co
co
.... N
" N .... 0
0
Vl c:o
Your vehicle has also been equipped with a TPMS
malfunction indicator to indicate when the sys
tem is not operating properly. The TPMS mal
function indicator is combined with the low tire pressure telltale. When the system detects a
malfunction, the telltale will flash for approxi
mately one minute and then remain continuously
illuminated . This sequence will continue upon
subsequent vehicle start-ups as long as the mal
function exists .
When the malfunction indicator is illuminated,
the system may not be able to detect or signal low tire pressure as intended. TPMS malfunctions
may occur for a variety of reasons, including the
installation of replacement or alternate tires or
wheels on the vehicle that prevent the TPMS
from functioning properly . Always check the
TPMS malfunction telltale after replacing one or
more tires or wheels on your vehicle to ensure
that the replacement or alternate tires and
wheels allow the TPMS to continue to function properly.
If the Tire Pressure Monitoring System
indicator appears
The tire pressure indicator in the instrument
cluster informs you if the tire pressure is too low
or if there is a system malfunction .
Using the ABS sensors, the tire pressure monitor
ing system compares the tire tread circumfer
ence and vibration characteristics of the individu
al tires. If the pressure changes in one or more
tires, this is indicated in the Infotainment system
display w ith an indicator light
RE and a message.
If only one tire is affected, the location of that
tire will be indicated.
The tire pressures must be stored in the Infotain
ment system again each time the pressures
change (switching between partial and full load
pressure) or after changing or replacing a tire on
your vehicle
c::;, page 274 . The tire pressure moni
toring system only monitors the tire pressure you have stored. Refer to the tire pressure label for
the recommended tire pressure for your vehicle
¢ page 265, fig. 199.
Wheels
Tire tread circumference and vibration character
istics can change and cause a tire pressure warn
ing if :
- the tire pressure in one or more tires is too low.
- the tire has structural damage.
- the tire was replaced or the tire pressure was
changed and it was not stored
c::;, page 274.
- the spare tire* is installed .
Indicator lights
RE-Loss of pressure in at least one tire c::;, &,.
Check the tires and replace or repair if necessary.
Check/correct the pressures of all four tires and
store the pressure again in the Infotainment sys
tem
¢ page 274.
mm (Tire Pressure Monitoring System) Tire
pressure: malfunction! See owner's manual -If
mm appears after switching on the ignition or
while driving and then the indicator light
RE in
the instrument cluster also starts to blink for
about one minute and then stays on permanent
ly, there is a system malfunction. Try to store the
correct tire pressures
c::;, page 2 74 . If the indica
tor light does turn off or turns on again after a short period of time, drive to an authorized Audi
dealer or authorized Audi Service Facility immedi
ately to have the malfunction corrected.
A WARNING
..-
- If the tire pressure indicator appears in the
display, reduce your speed immediately and
avoid any hard steering or braking maneu
vers. Stop as soon as possible and check the
tires and their pressure.
- The driver is responsible for maintaining the
correct tire pressures . You must check the
tire pressures regularly .
- Under certain conditions (such as a sporty
driving style, winter conditions or unpaved
roads), the pressure monitor indicator may
be delayed.
- Do not use run-flat tires on your vehicle . Us
ing them when not permitted can lead to
vehicle damage or accidents.
273
Care and cleaning
General information
Regular, proper care helps to maintain your vehi
cle's value.
It can a lso be a requirement when
submitting warranty claims for corrosion damage
and paint defects on the body.
The necessary care products can be obtained
from an authorized Audi dealer or authorized
Audi Service Facility . Read and follow the instruc
tions for use on the packaging.
A WARNING
- Us ing clean ing and care products incorrectly
can be dangerous to your health.
- Always store clean ing and care products out
of reach of children to reduce the r isk of po i
son ing .
@ For the sake of the environment
- Preferably purchase env ironmenta lly-friend
l y cleaning products.
- Do not d ispose of leftover cleaning and care
products with household trash.
Car washes
T he longer that deposits remain on the vehicle,
the more the surface may be damaged. High
temperatures such as those caused by sunlight
increase the damag ing effect.
Befor e washing, rinse
off heavy depos its with
p lenty of water.
S tubborn depos its such as bird droppings or tree
sap are best removed with plenty of water and a
microfiber cloth.
A lso, wash t he un derside of yo ur vehicle once
road sa lt stops being used for the season .
