2018 AUDI A8 brakes

Table of contents
About this Owner's Manual. . . . . .
6
Cockpit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Cockpit overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Controls at a glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Instrument cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
M ultif unction steering wheel . . . . . . . . . . 11
Driver information system . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
T ime and date display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
H ead-up display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Indicato r lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
O n-B oard Diagnost ic System (OB D) . . . . . 25
Starting and driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Opening and closing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Cent ral lock ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
L ugg age com pa rt ment lid . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Ch ild safety lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
P ower window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Sunroof. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Panorama glass roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Valet par king function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Garage doo r opener (Home Link) . . . . . . . . 41
Lights and Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Exterior lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Interior lighti ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
V1s1on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
W indshield w ipe rs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
D ig ita l compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Seats and storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Gene ral information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Fr ont seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Rear seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6
Head restraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
M emory function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S9
12 volt sockets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
llSvoltsocket . ............. .... .. . 61
Fu ll-length center console. . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
L uggage compartment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
P ass-throug h w it h ski bag . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
R efrige rato r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Warm and cold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
D eluxe a utomat ic cli ma te contro l . . . . . . . 69
2
Driving ... .. .. .... .. ... .. ..... ... . .
Genera l information . .... .. ..... ... . .
Steering . ... .. .... .. ... .. ..... ... . .
Start ing and stopping the eng ine ..... . .
Start/Stop system .. .. ............. . .
E lectromechanical parking brake ...... .
Start ing to drive .. .. .. .............. .
A utomat ic transmission
Trailer towing ... .. .............. .
D rivi ng with a tra ile r .. .............. .
T ra ile r towing information .......... . .
Driver assistance .. .............. .
Assistance systems .. .. ..... ... . .
S peed warning system . ............. . .
Cru ise cont rol sys tem . ............. . .
Audi adaptive cruise contro l ...... ... . .
Audi active lane assist (lane departure 73
73
7 5
76
78
81
82
83
89 89
9 1
93
93
93
93
95
assist) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Audi s ide ass ist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
N ight vision assist w ith pedestrian and
wild animal detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Audi drive select (drive setti ngs) ........ 111
Parking systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
General information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Parking system plus ... ............... 116
Rearv iew camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Per iphera l came ras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Adjus ting the d isp lay and the wa rn in g
tones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Error messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
T raile r hitch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Intelligent Technology . . . . . . . . . . 127
E lectronic Stabi lization Contro l (ESC). ... 127
Brakes .... .. .. .. .. .. ............. .. 129
E lectromechanical steering, dynamic
steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
All wheel drive (quattro) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Energy management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Notice about data recorded by the Event
Data Recorder and veh icle co ntro l
modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Cockpit overv ie w
- If the brake system indicator light does not
t u rn off or it t urns on while driv ing, the
brake fluid level in the reservoir is too low,
and this increases the risk of an acc ident.
Stop the vehicle a nd do not cont inue dr iv­
ing . See an author ized Audi dealer or au­
t h orized Aud i Serv ice Faci lity fo r ass ista nce.
- If the brake system ind icator light turns on
toget he r with the ABS and ESC ind icator
l ights, the ABS/ ESC regulat ing func tion may
be m alfu nctioning. Fu nctions t hat stabilize
the vehi cle are no longer ava ilable . This
cou ld cause the ve hicle to swerve, whic h in ­
creases the risk that t he ve hicle wi ll slide.
Do not continue driving. See an author ized
Audi dealer or author ized Audi Service Fac ili­
ty for assistance .
PARK/(®) Electromechanical parking brake
If the -(USA models) / . (Canada models)
i n dicator light tu rns on , the park ing brake was
set .
-(USA models ) /. (Canada models ) Cau·
tion : Vehicle parked too stee p
lfthe indicator light blinks and the message ap­
pears, the re is not enough brak ing power to se­
cure the vehicle . The brakes have overhea ted. The
ve hicle could roll away even on a small incline .
-(USA models) / . (Canada models) P ress
b rake pedal to release parking b rake
To re lease the parking brake, press the brake
pedal and press
the ~ button at the same time
or start driv ing with hill start ass ist
c> page 82 .
Ill Parking brake!
There is a malfunction in the park ing brake . Dr ive
to a n author ized Audi dealer or author ized A udi
Serv ice Faci lity immediately to have t he malfunc­
tion corrected.
(D Tips
For add it io na l info rmation on the pa rk ing
brake, seer:!)
page 81.
20
_ L Cooling system
• Turn off engine and ch eck coolant l evel
The coolant level is too low .
