2017 VOLVO S90 warning

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STARTING AND DRIVING
382•
condensation forms on the inside of the win- dows.
• the climate system cannot keep the desiredsettings in the passenger compartment.
• electrical current consumption is temporarilyhigh or the main battery's charge is belowthe minimum level.
• the brake pedal is pumped repeatedly.
• the hood is opened.
• the vehicle begins to move or increasesspeed slightly (if the engine auto-stoppedbefore the vehicle was at a standstill).
• the driver's seat belt is unbuckled while the gear selector is in the
D or N positions.
• the gear selector is moved from
D to R or ±.
• the driver's door is opened with the gearselector in
D: an audible signal and a text
message will inform the driver that the igni- tion is on.
WARNING
Do not open the hood if the engine has auto- stopped. The engine could suddenly auto-start. Before opening the hood:
• Switch off the ignition by turning the start knob in the tunnel console toward
STOP.
• Be aware that if the engine has been run- ning, components in the engine compart-ment will be very hot.
Related information
• Using the Start/Stop function (p. 379)
Automatic transmission
The automatic transmission has 8 forward gears and shifts up or down based on the level ofacceleration, speed and engine speed (meas-ured in revolutions per minute - rpm). Manualshifting is also possible. The gear indicator in theinstrument panel shows the gear currently beingused or gear shift mode.
CAUTION
The transmission

STARTING AND DRIVING
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385
Park – P
Park is activated using a switch located next to the gear selector. Select P when the vehicle is parked or when the
starting the engine. The vehicle must be station- ary when P is selected.
The ignition must be in mode II and the brake
pedal must be depressed before the gear selec-tor can be moved from P.
In position P, the transmission is mechanically
locked. Always apply the parking brake when the vehicle is parked.
NOTE
The gear selector must be in the P position
before the vehicle can be locked and the alarm set.
WARNING
Always apply the parking brake when the vehicle is parked, particularly when parking on a hill. The transmission's P mode may not be
able to keep the vehicle stationary if it is parked on an incline.
Reverse – R
The vehicle must be stationary before R can be
selected.
Neutral – N
No gear is selected and the engine can be started. Always apply the parking brake if thevehicle is not moving and the gear selector is in the N position.
The ignition must be in mode II and the brake
pedal must be depressed before the gear selec-tor can be moved from N.
Drive – D
D is the normal driving position and gear shifting
is fully automatic. The vehicle must be stationary when the gear selector is moved from R to D.
Manual shifting – M (shown on the
instrument panel)
Manual shifting can be selected at any time and engine braking will occur when the acceleratorpedal is released. To select, move the gear selector from D to the
side toward " ±". The current gear (1 - 8) will be
shown in the instrument panel.
• Press the gear selector forward toward "
+"
(plus) and release it to shift up one gear.
• Pull the gear selector rearward toward "
–"
(minus) and release it to shift down one gear.
Manual shift indicator in the instrument panel 6
.
For smooth shifting and engine performance, the transmission will shift down automatically if thevehicle's speed becomes too low for the selectedgear. Move the gear selector to the side toward D at
any time to resume automatic gear shifting.
Safety functionTo help avoid excessive rpm that might cause engine damage, the transmission control modulehas a down-shift protection feature that in somesituations may prevent a down-shift or kickdown. During kickdown, the transmission may shift down one or more gears, depending on theengine's rpm and will shift up again when max.rpm is reached for a specific gear.
6 Generic illustration.

