2019 NISSAN QASHQAI light

9-4Maintenance and schedules
Steering wheel:Check for changes in the
steering conditions, such as excessive
free play, hard steering or strange noises.
Warning lights and chimes: Make sure
that all warning lights and chimes are
operating properly.
Windshield defroster: Check that the air
comes out of the defroster outlets prop-
erly and in sufficient quantity when oper-
ating the heater or air conditioner.
Windshield wiper and washer*: Check
that the wipers and washers operate
properly and that the wipers do not
streak.
Under the hood and vehicle
The maintenance items listed here should
be checked periodically (for example,
each time you check the engine oil or
refuel).
Battery*: Check the fluid level in each cell.
It should be between the MAX and MIN
lines. Vehicles operated in high tempera-
tures or under severe condition require
frequent checks of the battery fluid level.
NOTE:
Care should be taken to avoid situations
that can lead to potential battery dis-
charge and potential no-start condi-
tions such as: 1.
Installation or extended use of elec-
tronic accessories that consume
battery power when the engine is
not running (Phone chargers, GPS,
DVD players, etc.)
2. Vehicle is not driven regularly and/
or only driven short distances.
In these cases, the battery may need to
be charged to maintain battery health.
Brake and clutch fluid level*: Make sure
that the brake and clutch fluid level is
between the MAX and MIN lines on the
reservoir.
Engine coolant level*: Check the coolant
level when the engine is cold.
Engine drive belt*: Make sure that the
drive belt is not frayed, worn, cracked or
oily.
Engine oil level*: Check the level after
parking the vehicle on a level surface and
turning off the engine. Wait more than 10
minutes for the oil to drain back into the
oil pan.
Exhaust system: Make sure there are no
loose supports, cracks or holes. If the
sound of the exhaust seems unusual or
there is a smell of exhaust fumes, im-
mediately have the exhaust system in-
spected. It is recommended you visit a
NISSAN dealer for this service. (See “Pre-
cautions when starting and driving” (P.5- 4) for exhaust gas (carbon monoxide).)
Fluid leaks:
Check under the vehicle for
fuel, oil, water or other fluid leaks after the
vehicle has been parked for a while. Water
dripping from the air conditioner after use
is normal. If you should notice any leaks
or if gasoline fumes are evident, check for
the cause and have it corrected immedi-
ately.
Radiator and hoses: Check the front of
the radiator and clean off any dirt, insects,
leaves, etc., that may have accumulated.
Make sure the hoses have no cracks,
deformation, rot or loose connections.
Underbody: The underbody is frequently
exposed to corrosive substances such as
those used on icy roads or to control
dust. It is very important to remove these
substances, otherwise rust will form on
the floor pan, frame, fuel lines and around
the exhaust system. At the end of winter,
the underbody should be thoroughly
flushed with plain water, being careful to
clean those areas where mud and dirt
may accumulate. For additional informa-
tion, see “Cleaning exterior” (P.7-2).
Windshield washer fluid*: Check that
there is adequate fluid in the reservoir.

ing, which may cause excessive fuel
consumption or engine damage. If any
of the above symptoms are encountered,
have your vehicle checked. It is recom-
mended you visit a NISSAN dealer for
servicing.
However, now and then you may notice
light spark knock for a short time while
accelerating or driving up hills. This is
not a cause for concern, because you
get the greatest fuel benefit when there
is light spark knock for a short time
under heavy engine load.
JVT0351X
API certification markAPI service symbol
ENGINE OIL AND OIL FILTER RE-
COMMENDATION
Selecting the correct oil
It is essential to choose the correct grade,
quality, and viscosity engine oil to ensure
satisfactory engine life and performance,
see “Capacities and recommended fluids/
lubricants” (P.10-2). NISSAN recommends
the use of an energy conserving oil in
order to improve fuel economy.
Select only engine oils that meet the
American Petroleum Institute (API) certifi-
cation or International Lubricant Standar-dization and Approval Committee (ILSAC)
certification and SAE viscosity standard.
These oils have the API certification mark
on the front of the container. Oils which
do not have the specified quality label
should not be used as they could cause
engine damage.
Oil additives
NISSAN does not recommend the use of
oil additives. The use of an oil additive is
not necessary when the proper oil type is
used and maintenance intervals are fol-
lowed.