Do not continue dr iving and switch t he engine
off. Check the coolant level
c> page 2 77 .
- If the coo lant level is too low, add coolant
r:!) page 2 78. Only continue driving once the in­
dicator light turns off.
• Coolant temperature too high! Ple ase let en­
gine run with vehicle stationar y
Let the engine ru n at idle fo r a few mi nutes to
cool off, until t he ind icator lig ht tur ns off .
-If the ind icator light does not turn off, do not
cont inue driving the veh icle . See an author ized
Aud i dea le r or aut horized Audi Serv ice Facility
for assis tance.
.&_ WARNING
- N ever ope n the hood if you ca n see or he ar
steam or coo la nt escaping from t he engine
compa rtment. This increases the risk of
burns. Wait until you no longer see o r hear
steam or coolant escaping.
- The engine compartment in any vehicle can
be a dange rous a rea. Stop the engine and
allow it to cool before working i n the engine
compa rtment. Always follow the informa­
tion fo und in
c> page 272.
@ Note
Do not continue driv ing if the . indicator
li ght turns on as this increases the risk of en­
g ine damage.
~ Safety belt
The . indicator light stays on unt il the dr iver 's
and front passenge r's safety belts are faste ned .
Above a certa in speed, the re will a lso be a war n­
i ng tone.
© Tips
Fo r additional info rmat ion on safety belts,
see c>page219.

Cockpit overview
A WARNING
Do not tow your veh icle when there is a mal­
function in the electronic steering lock
-this
increases the risk of an accident.
@-Engine start system
-
• Engine start system fault. Please contact
dealer
Do not switch the ignit ion off because you may
not be able to switch it o n aga in .
Drive to an authorized Audi dea ler or authorized
Aud i Serv ice Facility immediately to have the
malfunct io n corrected.
ml Engine start system fault. Please contact
dealer
There is a malfunction in the engine starting sys­
tem .
Drive to an authorized Aud i dea le r or authorized
Aud i Service Facility immediately to have the
malfunction corrected .
0 Air suspension
• Air suspension: System fault You can contin­
ue driving slowly (max. speed 35 mph)
There is a malfunction that can result in restrict­
ed driving stability .
Drive to an autho rized Aud i dea le r or authorized
Aud i Service Facility immediately at a maximum
speed of 35 mph (60 km/h) to have the ma lf unc­
tion corrected.
• Air suspension: Service mode. Vehicle can
only be moved with restrictions
Carefully drive to an author ized Audi dealer or
author ized Audi Service Facility immed iate ly to
have the serv ice mode deactivated.
rl Air suspension : System fault
There is a system malfunction that can result in
restricted driving stability or reduced ground
clearance.
22
Drive to an authorized A udi dealer or authorized
Audi Service Facility immediate ly to have the
malfunction corrected.
rl Air suspension: Vehicle too low Ground
clearance reduced
The ground clearance is very low due to a system
malfunction . Wait u ntil the air su spension sys­
tem has restored normal gro un d clearance. Oth­
erwise, conditions s uch as an uneven road surface
can lead to ve hicle damage.
;;.I C; Electronic Stabilization Control (ESC)
If the bl indicator light blinks while driving, the
ESC or ASR (Anti-Slip Regulation) is act ively regu­
lating.
If the
Jjj indicator light turns on, the system has
switched the ESC off. In this case, you can switch
the ignit ion off and then on to switch the ESC on
again. The indicator light turns off when the sys­
tem is functioning fully .
If the
II indicator light turns on, the ESC was
switched off using the
Im button Q page 12 7.
Stabilization control (ESC/ ABS): Fault! See
owner's manual
If the bl ind icat or light and the ABS indicato r
li ght
fJ] (U SA mode ls)/ [iJ (Canada models)
turn on and this message appears, there is a mal ­
function in the ABS system or electronic differen­
tia l lock. This also causes the ESC to malfunction .
The brakes still function with their normal power, but ABS is not active .
Drive to an authorized Audi dealer or authorized
Audi Service Facility immediately to have the malfunction corrected.
A WARNING
If the la (USA mode ls) . (Canada mod­
els) brake system indicator light turns on to­
gethe r with the ABS and ESC indicator lights,
the ABS and ESC r egulating function may
ha ve malfunctioned. Functions that stabilize
the vehicle are no longer available. This could
cause the vehicle to swerve, which increases

u. co .... N
" N .... 0 0 :c ' Driving
General information
Breaking in
A new veh icle must be broken in for the first
1,000 m iles ( 1,500 km). Do not dr ive at speeds
that will ex ceed 2/3 of the max imum perm itted
engine speed (RPM) for the first 600 miles
(1,000 km), and avoid full acceleration during
this period . You may gradually start increasing
the RPM and the speed between 600 miles (1,000 km) and 1,000 miles (1,500 km) .