WHEELS AND TIRES
441
sidewall (see the illustration). A tire with e.g., visi- ble cracks or discoloration should be replacedimmediately.
Tire economy
•
Maintain correct tire pressure.
• Avoid fast starts, hard braking and tirescreeching.
• Tire wear increases with speed.
• Correct front wheel alignment is very impor-tant.
• Unbalanced wheels impair tire economy anddriving comfort.
• Tires must maintain the same direction ofrotation throughout their lifetime.
• When replacing tires, the tires with the mosttread should be mounted on the rear wheelsto reduce the chance of oversteer duringhard braking.
• Hitting curbs or potholes can damage thetires and/or wheels permanently.
Tire rotationYour vehicle has no required tire rotation. Tirewear is affected by a number of factors such astire inflation, ambient temperature, driving style,etc.
NOTE
•If the tires are rotated, they should only be moved from front to rear or vice versa.They should never be rotated left toright/right to left.
• Ideally, tire rotation should be done thefirst time after approximately 3,000 miles(5,000 km) and thereafter at 6,000-mile(10,000-km) intervals. Some customersfind that tire rotation may help to getextra mileage from tire life.
• Tire rotation should only be performed iffront/rear tire wear is fairly even andtread height is above 1/16" (1.6 mm).
Storing wheels and tiresWhen storing complete wheels (tires mounted on rims), they should be suspended off the floor orplaced on their sides on the floor. Tires not mounted on rims should be stored on their sides or standing upright, but should not besuspended.
CAUTION
Tires should preferably be stored in a cool, dry, dark place, and should never be stored inclose proximity to solvents, gasoline, oils, etc.
WARNING
• The wheel and tire sizes for your Volvo are specified to meet stringent stabilityand handling requirements. Unapprovedwheel/tire size combinations can nega-tively affect your vehicle's stability andhandling.
• Any damage caused by installation ofunapproved wheel/tire size combinationswill not be covered by your new vehiclewarranty. Volvo assumes no responsibilityfor death, injury, or expenses that mayresult from such installations.
Related information
•Checking tire inflation pressure (p. 448)
• Tread wear indicator (p. 445)

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443
10.
Maximum Load : Indicates the maximum
load in pounds and kilograms that can be carried by the tire. Refer to the vehicle's tireinformation placard located on the B-Pillarfor the correct tire pressure for your vehicle.
11. Treadwear, Traction, and Temperaturegrades .
12. Maximum permissible inflation pressure: the greatest amount of air pressure that should ever be put in the tire. This limit is setby the tire manufacturer.
Speed SymbolA tire's Speed Symbol (SS) indicates the maxi-mum speed for which the tire has been certifiedand should be at least equivalent to the vehicle'stop speed. Winter tires, with our without studs, are excep- tions and may use a lower SS. When winter tiresare installed, the vehicle may not be driven fasterthan the tires' SS. The vehicle's speed should always be determined by the posted speed limit and traffic and roadconditions, not the tire's SS. The following table indicates the maximum per- missible speed for each SS.
Speed Symbol
M 81 mph (130 km/h)
Q 100 mph (160 km/h)
T 118 mph (190 km/h)
H 130 mph (210 km/h)
V 149 mph (240 km/h)
W 168 mph (270 km/h)
Y 186 mph (300 km/h)
WARNING
• The wheel and tire sizes for your Volvo are specified to meet stringent stabilityand handling requirements. Unapprovedwheel/tire size combinations can nega-tively affect your vehicle's stability andhandling.
• Any damage caused by installation ofunapproved wheel/tire size combinationswill not be covered by your new vehiclewarranty. Volvo assumes no responsibilityfor death, injury, or expenses that mayresult from such installations.
Wheel (rim) designations Wheel and rim dimensions are shown in the fol- lowing table.
The vehicle has been certified with certain combi- nations of wheels and tires. The following table shows an
example of wheel
dimensions: 8x18x42. This particular wheel may not be available on your vehicle.
8 Wheel width in inches
18 Wheel diameter in inches
42 Offset in mm (distance from the center of the wheel to the wheel's contact surface on the hub)
Related information
•Tire sidewall designations (p. 442)

