply tires provide improved
tread life, road hazard resistance and
smoother high speed ride. The radi-
al-ply tires used on this vehicle are
of belted construction and are select-
ed to complement the ride and han-
dling characteristics of your vehicle.
Radial-ply tires have the same load
carrying capacity as bias-ply or bias
belted tires of the same size and use
the same recommended inflation
pressure. Mixing of radial-ply tires
with bias-ply or bias belted tires is
not recommended. Any combina-
tions of radial-ply and bias-ply or bias
belted tires when used on the same
vehicle will seriously deteriorate
vehicle handling. The best rule to fol-
low is: identical radial-ply tires should
always be used as a set of four. Longer wearing tires can be more
susceptible to irregular tread wear. It
is very important to follow the tire
rotation interval shown in this section
to achieve the tread life potential of
these tires. Cuts and punctures in
radial-ply tires are repairable only in
the tread area, because of sidewall
flexing. Consult your tire dealer for
radial-ply tire repairs.
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813
Specifications, Consumer information, Reporting safety defects
Roadside Assistance is provided on all new current
model year Kia Vehicles from the date the vehicle is deliv-
ered to the first retail buyer or otherwise put into use (in-
service date), whichever is earlier, for a period of 60
months or 60,000 miles, whichever is earlier, subject to
the terms, conditions and exclusions set forth in the Kia
Warranty and Consumer Information Manual applicable
to your model year vehicle.
KMA reserves the right to limit or deny services or other
benefits to any owner or driver when, in KMA's judgment,
the claims and/or service requests are excessive in fre-
quency or type of occurrence.
Toll free consumer assistance
Kia's toll-free Consumer Assistance hot line is staffed
from 5:00 AM to 6:00 PM PST, Monday through Friday
and is accessible by dialing 1-800-333-4Kia (4542).
For more information regarding assistance available,
please refer to your Kia Warranty & Consumer
Information Manual.
Emergency roadside assistance
Kia's toll free Roadside Assistance hot line is staffed 24
hours a day, 365 days a year and is accessible by dialing
1-800-333-4Kia (4542).
Please note that you must provide your Vehicle
Identification Number (VIN) to verify coverage at the time
of your call. The VIN can be found on the dash of your
vehicle on the driver’s side, on the door jamb of the dri-
ver’s door, your vehicle’s registration or proof of insur-
ance card.
Kia utilizes a network of over 30,000 roadside assistance
providers. Should you accidentally run out of fuel, require
a battery jump, or need help changing a tire, a Kia
Roadside Assistance Representative will dispatch some-
one to deliver a small quantity of gas, change a flat tire
with your inflated spare, or arrange a battery jump to
allow you to proceed to your destination. We have access
to a network of over 10,000 locksmiths to help you should
you become locked out of your Kia.
In the event that mechanical difficulty renders your vehi-
cle undriveable due to a warranty-related concern, Kia’s
Roadside Assistance Representative will arrange to
transport your vehicle to the nearest Kia dealer or to an
authorized Kia alternative service location.
CONSUMER ASSISTANCE (U.S. ONLY)
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Index
6I
Brake hoses and lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-24
Brake fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-24
Parking brake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-25
Brake discs, pads, calipers and rotors . . . . . . . . . . . 7-25
Exhaust pipe and muffler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-25
Suspension mounting bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-25
Steering gear box, linkage & boots/lower arm ball joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-25
Drive shafts and boots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-25
Air conditioning refrigerant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-25
Exterior care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-94
Exterior overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
Flat tire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \
. 6-14 Jack and tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14
Removing and storing the spare tire . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-15
Changing tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-16
Tire Mobility Kit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-23
Components of the Tire Mobility Kit (TMK) . . . . . 6-27
Using the Tire Mobility Kit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-28
Floor mat anchor(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-159
Fluid Brake fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-31
Washer fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-32 Folding key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-\
5
Record your key number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5
Key operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5
Transmitter precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
Battery replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
Immobilizer system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9
Folding the outside rearview mirror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-57
Folding the rear seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-19
Forward Collision-Avoidance assist (FCA) (Camera type) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-61
System setting and activation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-61
FCA warning message and system control . . . . . . . 5-63
Brake operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-65
FCA sensor (front view camera) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-66
System malfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-67
Limitation of the system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-69
Forward Collision-avoidance Assist (FCA) (Sensor fusion type) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-76
System setting and activation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-76
FCA warning message and system control . . . . . . . 5-78
Brake operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-80
FCA front radar/front view camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-81
System malfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-83
Limitation of the system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-84
Front fog lamp bulb replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-83
Front fog light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-110
Front passenger's seat belt warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-24
F
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I9
Index
LabelTire sidewall labeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-50
Vehicle certification label . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-11
Tire specification and pressure label . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-11
Refrigerant label . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12
Lane Keeping Assist (LKA) System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-134 LKA system operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-135
Driver's attention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-140
LKA system malfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-141
LKA system function change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-142
LCD display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-65 LCD modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-65
Trip computer mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-66
Turn by turn mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-66
Assist mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-66
Service mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-67
Master warning mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-68
User settings mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-68
LCD modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-65\
License plate lamp bulb replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-89
Light bulb position (front) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-78
Light bulb position (rear) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-79
Light bulb position (side) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-80
Light bulbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-76\
Bulb replacement precaution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-76
Light bulb position (front) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-78 Light bulb position (rear) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-79
Light bulb position (side) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-80
Headlamp (Low beam) bulb replacement
(Headlamp Type A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-80