Oil which may contain foreign matter or
has been previously used should not be
used.
Technical and consumer information10-5

10-18Technical and consumer information
wwwapps.tc.gc.ca/Saf-Sec-Sur/7/
PCDB-BDPP/fc-cp.aspx?lang=fra
(French speakers).
Additional information concerning
motor vehicle safety may be ob-
tained from Transport Canada’s
Road Safety Information Centre at
1-800-333-0371 or online at www.
tc.gc.ca/roadsafety (English speak-
ers) or www.tc.gc.ca/securiterou-
tiere (French speakers).
To notify NISSAN of any safety
concerns please contact our Con-
sumer Information Centre toll free
at 1-800-387-0122.
WARNING
A vehicle equipped with All-Wheel
Drive (AWD) should never be tested
using a two wheel dynamometer
(such as the dynamometers used by
some states for emissions testing),
or similar equipment. Make sure you
inform test facility personnel that
your vehicle is equipped with AWD
before it is placed on a dynam-
ometer. Using the wrong test equip-
ment may result in transmission
damage or unexpected vehicle
movement which could result in
serious vehicle damage or personal
injury.
Due to legal requirements in some states/
areas or provinces, your vehicle may be
required to be in what is called the “ready
condition” for an Inspection/Maintenance
(I/M) test of the emission control system.
The vehicle is set to the “ready condition”
when it is driven through certain driving
patterns. Usually, the “ready condition”
can be obtained by ordinary usage of
the vehicle.
If a powertrain system component is
repaired or the battery is disconnected,
the vehicle may be reset to a “not ready condition”. Before taking the I/M test,
check the vehicle’s inspection/mainte-
nance test readiness condition. Place the
ignition switch in the ON position without
starting the engine. If the Malfunction
Indicator Light (MIL) comes on steady for
20 seconds and then blinks for 10 sec-
onds, the I/M test condition is “not ready”.
If the MIL does not blink after 20 seconds,
the I/M test condition is “ready”.
It is recommended you visit a NISSAN
dealer to set “ready condition” or to
prepare the vehicle for testing.
READINESS FOR INSPECTION/
MAINTENANCE (I/M) TEST

11 Index
A
ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) .................... 5-146
Active Ride Control ................................................. 5-151
Advanced air bag system ..................................... 1-46
Air bag systemAdvanced air bag system .............................. 1-46
Front passenger air bag and
status light................................................................. 1-48
Front-seat mounted side-impact
supplemental air bag system..................... 1-55
Roof-mounted curtain side-impact
supplemental air bag system..................... 1-55
Air bag warning labels ............................................ 1-58
Air bag warning light................................. 1-59, 2-15
Air cleaner housing filter ....................................... 8-15
Air conditioner Air conditioner operation............................... 4-26
Air conditioner service...................................... 4-33
Air conditioner specification label....... 10-10
Air conditioning system refrigerant
and lubricant
recommendations ................................ 4-33, 10-6
Alarm, How to stop alarm (see vehicle
security system)............................................................ 2-43
Alcohol, drugs and driving ................................... 5-10
Antenna........................................................................\
....... 4-33
Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) .................... 5-146
Anti-lock braking system (ABS)
warning light ................................................................... 2-11
Appearance care Exterior appearance care ................................. 7-2
Interior appearance care................................... 7-4
Armrest ........................................................................\
............ 1-7
Audible reminders....................................................... 2-18 Audio........................................................................\
.................. 4-2
Automatic
Door locks...................................................................... 3-7
Automatic air conditioner .................................... 4-30
Automatic brake hold .............................................. 5-29
Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) ....... 5-115
Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB)
system warning light................................................ 2-12
Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB)
with pedestrian detection system.............. 5-122
Average speed ............................................................... 2-39
Avoiding collision and rollover.............................. 5-8
B
Battery........................................................................\
.......... 8-11 Battery replacement, Intelligent Key ..... 8-23
Battery replacement, Key fob..................... 8-21
Battery saver system......................................... 2-52
Variable voltage control system .............. 8-13
Before starting the engine................................... 5-17
Blind Spot Warning (BSW) ..................................... 5-46
Bluetooth® Hands-Free Phone System ......... 4-2
Booster seats.................................................................. 1-37
Brake Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) ............ 5-146
Brake and clutch fluid ......................................... 8-9
Brake system ....................................................... 5-145
Electronic parking brake warning
light........................................................................\
.......... 2-12
Parking brake .......................................................... 5-27
Warning light............................................................ 2-11
Break-in schedule .................................................... 5-137
Brightness control
Instrument panel ..................................................... 2-9
Bulb check/instrument panel............................ 2-11 Bulb replacement ........................................................ 8-25
C
Capacities and recommended fluids/
lubricants ........................................................................\
... 10-2
Car phone or CB radio ............................................ 4-34
Card holder....................................................................... 2-65
Cargo area ........................................................................\