WHEELS AND TIRES
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Tire terminology The following is a glossary of tire-related terms.
The tire suppliers may have additional markings, notes or warnings such as standard load, radialtubeless, etc.• Tire information placard
: A placard show-
ing the OE (Original Equipment) tire sizes,recommended inflation pressure, and themaximum weight the vehicle can carry.
• Tire Identification Number (TIN)
: A number
on the sidewall of each tire providing infor-mation about the tire brand and manufactur-ing plant, tire size and date of manufacturer.
• Inflation pressure
: A measure of the
amount of air in a tire.
• Standard load
: A class of P-metric or Metric
tires designed to carry a maximum load at35 psi [37 psi (2.5 bar) for Metric tires].Increasing the inflation pressure beyond thispressure will not increase the tires load car-rying capability.
• Extra load
: A class of P-metric or Metric
tires designed to carry a heavier maximumload at 41 psi [43 psi (2.9 bar) for Metrictires]. Increasing the inflation pressurebeyond this pressure will not increase thetire's load carrying capability.
• kPa
: Kilopascal, a metric unit of air pressure.
• PSI
: Pounds per square inch, a standard unit
of air pressure. •
B-pillar
: The structural member at the side
of the vehicle behind the front door.
• Bead area of the tire
: Area of the tire next
to the rim.
• Sidewall of the tire
: Area between the bead
area and the tread.
• Tread area of the tire
: Area of the perime-
ter of the tire that contacts the road whenmounted on the vehicle.
• Rim
: The metal support (wheel) for a tire or a
tire and tube assembly upon which the tirebeads are seated.
• Maximum load rating
: a figure indicating
the maximum load in pounds and kilogramsthat can be carried by the tire. This rating isestablished by the tire manufacturer.
• Maximum permissible inflation pressure
:
the greatest amount of air pressure thatshould ever be put in the tire. This limit is setby the tire manufacturer.
• Recommended tire inflation pressure
:
inflation pressure, established by Volvo,which is based on the type of tires that aremounted on a vehicle at the factory. Thisinformation can be found on the tire inflationplacard(s) located on the driver's side B-pillarand in the tire inflation table in this chapter.
• Cold tires
: The tires are considered to be
cold when they have the same temperatureas the surrounding (ambient) air. This tem- perature is normally reached after the vehiclehas been parked for at least 3 hours.

WHEELS AND TIRES
446
Loading specifications Properly loading your vehicle will provide maxi- mum return of vehicle design performance.
Weight designations
Before loading your vehicle, familiarize yourself with the following terms for determining yourvehicle's weight ratings, with or without a trailer,from the vehicle's Federal/Canadian Motor Vehi-cle Safety Standards (FMVSS/CMVSS) label, andthe vehicle's tire information placard:
Curb weight
The weight of the vehicle including a full tank of fuel and all standard equipment. It does notinclude passengers, cargo, or optional equipment.
Capacity weight
All weight added to the curb weight, including cargo and optional equipment. When towing,trailer hitch tongue load is also part of cargoweight.
Permissible axle weight
The maximum allowable weight that can be car- ried by a single axle (front or rear). These num-bers are shown on the Federal/Canadian MotorVehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS/CMVSS) label.The total load on each axle must never exceed itsmaximum permissible weight.
Gross vehicle weight (GVW)
The vehicle's curb weight + cargo + passengers.
Steps for Determining Correct Load Limit
1. Locate the statement "the combined weightof occupants and cargo should never exceed XXX kg or XXX lbs." on your vehicle's plac-ard.
2. Determine the combined weight of the driver and passengers that will be riding in yourvehicle.
3. Subtract the combined weight of the driver and passengers from XXX kg or XXX lbs.
4. The resulting figure equals the available amount of cargo and luggage load capacity.For example, if the "XXX" amount equals1400 lbs. and there will be five 150 lb. pas-sengers in your vehicle, the amount of availa-ble cargo and luggage load capacity is650 lbs. (1400 – 750 (5 × 150) = 650 lbs.)
5. Determine the combined weight of luggage and cargo being loaded on the vehicle. Thatweight may not safely exceed the availablecargo and luggage load capacity calculatedin Step 4.
6. If your vehicle will be towing a trailer, load from your trailer will be transferred to yourvehicle. Consult this manual to determinehow this reduces the available cargo and lug-gage load capacity of your vehicle.
WARNING
• Exceeding the permissible axle weight, gross vehicle weight, or any other weightrating limits can cause tire overheatingresulting in permanent deformation orcatastrophic failure.
• Do not use replacement tires with lowerload carrying capacities than the tires thatwere original equipment on the vehiclebecause this will lower the vehicle's GVWrating. Use only tires with the correct loadcarrying capacity. Consult your Volvoretailer for information.
Related information
• Label information (p. 520)
• Weights (p. 525)