During the first hours of use, the engine has a
h igher internal friction than later on when all
moving parts have settled into p lace with each
other.
How the vehicle is driven d uring the first 1,000
miles (1 ,500 km) also affects t he engine quality .
Drive at moderate engine speeds after the initial
break-in per iod, part icu larly when running a cold
engine . Th is will reduce eng ine wear and improve
the m ileage .
Do not drive at too
low of an engine speed (RPM).
Shift down if the engine stops running "smooth­ ly". Extremely high eng ine speeds are automati­
cally reduced .
New tires
If your vehicle is running on new t ires, dr ive pa r­
ticularly ca refu l for the first 350 miles (500 kilo­
mete rs) after fi tting .
A WARNING
New tires tend to be s lippery and must also
be "broken -in" . Be sure to remember this dur­
ing the first 350 miles (500 ki lometers).
Brake gently . Avo id following closely behind
other vehicles or other situations that might
require sudden, hard brak ing .
-
Driving
Reducing the risk of vehicle damage
(UJ) Note
When dr iv ing o n poor roads, by curbs and on
steep ramps, make sure that low -hanging
components such as the spoiler and exhaust
system do not come into contact with these
or they co uld be damaged. This espec ia lly ap­
plies to vehicles w ith low ground clearance
and vehicles that are heav ily loaded.
Driving through water on roads
Note the following to reduce the risk of veh icle
damage when dr iving through wate r, fo r example
o n flooded roads:
- The water must not be any higher than the bot­
tom of the veh icle body .
- Do not dr ive faster than walk ing speed .
A WARNING
-
After driv ing through water or mud, the effec ­
tiveness of the b rakes may be reduced due to
moisture o n the brake rotors and brake pads.
A few ca refu l bra ke app lications sho uld d ry
off the brakes and restore the fu ll braki ng ef ­
fect.
(UJ) Note
- Vehicle components such as t he e ng ine,
t ra nsmission, suspe nsion or elect rical sys­
t em can be seve re ly damaged by driv ing
throug h water .
- Alw ays sw itch the Start/Stop system off
w hen driv ing th ro ugh water
q poge 78.
(D Tips
- Determine the depth before d riving throug h
wate r.
- Do not stop the vehicle, drive in reverse or
sw itch t he e ngine off when d riving through
wate r.
- Keep in mind that o ncom ing vehicles may
cr eate waves that raise the wa ter level and
m ak e it too deep for yo ur vehicle to drive
throug h safe ly.
73

Drivin g
-Avoid driving through sa lt water, because
this can cause corrosion .
Economical and environmentally-friendly
driving
The amount of fuel consumption, the env iron­
mental impact and the wear to the engine,
brakes and t ires depends mostly on your dr iv ing
style. W it h an anticipatory and economic dr iv ing
style , fu el consumption can be reduced by ap ­
p roximate ly 10 -15% . The following tips wi ll help
you conserve the environment and your money at the same time .
Anticipatory driving
A veh icle uses the most fuel when acce le rating.
When you dr ive with ant ic ipat io n, you do no t
need to brake as often and so you accelerate less .
When possib le, let your vehicle coast with a
gear
eng aged ,
for example, when you notice that the
next traffic light is red. This produces an engine
braking effect, which helps to protect the brakes
and tires and reduces the emissions and fuel con­
sumpt ion to zero (fuel shut -off during decelera­
tion) .
Shift efficientl y
Upshifting earlier is an effective way to save fuel.
Staying in a gear too long uses fue l unnecessari­
ly . Press down on the accelerator pedal slowly
and avoid "k ick-down" .
Avoid full accel eration
You shou ld rare ly trave l at the maximum vehicle
speed. High speeds cause a disproportionately h igh increase in fuel consumption, emissions and
traffic no ise . Slower driving saves fuel.
Reduce idlin g time
The Start/Stop system* he lps to reduce the idling
time automatically. In vehicles without the Start/
Stop system*, it is efficient to switch the eng ine
off when stopped at ra ilroad crossings and long
red l ights . Stopp ing the engine for 30 -40 sec­
onds already saves more fuel than the amount of
ext ra fuel needed to resta rt the eng ine.
74
It takes a ve ry long time in id le to warm the en­
gine up to operating temperature. Wear and
emissions are especially high in the warm -up
phase. Therefore, you shou ld begin driving im­
med iate ly after starting the engine. Avoid high
RPMs while doing this .