2-63
Catalytic converter, Three way catalyst ....... 5-4
Chassis and body maintenance...................... 9-11
Chassis control............................................ 2-40, 5-149
Child restraints .............................................................. 1-20
Booster seats........................................................... 1-37
LATCH system ......................................................... 1-22
Precautions on child restraints................. 1-20
Child safety....................................................................... 1-17
Child safety rear door lock ...................................... 3-7
Chimes, Audible reminders.................................. 2-18
Circuit breaker, Fusible link ................................. 8-19
Cleaning exterior and interior ................... 7-2, 7-4
Clock ........................................................................\
.............. 2-41
Clutch fluid........................................................................\
.... 8-9
Cockpit ........................................................................\
............. 2-3
Cold weather driving ............................................. 5-157
Console box ..................................................................... 2-64
Console light ................................................................... 2-74
Continuously Variable Transmission
(CVT) fluid........................................................................\
....... 8-9
Continuously Variable Transmission
(CVT) position indicator.............................................. 2-9
Conventional (fixed speed) cruise
control mode ............................................................... 5-112
Coolant Capacities and
recommended fluids/lubricants............... 10-2

11-2
Changing engine coolant ................................. 8-6
Checking engine coolant level...................... 8-5
Corrosion protection .................................................... 7-7
Cruise control ................................................................. 5-64 Fixed speed cruise control (on ICC
system)........................................................................\
.. 5-82
Intelligent Cruise Control (ICC) .................. 5-66
Cup holders...................................................................... 2-62
CVT, Driving with CVT (Continuously
Variable Transmission)............................. 5-13, 5-20
D
Daytime Running Lights (DRL) system....... 2-52
Defroster switch, Rear window and
outside mirror defroster switch....................... 2-47
Dimensions and weights....................................... 10-8
Display Vehicle information display.......................... 2-19
Drive belt ........................................................................\
.... 8-13
Driving Cold weather driving ..................................... 5-157
Driving with CVT (Continuously
Variable Transmission)..................................... 5-20
Driving with manual transmission.......... 5-25
Intelligent 4x4 ..................................................... 5-139
On-pavement and off-road driving .......... 5-8
Precautions when starting
and driving.................................................................... 5-4
Safety precautions .............................................. 5-10
Dynamic driver assistance switch
(models without ProPILOT assist) .................. 2-56
E
ECO mode switch........................................................ 2-59
ECO mode system ...................................................... 5-32 Ambient ECO............................................................ 5-33
ECO Drive Report.................................................. 5-34
ECO Pedal Guide function ............................. 5-33
Economy, Fuel............................................................. 5-139
Elapsed time.................................................................... 2-39
Elapsed time and trip odometer..................... 2-39
Electric power steering........................................ 5-144
Electric power steering warning light ........ 2-12
Emission control information label............ 10-10
Emission control system maintenance ......... 9-8
Emission control system warranty ............ 10-17
Engine Before starting the engine............................ 5-17
Break-in schedule ............................................ 5-137
Capacities and
recommended fluids/lubricants............... 10-2
Changing engine coolant ................................. 8-6
Changing engine oil and filter ...................... 8-6
Checking engine coolant level...................... 8-5
Checking engine oil level................................... 8-6
Coolant temperature gauge .......................... 2-7
Emergency engine shut off.............. 5-16, 6-3
Engine compartment
check locations ......................................................... 8-3
Engine cooling system ........................................ 8-4
Engine oil.....................................................................\
... 8-6
Engine oil and oil
filter recommendation ..................................... 10-5
Engine oil viscosity .............................................. 10-6
Engine serial number ........................................ 10-9
Engine specifications......................................... 10-7 Engine start operation indicator
(for Continuously Variable
Transmission (CVT) models) ........................ 2-31
Engine start operation indicator
(for Manual Transmission (MT)
models) ........................................................................\
. 2-31
If your vehicle overheats ................................ 6-11
Starting the engine.............................. 5-18, 5-19
Event Data Recorders (EDR)............................. 10-19
Exhaust gas (carbon monoxide) ......................... 5-4
Explanation of scheduled
maintenance items ........................................................ 9-5
F
F.M.V.S.S./C.M.V.S.S. certification label ......... 10-9
Filter Air cleaner housing filter ................................ 8-15
Changing engine oil and filter ...................... 8-6
Flashers (See hazard warning
flasher switch).................................................................... 6-2
Flat tire........................................................................\
............. 6-3
Flat towing..................................................................... 10-15
Floor mat cleaning ......................................................... 7-5