Pressure washers
When washi ng your ve hicles w ith a pressure
washer, always follow t he ope rating inst ructions
~ p rovided w ith the pressure washe r. This is espe -
;:::: cially important in regard to the pressu re and
" ~ sp raying distance. Do not d irect the stream of 0
~ water directly onto seals for the side windows, c:o
Ca re and cleaning
doo rs, luggage compartment lid or hood or onto
the tires, rubber hoses, insulating materia l, sen
sors * or camera lenses*. Keep a distance of at
l east 16 in (40 cm).
Do not remove snow and ice with a pressure
washer.
Never use cone nozz les o r high press ure nozzles .
T he water temperatu re must not be above 140 °F
(60 °().
Automatic car washes
Spray off the vehicle before washing.
Make s ure that the windows are closed and the
windshield wipers a re
off. F o llow instructions
f rom the car wash operator, espec ia lly if there
are accessories attached to your veh icle.
If possible, use car washes that do not have
brushes .
Washing
by hand
Clean the ve hicl e starting from the top and wor k
i ng down using a soft sponge o r cleaning br ush.
U se solven t-free cleaning produ cts.
Washing vehicles with matte finish paint
by
hand
T o avo id damag ing the pa int w hen washi ng, fi rst
remove dust and large pa rticl es from you r vehi
cle . Insects, grease spots and fingerprints are
best removed w ith a special cleaner for matte
finish paint.
Apply t he product using a microf iber cloth . To
avoid damaging the paint surface, do not use too
much pressure.
Rinse the ve hicl e thoroug hly w ith wate r. Then
cl ean usi ng a neutral shampoo and a soft micro
fiber cloth .
Rinse the ve hicl e thorough ly aga in and let it air
dry. Remove any wate r residue using a chamois .
WARNING
- On ly wash the vehicle when the ign ition is
off and follow the instr uctions from the car
275
Emergency situations
(D Note
Improper hook -up of ju mper cables can r uin
the generato r.
- Always con nect P OSITIVE( +) to POS ITI VE
( + ), and NEG ATI VE( -) to NEGATIVE( -)
ground post of t he battery manage r contro l
u nit .
- Check that a ll sc rew p lugs on the battery
cells are sc rewed in firmly . If not, t ighten
plugs p rior to connect ing clamp o n negat ive
b attery t erminal.
- Please note t hat the procedure fo r con nect
i ng a jumper cable as desc rib ed above ap
plies specifica lly to the case of yo ur vehicle
being jum p starte d. When you a re giv ing a
ju mp sta rt to anothe r vehicle, do
not con
n e ct t he neg ative( -) ca b le to the neg ative
(- ) termin al o n t he dis ch arged battery @
¢
fig . 21 8. In ste ad, securely connec t the
negative (-) cab le to either a so lid metal
compo nent that is f irm ly bolted to the e n
gine block o r to the engine bloc k itself. If
the battery that is bei ng cha rged does not
vent to the outside, escap ing battery gas
could ignite an d exp lode!
Towing with a tow truck
General hints
Your Audi requires special handling for towing.
The fo llow ing informa tion is to be used by com
mercial tow truck operators who know how to op
era te the ir equipmen t sa fe ly .
- Never tow your Audi. Towing will cause dam
age to the engine and transmi ssion.
- Never wrap the safety chains or winch cables
around the brake l ines .
- To prevent unnecessary damage, your Audi
must be transported with a flat bed truck.
- To load the vehicle on to the flat bed , use the
towing loop found in the vehicle tools and at
tach to the front or rear anchorage
¢ page 294 and ¢page 295.
294
A WARNING
A veh icle being towed is not safe for passe n
ge rs . Neve r allow a nyone to ride in a vehicle
be ing towed, fo r any reason .
Front towing loop
Fig. 219 Fron t bu mpe r: cover
Fig. 2 20 Fron t bumpe r: install ing the tow ing loop
The threaded opening for the towing loop is lo
cated behind a cover on the rig ht side of the front
bumper .
.. Remove the towing loop f rom the vehicle too l
kit¢
page 281 .
.. Press inward on the upper left side of the cap
to remove i t from the bumper ¢
fig. 219 .
.,. Tighten the towing loop in the threaded o pen
ing until it s tops ¢
fig. 220 and then tig hten it
w it h a wheel w re nch.
.,. After usi ng, p lace the tow ing loop b ack in the
veh icle tool kit.
A WARNING
If t he t ow ing l oop is not tig htened unt il it
stops when installing, the threads may be pu lled out when towing the vehicle and that
could cause an accident .
-
Index
Contacts Additional directory.............. ....