Headlamp (High beam) bulb replacement (Headlamp Type A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-81
Front turn signal lamp bulb replacement (Headlamp Type A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-82
Headlamp (Low/High beam) (LED type) bulb replacement (Headlamp Type B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-82
Position lamp/Day time running lamp (LED type) replacement (Headlamp Type A, B) . . . . . . . . . . . 7-83
Front fog lamp bulb replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-83
Side repeater lamp (LED type) bulb replacement . . 7-84
Rear turn signal lamp bulb replacement . . . . . . . . . 7-84
Stop and tail lamp bulb replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-85
Stop and tail lamp (LED type) bulb replacement . . 7-87
Back-up lamp bulb replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-87
Tail lamp bulb replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-88
License plate lamp bulb replacement. . . . . . . . . . . . 7-89
High mounted stop lamp (LED type) bulb replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-90
Map lamp bulb replacement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-90
Vanity mirror lamp bulb replacement . . . . . . . . . . . 7-91
Room lamp bulb replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-91
Personal lamp (LED type) bulb replacement. . . . . . 7-92
Glove box lamp bulb replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-92
Trunk lamp bulb replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-93
L
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Index
12I
Refrigerant label . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12
Reporting safety defects (U.S. ONLY). . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17
Resetting the sunroof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-47
Reverse parking aid function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-56
Road warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
Rocking the vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-150
Room lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-116
Room lamp bulb replacement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-91
Rotation (Tire) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-47
Scheduled maintenance service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-10Normal maintenance schedule - Non turbo models . . 7-11
Maintenance under severe usage conditions - Non turbo models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-14
Normal maintenance schedule - Turbo models . . . . 7-16
Maintenance under severe usage conditions - Turbo models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-20
Seat belt restraint system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-22
Seat belts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \
3-22 Seat belt restraint system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-22
Driver's seat belt warning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-23
Front passenger's seat belt warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-24
Pre-tensioner seat belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-28
Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-31
Care of seat belts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-33
Seat warmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-151 Seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \
. . . . 3-4
Driver’s seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Front passenger’s seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Rear seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-\
4
Securing a child restraint seat with "Tether Anchor" system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \
3-41
Securing a child restraint with the LATCH anchors system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-\
40
Selecting a Child Restraint System (CRS) . . . . . . . . . . 3-35
Service mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-67
Side air bag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-63\
Side curtain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-160
Side repeater lamp (LED type) bulb replacement . . . . 7-84
Sliding the sunroof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-45
Smart cruise control with Stop & Go System . . . . . . . 5-95 Smart cruise control speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-97
Vehicle to vehicle distance setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-102
To adjust the sensitivity of smart cruise control system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10\
8
To convert to cruise control mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-109
Limitations of the system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-109
Smart key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-\
11 Record your key number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
Smart key function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
Loss of the smart key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14
Smart key precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14
Battery replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15
Immobilizer system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15
S
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I13
Index
Smart key function (Smart key) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
Smart key precautions (Smart key) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14
Smart trunk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-27\
How to use the Smart trunk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-27
How to deactivate the Smart trunk function using the smart key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-29
Detecting area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-30
Smooth cornering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-151
Snow tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15\
4
Spare tire Jack and tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14
Removing and storing the spare tire . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-15
Changing tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-16
Special driving conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-150 Hazardous driving conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-150
Rocking the vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-150
Smooth cornering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-151
Driving at night . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-151
Driving in the rain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-152
Driving in flooded areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-153
Driving off-road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-153
Highway driving. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-153
Speedometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-61
SRS Care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \
3-71
SRS components and functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-49
Starting difficulties, see engine will not start . . . . . . . . . 6-4
Starting the engine - With a smart key . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-12
Steering wheel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4\
9 Electric Power Steering (EPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-49
Tilt and telescopic steering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-50
Heated steering wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-51
Horn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \
. 4-52
Stop and tail lamp (LED type) bulb replacement. . . . . 7-87
Stop and tail lamp bulb replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-85
Storage compartment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-148 Center console storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-148
Glove box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-148
Sunglass holder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-149
Sunglass holder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-149
Sunroof open warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-43
Sunshade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \
4-44
Sunvisor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-\
152
Surround View Monitor System (SVM). . . . . . . . . . . 4-102
Tachometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-61\
Tail lamp bulb replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-88
Theft alarm system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17 Armed stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17
Theft-alarm stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18
Disarmed stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18
Tilt and telescopic steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-50
Tilting the sunroof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-47
Tire chains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15\
5
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