Fluid Brake and clutch fluid ......................................... 8-9
Capacities and
recommended fluids/lubricants............... 10-2
Continuously Variable Transmission
(CVT) fluid....................................................................... 8-9
Engine coolant........................................................... 8-4
Engine oil.....................................................................\
... 8-6
Window washer fluid ......................................... 8-10
Fog light switch ............................................................ 2-54
Front manual seat adjustment ............................ 1-3
Front passenger air bag and
status light........................................................................\
1-48

Front seat, Front seat adjustment .................... 1-3
FuelCapacities and
recommended fluids/lubricants............... 10-2
Fuel economy...................................................... 5-139
Fuel information.................................................... 10-3
Fuel octane rating ............................................... 10-3
Fuel-filler cap............................................................ 3-28
Fuel-filler door......................................................... 3-28
Gauge........................................................................\
........ 2-8
Fuel Efficient Driving Tips................................... 5-138
Fuses........................................................................\
.............. 8-18
Fusible links...................................................................... 8-19
G
Garage door opener HomeLink® Universal Transceiver ........... 2-76
Gas cap........................................................................\
........ 3-28
Gauge........................................................................\
................ 2-5 Engine coolant temperature gauge......... 2-7
Fuel gauge .................................................................... 2-8
Odometer....................................................................... 2-6
Speedometer .............................................................. 2-6
Tachometer.................................................................. 2-7
General maintenance................................................... 9-2
Glove box ........................................................................\
... 2-64
H
Hazard warning flasher switch ............................ 6-2
Head restraints/headrests....................................... 1-7
Headlights Bulb replacement ................................................. 8-25
Headlight switch ................................................... 2-48
Heated seats ................................................................... 2-55
Heated steering wheel ............................................ 2-54 Heater
Heater and air
conditioner operation....................................... 4-26
High beam assist ......................................................... 2-50
Hill start assist system ......................................... 5-152
HomeLink® Universal Transceiver .................. 2-76
Hood release ................................................................... 3-25
Hook Luggage hook ......................................................... 2-65
Horn........................................................................\
................ 2-54
How to enable/disable the
steering assist ................................................................ 5-95
I
Ignition switch ............................................................... 5-14
Ignition switch (model without Intelligent
Key system) ...................................................................... 5-12
Ignition switch positions ....................................... 5-15
Immobilizer system.................................................... 2-43
Indicator Vehicle information display.......................... 2-19
indicator light Electronic parking brake
indicator light .......................................................... 2-16
Indicator lights............................................................... 2-16
Inside mirror .................................................................... 3-32
Inspection/maintenance (I/M) test ............ 10-18
Instrument brightness control ............................. 2-9
Instrument panel ............................................................. 2-4
Intelligent 4x4 ............................................................. 5-139
Intelligent Around View® Monitor................... 4-10
Intelligent Auto Headlight system ................. 2-48
Intelligent Cruise Control (ICC) ......................... 5-66
Intelligent Cruise Control (ICC)
(models with ProPILOT assist) .......................... 5-97 Intelligent Cruise Control
(ICC) indicator ................................................................. 2-34
Intelligent Engine Brake ...................................... 5-150
Intelligent Key system ............................................. 3-11
Key operating range .......................................... 3-13
Key operation .......................................................... 3-14
Remote keyless operation ............................ 3-19
Intelligent Lane Intervention (I-LI) .................. 5-40
Intelligent Trace Control..................................... 5-149
Interior light replacement..................................... 8-27
Interior light switch.................................................... 2-73
Interior lights................................................................... 2-73
ISOFIX child restraint ................................................ 1-22J
Jump starting ..................................................................... 6-9
K
Key Ignition switch (model without
Intelligent Key system) ..................................... 5-12
Ignition switch positions ................................ 5-15
Key positions................................................................... 5-14
Keyless entry
(See remote keyless entry system) ........... 3-8
With Intelligent Key system
(See Intelligent Key system) ......................... 3-19
Keys ........................................................................\
.................... 3-2 For Intelligent Key system............................. 3-11
L
LabelsAir bag warning labels ..................................... 1-58
Air conditioner specification label....... 10-10
11-3

11-4
Emission control information label .... 10-10
Engine serial number ........................................ 10-9
F.M.V.S.S./C.M.V.S.S.
