GMC Yukon/Yukon XL/Denali Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./
Canada/Mexico-9955936) - 2017 - crc - 11/9/16
Vehicle Care 299
{Warning
Operating the engine with the air
cleaner/filter off can cause you or
others to be burned. The air
cleaner not only cleans the air; it
helps to stop flames if the engine
backfires. Use caution when
working on the engine and do not
drive with the air cleaner/filter off.
Caution
If the air cleaner/filter is off, dirt
can easily get into the engine,
which could damage it. Always
have the air cleaner/filter in place
when driving.
Cooling System
The cooling system allows the
engine to maintain the correct
working temperature.
1. Coolant Surge Tank
2. Coolant Surge TankPressure Cap
3. Engine Electric Cooling Fan(s)
{Warning
An electric engine cooling fan can
start even when the engine is not
running. To avoid injury, always
keep hands, clothing, and tools
away from any engine
cooling fan.
{Warning
Heater and radiator hoses, and
other engine parts, can be very
hot. Do not touch them. If you do,
you can be burned.
Do not run the engine if there is a
leak. If you run the engine, it
could lose all coolant. That could
cause an engine fire, and you
could be burned. Get any leak
fixed before you drive the vehicle.
GMC Yukon/Yukon XL/Denali Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./
Canada/Mexico-9955936) - 2017 - crc - 11/9/16
300 Vehicle Care
Caution
Using coolant other than
DEX-COOL®can cause
premature engine, heater core,
or radiator corrosion. In addition,
the engine coolant could require
changing sooner. Any repairs
would not be covered by the
vehicle warranty. Always use
DEX-COOL (silicate-free) coolant
in the vehicle.
Engine Coolant
The cooling system in the vehicle is
filled with DEX-COOL®engine
coolant. This coolant is designed to
remain in the vehicle for 5 years or
240 000 km (150,000 mi), whichever
occurs first.
The following explains the cooling
system and how to check and add
coolant when it is low. If there is a
problem with engine overheating,
see Engine Overheating 0302.
What to Use
{Warning
Adding only plain water or some
other liquid to the cooling system
can be dangerous. Plain water
and other liquids, can boil before
the proper coolant mixture will.
The coolant warning system is set
for the proper coolant mixture.
With plain water or the wrong
mixture, the engine could get too
hot but you would not get the
overheat warning. The engine
could catch fire and you or others
could be burned. Use a 50/
50 mixture of clean, drinkable
water and DEX-COOL coolant.
Use a 50/50 mixture of clean,
drinkable water and DEX-COOL
coolant. If using this mixture,
nothing else needs to be added.
This mixture:
. Gives freezing protection down
to−37 °C (−34 °F), outside
temperature. .
Gives boiling protection up to
129 °C (265 °F), engine
temperature.
. Protects against rust and
corrosion.
. Will not damage aluminum parts.
. Helps keep the proper engine
temperature.
Caution
If improper coolant mixture,
inhibitors, or additives are used in
the vehicle cooling system, the
engine could overheat and be
damaged. Too much water in the
mixture can freeze and crack
engine cooling parts. The repairs
would not be covered by the
vehicle warranty. Use only the
proper mixture of engine coolant
for the cooling system. See
Recommended Fluids and
Lubricants 0386.
Never dispose of engine coolant by
putting it in the trash, or by pouring
it on the ground, or into sewers,
GMC Yukon/Yukon XL/Denali Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./
Canada/Mexico-9955936) - 2017 - crc - 11/9/16
302 Vehicle Care
Warning (Continued)
the cap when the cooling system,
including the surge tank pressure
cap, is hot. Wait for the cooling
system and surge tank pressure
cap to cool.
If no coolant is visible in the surge
tank, add coolant.
1. Remove the coolant surge tank pressure cap when the cooling
system, including the coolant
surge tank pressure cap and
upper radiator hose, is no
longer hot.
Turn the pressure cap slowly
counterclockwise about one full
turn. If a hiss is heard, wait for
that to stop. A hiss means
there is still some pressure left. 2. Keep turning the pressure cap
slowly, and remove it.
3. Fill the coolant surge tank with the proper mixture to the FULL
COLD mark.
4. With the coolant surge tank pressure cap off, start the
engine and let it run until the
engine coolant temperature
gauge indicates approximately
90 °C (195 °F).
By this time, the coolant level
inside the coolant surge tank
may be lower. If the level is
lower, add more of the proper
mixture to the coolant surge
tank until the level reaches the
FULL COLD mark.
5. Replace the pressure cap tightly.
6. Verify coolant level after the engine is shut off and the
coolant is cold. If necessary,
repeat coolant fill procedure
Steps 1–6.
Caution
If the pressure cap is not tightly
installed, coolant loss and
possible engine damage may
occur. Be sure the cap is properly
and tightly secured.