Hav e maintenance perfo rmed regul arly
By having maintenance performed reg ularly on
your vehicle, you can help to reduce fuel con­
sumption before you even start to drive. The maintenance condition of your vehicle not on ly
affects traffic safety and long-term value but al­
so impacts fuel consumpt ion. A poorly main­
ta ined engine can lead to fuel consumpt ion that
i s 10% hig he r th an no rma l.
Avoid short trip s
The engine and exhaust cleaning system must
reach their optimal operat ing temperature to ef­
fect ively reduce consumpt ion and emissions .
A cold engine uses a d isproportionately high
amount of fuel. The engine reaches operat ing
temperature and consumption normalizes only
after approximately 2 .5 m iles (4 km) .
Check the tire pressu re
To save fue l, make sure the t ires are always in­
flated to the correct pressure
¢ page 291. The
fuel consumpt ion can increase by 5% if the pres­
sure is only 0 .5 bar too low . Due to the increased
r oll ing resistance, low tire p ressures w ill also
l ead to greater tire wear and will affe ct driv ing
behav ior.
Drive w ith summer tires when poss ible because
t hi s can increase fue l economy by up to 10% .
Eliminate unnecessary weight
Since every pound of extra weight increases fuel
consumption, it pays to remove any unnecessary
weight.
A roof rack increases the w ind resistance on the
vehicle and shou ld be removed when it is not
needed. You will save approximately 12% of your
fuel when at speeds from 62-75 mph (100-120 km/ h).
.,.

Driving
keep your foot on the brake in all selector
lever positions (except P and N) when the
engine is running.
- Do not inadvertently press the accelerator
pedal when the vehicle is stationary. Other­
wise the vehicle will start to move immedi­
ately, even if the parking brake is set. This
could result in a crash.
~ Note
-When stopping on an incline, do not try to
hold the vehicle in place by pressing the ac­
celerator pedal while a driving gear is se­ lected . This can cause the transmission to
overheat and can damage it . Set the parking
brake or press the brake pedal to prevent
the vehicle from rolling.
- Allowing the vehicle to roll when the engine
is stopped will damage the transmission be­
cause it is not lubricated.
(D Tips
For safety reasons, the parking brake is re­
leased automatically only when the driver's
safety belt is fastened.
Hill descent control
The hill descent control system assists the driver
when driving down hills .
Hill descent control activates when the transmis­
sion is in the Dor S position and you press the
brake pedal. The transmission automatically se­
lects a gear that is suitable for the hill. Hill de­
scent control tries to maintain the speed ach­
ieved at the time of braking, within physical and
technical limitations. If may still be necessary to
adjust the speed with the brake pedal.
Hill descent control switches off once the hill lev­
els out or you press the accelerator pedal.
When operating the cruise control system
c::> page 93, hill descent control is also activated
when the speed is set.
86
A WARNING
, -
Hill descent control cannot overcome physical
limitations, so it may not be able to maintain
a constant speed under all conditions. Always
be ready to apply the brakes .
Manual shifting
The shi~ paddles allow the driver to shift the
gears manually.
Fig. 98 Steering whee l: shi fting manually
.. To shift to a higher or lower gear temporarily,
tap the
0 or 0 shift paddle <=:>fig. 98.
.. To switch manual mode on, press the ~ but­
ton. Mand the gear that is currently engaged
@ appear in the instrument cluster display
c::> page 83, fig. 95 .
.,. To shift up one gear, tap the right shift paddle
G) c::>fig . 98.
.,. To shift down one gear, tap the left shift pad­
dle
0 .
.,. To switch manual mode off, press the ['.fl but-
ton again, or
.. Move the selector lever back and release it.
When you accelerate or reduce the speed, the
transmission automatically shifts into the correct
gear shortly before reaching the RPM limit. If you
select a lower gear than the one currently shown
in the display, the automatic transmission will
only shift down once there is no danger of ex­
ceeding the maximum RPM.
The engine braking effect increases when you
downshift when going downhill.

lL t:0 ....
'"" ......
'"" .... 0 0 :c ' Trailer towing Driving with a trailer
General information
Your Audi was designed primarily for passenger
transportation .
If you plan to tow a trailer, please remember that
the additional load will affect durability, econo­ my and performance.
Trailer towing not only places more stress on the
vehicle, it also calls for more concentration from
the driver.
For this reason, always follow the operating and
driving instructions provided and use common
sense.
(D Note
If you are going to tow a trailer, you must ac­
tivate the trailer operation mode
c:> page 89, Operating instructions.