certification label .................................................. 10-9
Tire and Loading information
label .............................................................. 8-31, 10-10
Vehicle identification number (VIN)........ 10-8
Lane Departure Warning (LDW) ........................ 5-35
LATCH system ................................................................ 1-22
License plate, Installing front
license plate.................................................................. 10-11
Liftgate Liftgate release lever ......................................... 3-27
Operating manual liftgate............................. 3-26
Light Air bag warning light......................................... 1-59
Bulb replacement ................................................. 8-25
Fog light switch ..................................................... 2-54
Headlight switch ................................................... 2-48
Headlights bulb replacement ..................... 8-25
Indicator lights........................................................ 2-16
Interior lights............................................................ 2-73
Map lights ................................................................... 2-74
Replacement ............................................................ 8-25
Room light.................................................................. 2-74
Vanity mirror lights ............................................. 2-75
Warning/indicator lights and audible
reminders.................................................................... 2-11
Lights, Exterior and interior light
replacement..................................................................... 8-27
Loading information (See vehicle
loading information) .............................................. 10-11
Lock Automatic door locks........................................... 3-7
Door locks...................................................................... 3-5
Power door lock ....................................................... 3-5
Loose fuel cap warning.......................................... 3-30 Low tire pressure warning................................... 2-32
Low tire pressure warning (Low
tire pressure) ................................................................... 2-32
Low tire pressure warning light ...................... 2-13
Low tire pressure warning system
(See Tire Pressure Monitoring System
(TPMS))........................................................................\
.............. 5-5
Luggage hooks ............................................................. 2-65
M
Maintenance
Battery........................................................................\
... 8-11
General maintenance........................................... 9-2
Inside the vehicle..................................................... 9-3
Maintenance log.................................................... 9-14
Maintenance precautions................................. 8-2
Maintenance requirements ............................. 9-2
Maintenance schedules...................................... 9-6
Maintenance under severe
driving conditions ................................................ 9-13
Outside the vehicle ................................................ 9-2
Seat belt maintenance..................................... 1-17
Standard maintenance ....................................... 9-7
Maintenance schedules.............................................. 9-6
Malfunction indicator light (MIL)...................... 2-17
Manual air conditioner and heater ............... 4-27
Manual front seat adjustment .............................. 1-3
Manual Transmission (MT) ................................... 5-13
Map lights ........................................................................\
.. 2-74
Master warning light................................................. 2-14
Mechanical key (Intelligent Key system) ....... 3-4
Mechanical key (NISSAN Vehicle
Immobilizer System)...................................................... 3-3
Meters and gauges ........................................................ 2-5 Instrument brightness control ..................... 2-9 Mirror
Inside mirror ............................................................. 3-32
Outside mirrors ...................................................... 3-33
Vanity mirror ............................................................ 3-34
Moonroof........................................................................\
.... 2-71
Moving Object Detection (MOD) ...................... 4-21
MR20DD engine model............................................... 8-4
N
New vehicle break-in ............................................. 5-137
NISSAN Vehicle Immobilizer System ............ 2-43
NISSAN Vehicle Immobilizer System key ...... 3-2
O
Odometer........................................................................\
....... 2-6
Off-road recovery ............................................................ 5-9
Oil Capacities and
recommended fluids/lubricants............... 10-2
Changing engine oil and filter ...................... 8-6
Checking engine oil level................................... 8-6
Engine oil.....................................................................\
... 8-6
Engine oil viscosity .............................................. 10-6
Operating ProPILOT assist ................................... 5-91
Outside air temperature ........................................ 2-41
Outside mirrors ............................................................. 3-33
Overheat, If your vehicle overheats.............. 6-11
Owner’s Manual/Service Manual
order information..................................................... 10-20
P
Panic alarm............................................................ 3-9, 3-21
Parcel shelf ....................................................................... 2-66

ParkingBrake break-in .................................................... 5-145