WHEELS AND TIRES
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447
Uniform Tire Quality Grading
ALL PASSENGER VEHICLE TIRES MUST CONFORM TO FEDERAL SAFETY REQUIRE-MENTS IN ADDITION TO THESE GRADES .
Quality grades can be found, where applica- ble, on the tire sidewall between the treadshoulder and maximum section width. Forexample: Treadwear 200 Traction AA Temperature A
TREADWEARThe treadwear grade is a comparative rating based on the wear rate of the tire when testedunder controlled conditions on a specified gov-ernment test course. For example, a tire graded150 would wear one and one half (1 ½) times aswell on the government course as a tire graded100. The relative performance of tires dependsupon the actual conditions of their use, however,and many depart significantly from the norm dueto variation in driving habits, maintenance practi-ces and differences in road characteristics andclimate.
TRACTIONThe traction grades, from highest to lowest, areAA, A, B, and C, as measured under controlledconditions on specified government test surfacesof asphalt and concrete. A tire marked C mayhave poor traction performance. The tractiongrade assigned to this tire is based on braking (straight-ahead) traction tests and is not a meas-ure of cornering (turning) traction.
WARNING
The traction grade assigned to this tire is based on braking (straight-ahead) tractiontests and is not a measure of cornering (turn-ing) traction.
TEMPERATUREThe temperature grades are A (the highest), B, and C, representing the tire's resistance to thegeneration of heat and its ability to dissipate heatwhen tested under controlled conditions on aspecified indoor laboratory test wheel. Sustainedhigh temperature can cause the material of thetire to degenerate and reduce tire life, and exces-sive temperature can lead to sudden tire failure.The grade C corresponds to a minimum level ofperformance that all passenger vehicle tires mustmeet under the Federal Motor Safety StandardNo. 109. Grades B and A represent higher levelsof performance on the laboratory test wheel thanthe minimum required by law.
WARNING
The temperature grade for this tire is estab- lished for a tire that is properly inflated andnot overloaded. Excessive speed, under-infla-tion, or excessive loading, either separately orin combination, can cause heat buildup andtire failure.
Snow tires and chains
The use of snow chains and/or winter tires can help improve traction in winter driving conditions.
Snow chains can be used on your Volvo with the following restrictions:
• Snow chains should be installed on frontwheels only. Use only Volvo approved snowchains.
• If accessory, aftermarket or "custom" tiresand wheels are installed and are of a size dif-ferent than the original tires and wheels,chains in some cases CANNOT be used.Sufficient clearances between chains andbrakes, suspension and body componentsmust be maintained.
• Some strap-on type chains will interfere withbrake components and therefore CANNOTbe used.
• All Wheel Drive models
: Snow chains
should only be installed on the front wheels.
• Certain size tires may not allow the assemblyof snow chains/traction devices.
Consult your Volvo retailer for additional snowchain information.

WHEELS AND TIRES
448
CAUTION
•Snow chains should not be used on wheels larger than 18".
• Always follow the chain manufacturer'sinstallation instructions carefully. Installchains as tightly as possible andretighten periodically.
• Check local regulations regarding the useof snow chains before installing.
• Use single-sided snow chains only.
• Never exceed the chain manufacturer'sspecified maximum speed limit. (Underno circumstances should you exceed31 mph (50 km/h).
• Avoid bumps, holes or sharp turns whendriving with snow chains.
• The handling of the vehicle can beadversely affected when driving withchains. Avoid fast or sharp turns as wellas locked wheel braking.
Checking tire inflation pressure
Correct tire inflation pressure helps improve driv- ing stability, save fuel and increase the servicelife of the tires.
WARNING
• Under-inflation is the most common cause of tire failure and may result insevere tire cracking, tread separation, or"blow-out," with unexpected loss of vehi-cle control and increased risk of injury.
• Under-inflated tires reduce the load car-rying capacity of your vehicle.
Cold tiresInflation pressure should be checked when thetires are cold. The tires are considered to be cold when they have the same temperature as the sur-rounding (ambient) air. This temperature is normally reached after the vehicle has been parked for at least 3 hours. After driving a distance of approximately 1 mile (1.6 km), the tires are considered to be hot. If youhave to drive farther than this distance to pumpyour tire(s), check and record the tire pressurefirst and add the appropriate air pressure whenyou get to the pump. When weather temperature changes occur, tire inflation pressures also change. A 10-degree temperature drop causes a corresponding dropof 1 psi (7 kPa) in inflation pressure. Check yourtire pressures frequently and adjust them to theproper pressure, which can be found on the vehi-cle's tire information placard or certification label. If checking tire pressure when the tire is hot, never "bleed" or reduce air pressure. The tiresare hot from driving and it is normal for pressuresto increase above recommended cold pressures.A hot tire at or below recommended cold inflationpressure could be significantly under-inflated.
Recommended inflation pressures
Tire inflation placard
A tire inflation pressure placard is located on the driver's side B-pillar (the structural member at theside of the vehicle, at the rear of the driver's dooropening). This placard indicates the designation