Technical requirements
Trailer hitch
Use a weight-carrying hitch conforming to the
gross trailer weight. The hitch must be suitable
for your vehicle and trailer and must be mounted
securely on the vehicle's chassis at a
technically
sound
location . Use only a trailer hitch with a re­
movable ball mount. Always check with the trail­
er hitch manufacturer to make sure that you are
using the correct hitch.
Do not use a bumper hitch .
The hitch must be installed in such a way that it
does not interfere with the impact -absorbing
bumper system . No modifications should be
made to the vehicle exhaust and brake systems .
From time to time, check that all hitch mounting
bolts remain securely fastened.
When you are not towing a trailer, remove the trailer hitch ball mount . This prevents the hitch
from causing damage should your vehicle be
struck from behind
£:=? .&, .
Trailer towing
Trailer brakes
If your trailer is equipped with a braking system,
check to be sure that it conforms to all regula­
tions.
T he trailer hydraulic brake system must not be
directly connected to the vehicle's hydraulic
brake system.
Safety chains
Always use safety chains between your vehicle and the trailer.
Trailer lights
Trailer lights must meet all regulations. Be sure
to check with your Audi dealer for correct wiring,
switches and relays .
Mirrors
If you are unable to see the traffic behind you us­
ing the regular outside mirrors, then you
must in­
stall extended mirrors . It is important that you
always have clear vision to the rear .
.,&. WARNING
-After removing the trailer hitch, do not store
it in your vehicle. In case of sudden braking,
the hitch could fly forward and injure you or
your passengers.
Operating instruction s
Fig. 101 MMI display: towing mode o n
Maximum trailer weight
A trailer for your vehicle is limited to a typical
class 1 or class 2 trailer.
89

Trailer towing
Trailer load distribution
Be sure the load in the trailer is held securely in
p la ce to prevent it from shifting forward, back­
ward or sideways .
Never allow a passenger to ride in a trailer~&.
in Driving instructions on page 91.
Engine cooling system
Towing a trailer makes the engine work harder . It
is important that the coo ling system's perform­
ance is up to t he additional load. Make sure that
the cooling system has eno ugh fluid .
Tire pressure
When tow ing a tra iler, inflate the tires of your
veh icle to the tire pressure listed under "Full
load " on the label
~ page 293. Inflate trailer
tires to trailer and tir e ma nufactu rers' specifica­
tions.
Lights
Check to make sure both vehicle and trailer lights
are working properly .
Safety chains
Be sure trailer safety chains are proper ly connect­
ed from the trailer to the hitch on the vehicle.
Leave enough slack in the chains to permit turn­
ing corners . When you install safety cha ins, make
sure they w ill not drag on the road when you are
driving.
The chains should cross under the trailer tongue
to prevent it from dropping in case of separation
from the hitch .
Adjusting the Audi drive select
Make sure the vehicle is on a level surface before
hitching up the trailer and before adjust ing the
tongue we ight. The vehicle must be in
auto or
comfort driving mode and not ra ised
~ page 111, ~0 .
Make sure that the vehicle is lowered. In Info­
tainment, select:
ICARI function butto n> Lower
control button.
90
If you must drive under poor road conditions, you
can raise the ve hicle
after coupling the trailer or
after adjust ing the tongue we ight ~ page 113.
@ Note
-Changes in temperature or load can aff ect
the height of the vehicle .
-Always select auto or comfort mode. Other­
wise, the tong ue load specified for your ve­
hicle will no longer be applicab le .
Driving instructions
Driving with a trailer always requires extra care
and consideration.
Weight distribution
Towing a loaded trailer with an empty car results
in a hig hly unstable distribution of we ight. If th is
cannot be avoided, drive at very low speeds only
to avoid t he risk of losing steering contro l.
A "balanced" rig is eas ier to operate and control.
This means that the tow vehicle s hould be loaded
to
the extent possible and permissib le, w hil e
keeping the trailer as light as possible under the
circumstances. Whenever possible, transfer
some cargo to the luggage compartment of the
tow veh icle while observing tongue load require­
ments and vehicle loading considerations.
Speed
The higher the speed, the more difficu lt it be ­
comes for the driver to control the rig . Do not
drive at the maximum permissible speed. Reduce
your speed even more if load, weather or wind cond it ions are unfavorable - particularly whe n
go ing down hill.
Reduce vehicle speed
immediately if the trailer
shows the slightest sign of sway ing.
Do not try
to stop the swaying by accelerating.
Observe speed limits. In some areas, speeds for
vehicles towing trailers are lower than for regular
vehicles.
A lways apply brakes early. When driving down­
hill, shift into a lower gear to use the engine
braking effect to slow the vehicle. Use of the
brakes alone can cause them to overheat and fail.
ll-