Parking brake .......................................................... 5-27
Parking on hills................................................... 5-143
Parking brake Electronic parking brake
indicator light .......................................................... 2-16
Phone Bluetooth® Hands-Free Phone ..................... 4-2
Car phone or CB radio ..................................... 4-34
Power Electric power steering................................ 5-144
Power door lock ....................................................... 3-5
Power outlet ............................................................. 2-60
Power windows ..................................................... 2-68
Power moonroof.......................................................... 2-71
Precautions Braking precautions....................................... 5-145
Child restraints ....................................................... 1-20
Cruise control .......................................................... 5-65
Driving safety ........................................................... 5-10
Maintenance................................................................ 8-2
On-pavement and off-road driving .......... 5-8
Seat belt usage ...................................................... 1-11
SRS ........................................................................\
........... 1-40
When starting and driving................................ 5-4
ProPILOT assist ............................................................. 5-86
ProPILOT assist switches ...................................... 5-89
ProPILOT assist system display
and indicators ................................................................ 5-90
ProPILOT assist system operation ................ 5-88
Push starting................................................................\
... 6-11
Push-button ignition switch............................... 5-14R
RAB system limitations ........................................ 5-134
RAB system operation.......................................... 5-133
Radio Car phone or CB radio ..................................... 4-34
Rapid air pressure loss................................................ 5-9
Readiness for inspection/maintenance
(I/M) test........................................................................\
... 10-18
Rear Automatic Braking (RAB) ....................... 5-132
Rear Automatic Braking (RAB) system
warning light ................................................................... 2-13
Rear Cross Traffic Alert (RCTA)......................... 5-56
Rear door alert .............................................................. 2-58
Rear door lock, Child safety rear
door lock ........................................................................\
........ 3-7
Rear seats........................................................................\
...... 1-6
Rear sonar system (RSS)..................................... 5-152
Rear window and outside mirror
defroster switch ........................................................... 2-47
Rear window wiper and washer switch .... 2-46
RearView Monitor............................................................ 4-2
Recorders, Event data .......................................... 10-19
Registering in another country........................ 10-8
Remote engine start................................................. 3-23
Remote keyless entry function, For
Intelligent Key system ............................................. 3-19
Remote keyless entry system ............................... 3-8
Reporting safety defects .................................... 10-17
Roadside assistance program .............................. 6-2
Rollover ........................................................................\
............ 5-8
Roof Moonroof..................................................................... 2-72
Roof rack ........................................................................\
.... 2-67
Room light........................................................................\
. 2-74
S
Safety
Child seat belts....................................................... 1-17
Reporting safety defects ............................ 10-17
Seat adjustment Front manual seat adjustment .................... 1-3
Front seats.................................................................... 1-3
Seat belt(s) Child safety................................................................ 1-17
Infants.................................................................\
........... 1-18
Injured persons ...................................................... 1-13
Larger children ....................................................... 1-18
Precautions on seat belt usage................ 1-11
Pregnant women.................................................. 1-13
Seat belt cleaning ................................................... 7-6
Seat belt extenders............................................. 1-16
Seat belt maintenance..................................... 1-17
Seat belt warning light ..................... 1-13, 2-15
Seat belts .................................................................... 1-11
Seat belts with pretensioners .................... 1-57
Shoulder belt height adjustment ............ 1-16
Small children .......................................................... 1-18
Three-point type with retractor ............... 1-13
Seat(s) Heated seats ............................................................ 2-55
Seats ........................................................................\
.......... 1-2
Security system (NISSAN Vehicle
Immobilizer System), Engine start ................. 2-43
Security system, Vehicle
security system ............................................................. 2-42
Servicing air conditioner........................................ 4-33
Shift lever Shift lock release................................................... 5-24
Shift lock release Transmission............................................................ 5-24
11-5