Engine Overheating
Caution
Running the engine without
coolant may cause damage or a
fire. Vehicle damage would not be
covered by the vehicle warranty.
The vehicle has several indicators
to warn of engine overheating.
There is a coolant temperature
gauge in the vehicle's instrument
cluster. See Engine Coolant
Temperature Gauge 0140.
In addition, there are ENGINE
OVERHEATED STOP ENGINE,
ENGINE OVERHEATED IDLE
ENGINE, and ENGINE POWER IS
GMC Yukon/Yukon XL/Denali Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./
Canada/Mexico-9955936) - 2017 - crc - 11/9/16
Vehicle Care 303
REDUCED messages in the Driver
Information Center (DIC).
SeeEngine Cooling System
Messages 0162 andEngine Power
Messages 0163.
If the decision is made not to lift the
hood when this warning appears,
get service help right away.
If the decision is made to lift the
hood, make sure the vehicle is
parked on a level surface.
Check to see if the engine cooling
fan(s) are running. If the engine is
overheating, the fans should be
running. If they are not, do not
continue to run the engine, and
have the vehicle serviced.
If Steam is Coming from the
Engine Compartment
{Warning
Steam from an overheated engine
can burn you badly, even if you
just open the hood. Stay away
from the engine if you see or hear
steam coming from it. Just turn it (Continued)
Warning (Continued)
off and get everyone away from
the vehicle until it cools down.
Wait until there is no sign of
steam or coolant before you open
the hood.
If you keep driving when the
engine is overheated, the liquids
in it can catch fire. You or others
could be badly burned. Stop the
engine if it overheats, and get out
of the vehicle until the engine
is cool.
If No Steam is Coming from
the Engine Compartment
The ENGINE OVERHEATED STOP
ENGINE or the ENGINE
OVERHEATED IDLE ENGINE
message, along with a low coolant
condition, can indicate a serious
problem. If there is an engine overheat
warning, but no steam is seen or
heard, the problem may not be too
serious. Sometimes the engine can
get a little too hot when the vehicle:
.
Climbs a long hill on a hot day.
. Stops after high-speed driving.
. Idles for long periods in traffic.
. Tows a trailer; see Trailer Towing
0 272.
If the ENGINE OVERHEATED
STOP ENGINE or the ENGINE
OVERHEATED IDLE ENGINE
message appears with no sign of
steam, try this for a minute or so: 1. Turn the air conditioning off.
2. Turn the heater on to the highest temperature and to the
highest fan speed. Open the
windows as necessary.
3. When it is safe to do so, pull off the road, shift to P (Park) or
N (Neutral), and let the
engine idle.
If the engine coolant temperature
gauge is no longer in the overheat
zone or an overheat warning no
GMC Yukon/Yukon XL/Denali Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./
Canada/Mexico-9955936) - 2017 - crc - 11/9/16
Index 419
Check (cont'd)Malfunction Indicator
Engine Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Child Restraints
Infants and Young Children . . . 101
Lower Anchors and Tethersfor Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Older Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Securing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114, 117
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Child-View Mirror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Cleaning Exterior Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Interior Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Climate Control Systems Dual Automatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Rear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Cluster, Instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Collision Damage Repair . . . . . . . 400
Compartments
Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Connections OnStar
®. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 Control
Traction and Electronic
Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Control of a Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Convenience Net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Convex Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Coolant Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Engine Temperature Gauge . . 140
Engine TemperatureWarning Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192, 196
Cooling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Engine Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Courtesy Transportation Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Cruise Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Cruise Control, Adaptive . . . . . . . . 246
Cupholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Customer Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . 396 Offices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Text Telephone (TTY)Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 Customer Information
Service Publications
Ordering Information . . . . . . . . 402
Customer Satisfaction Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
D
Damage Repair, Collision . . . . . . . 400
Danger, Warning, and Caution . . . . 2
Data CollectionInfotainment System . . . . . . . . . . 406
OnStar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Data Recorders, Event . . . . . . . . . 405
Daytime Running Lamps (DRL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Defensive Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Delayed Locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Diagnostics OnStar
®. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .411
Distracted Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Dome Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Door Ajar Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Ajar Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Delayed Locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Power Locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
GMC Yukon/Yukon XL/Denali Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./
Canada/Mexico-9955936) - 2017 - crc - 11/9/16
420 Index
Drive Belt Routing, Engine . . . . . . 392
Driver Assistance Systems . . . . . 253
Driver InformationCenter (DIC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Driving Assistance Systems . . . . . . . . . . 256
Characteristics andTowing Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Defensive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Drunk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
For Better Fuel Economy . . . . . . . 26
Hill and Mountain Roads . . . . . . 210
If the Vehicle is Stuck . . . . . . . . . 212
Loss of Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Off-Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Off-Road Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Vehicle Load Limits . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Wet Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Winter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Dual Automatic Climate Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
E
E85 or FlexFuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Electrical Equipment,Add-On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Electrical System Engine Compartment FuseBlock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 Electrical System (cont'd)
Fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Instrument Panel Fuse
Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321, 324
Overload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Rear Compartment Fuse Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Emergency OnStar
®. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Engine Air Cleaner/Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Check and Service EngineSoon Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Compartment Overview . . . . . . . 288
Coolant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Coolant Temperature
Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Coolant Temperature
Warning Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Cooling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Cooling System Messages . . . 162
Drive Belt Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Exhaust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Fan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Heater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Oil Life System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Oil Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Oil Pressure Gauge . . . . . . . . . . 139 Engine (cont'd)
Oil Pressure Light . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Overheating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Power Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Running While Parked . . . . . . . . 228
Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Entry Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Equipment, Towing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Event Data Recorders . . . . . . . . . . 405
Exit Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Extended Parking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Extender, Safety Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Exterior Lamp Controls . . . . . . . . . 182
Exterior Lamps Off Reminder . . . 184
F
Fan Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Features
Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Filter, Engine Air Cleaner . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Flash-to-Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Flashers, Hazard Warning . . . . . . 186
Flat Tire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 Changing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
FlexFuel E85 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Floor Mats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
GMC Yukon/Yukon XL/Denali Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./
Canada/Mexico-9955936) - 2017 - crc - 11/9/16
Index 421
FluidAutomatic
Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . 294, 297
Brakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Four-Wheel Drive Transfer Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Washer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Fog Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Bulb Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Folding Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Forward Automatic Braking . . . . . 259
Forward Collision Alert (FCA) System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Four-Wheel Drive . . . . . . . . . . 235, 307
Four-Wheel-Drive Light . . . . . . . . . 148
Frequency Statement Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Front Axle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Front Fog Lamp Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Front Seats
Heated and Ventilated . . . . . . . . . . 69
Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Economy Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Filling a Portable FuelContainer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Filling the Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Fuel (cont'd)
Foreign Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Low Fuel Warning Light . . . . . . . 151
Management, Active . . . . . . . . . . 227
Requirements, California . . . . . 266
System Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Full-Size Spare Tire . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 Engine Compartment FuseBlock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Instrument Panel Fuse Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321, 324
Rear Compartment Fuse
Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
G
Garage Door Opener . . . . . . . . . . . 179Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Gauges Engine CoolantTemperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Engine Oil Pressure . . . . . . . . . . 139
Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Odometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Speedometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Tachometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Transmission Temperature . . . . 141
Trip Odometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Gauges (cont'd)
Voltmeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Warning Lights and
Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
General Information Service and Maintenance . . . . . 375
Towing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Vehicle Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Glass Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Glove Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
GM Mobility Reimbursement
Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
H
Hazard Warning Flashers . . . . . . . 186
Head Restraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Head-up Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
HeadlampsAiming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Automatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Bulb Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Daytime Running
Lamps (DRL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Flash-to-Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
High Intensity Discharge
(HID) Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
High-Beam On Light . . . . . . . . . . 152
High/Low Beam Changer . . . . . 184
Lamps On Reminder . . . . . . . . . 152
GMC Yukon/Yukon XL/Denali Owner Manual (GMNA-Localizing-U.S./
Canada/Mexico-9955936) - 2017 - crc - 11/9/16
Index 423
Lights (cont'd)Charging System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Cruise Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Door Ajar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Engine Coolant
Temperature Warning . . . . . . . 150
Engine Oil Pressure . . . . . . . . . . 151
Flash-to-Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Four-Wheel-Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Front Fog Lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
High-Beam On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
High/Low Beam Changer . . . . . 184
Low Fuel Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Safety Belt Reminders . . . . . . . . 142
Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
StabiliTrak
®OFF . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Tire Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Tow/Haul Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Traction Control System (TCS)/StabiliTrak
®. . . . . . . . . . 149
Traction Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Locking Rear Axle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Locks Automatic Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Delayed Locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Lockout Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Power Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Locks (cont'd)
Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Loss of Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Low Fuel Warning Light . . . . . . . . . 151
Low-Profile Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children (LATCH
System) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Lumbar Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Front Seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
M
Magnetic Ride Control . . . . . . . . . . 243
MaintenanceRecords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Maintenance and Care Additional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Maintenance Schedule . . . . . . . . . 376 Recommended Fluids and
Lubricants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Transfer Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Malfunction Indicator Lamp . . . . . 145
Manual Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Memory Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Memory Seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Messages Airbag System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Battery Voltage andCharging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Messages (cont'd)
Brake System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Door Ajar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Engine Cooling System . . . . . . . 162
Engine Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Engine Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Fuel System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Key and Lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Object Detection System . . . . . 164
Ride Control System . . . . . . . . . . 166
Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Starting the Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Steering System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Tire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Vehicle Reminder . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Washer Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Mirror Child-View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Mirrors
Automatic Dimming . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Automatic DimmingRearview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Blind Spot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Convex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54