176
Import ing/exporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Memory capaci ty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Sea rching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Showing details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Storing as dest ination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Control buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Control knob with joystick function . . . . . . .
101
Convenience key
Indicator light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
Stopping the engine (START ENGINE STOP
button) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
Conven ience opening/closing . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Convertible child safety seats . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Convertible locking retractor
Activating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
234
Deactivating .. .... ...... ......... .. . 235
Using to secure a child safety seat . . . . . . 234
Cooling mode (climate control system) . . . . 52
Cooling system
Adding coolant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
250
Coolant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Coolant level checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Coolant temperature indicator . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Indicator light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Crash data r ecorder (EDR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Crosshairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
137
Cruise cont rol system
Changing speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
Preselecting speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1
Switching off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
sw itch ing on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Cup holders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Current fuel consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
D
Data connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Data protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 , 155
Data recorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Date ...... .. .. .. .... ......... .... .. .
174
Date display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Daytime running light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Declaration of compliance
Audi side assist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
304
Ce ll phone package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
308
Convenience key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
E lectronic immobili zer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Garage door opener (Homelink) . . . . . . . . 304
Remote control key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Defrosting (windows) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
DEF (instrument cluster) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Deluxe automatic climate control
refer to Climate control system (automatic) .52
Determ ining correct load limit . . . . . . . . . .
268
Digital compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
D imm ing the rearview mirror . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
Directory
refer to Con tacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Display
ref er to Audi virtual cockpit (instrument
cluster)
20,22
D istance driven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Driver information system . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 22
Indicator lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
On-board computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Outs ide temperature display. . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Service interval display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
254
Drives
refer to Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155, 163
Drive select . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Driving econom ically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
Driving safely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Driving through wat er . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Driving time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Dust filter
refer to Pollutant filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
DVD drive (media drives) 156
Dynamic volume
refer to System volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
E
E-mail 120
Economical route . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Electromechanical parking brake . . . . . . . . . 60
Electromechanical steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Electronic differential lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Electronic immobilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Electronic speed limite r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
co
co
.... N
" N .... 0
0
Vl c:o
Electronic stabilization control (ESC) . . . . . . 88
Indicator light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Sport mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
E mergency assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Emergency braking function . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Emergency flasher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Emergency fueling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Emergency locking the doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Emergency locking the front passenger door 30
Emergency operation Doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Fuel filler door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
L uggage compartment lid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Emergency release Selector lever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Emergency starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
E m issions data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Energy management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
Engine
Coolant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 58
Starting with jumper cables . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Stopping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Engine compartment
Opening/closing the hood . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Safety precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Engine control ( indicator light) . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Engine oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Adding .. .. .. ........ ..... ... ... .. . 248
Changing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Checking the oil level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Dipstick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Indicator light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Oil consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Specification and viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Temperature display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Engine speed limitation (indicator light) . . . 15
Entering characters/numbers (speller) . . . . 102
Entering letters (speller) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
E nvironment
Proper disposal of d rained engine o il . . . . 249
Unleaded gasoline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Exterior lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Index
Exterior mirrors
Adjusting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
Dimming ... ... .. .. ................. . 40
Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
External voice operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
F
Factory default settings (MMI) . . . . . . . . . . 175
Fader (sound) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Fastening Booster seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Convertible child safety seats . . . . . . . . . . 228
Infant seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Fast forwarding/rewind ing (audio/video
file) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Fast forwarding (audio/video file) . . . . . . . . 163
Fast route
Favorites Media 142
165
Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Telephone..... .. .. ................ . 119
File formats (med ia drives) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Floor mat s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Fog lights/rear fog light(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Folding the rear seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Foot pedals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Footwell lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
For the sake of the environment Environmentally -friendly driving . . . . . . . . 55
Fueling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Leaks. .... .... .. ................. .. 245
Roof rack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Free text search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
T elephone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Freeze protection Coolant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Frequency band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150, 152
Front airbags Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
How they work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Frontal collisions and the laws of physics . . 190
309
co
co
.... N
" N .... 0
0
Vl c:o
Safety features for occupant restraint and protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
180
Safety instructions
for side curta in a irbags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
220
for using chi ld safety seats . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
For using safety belts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Monitoring the Advanced Airbag System . 211
Safety systems ( indicator light) . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Saving fuel
Recupera tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Scan (radio) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Screen
refer to Audi virtual cockpit (instrument
cluster) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20, 22
Screwdriver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
SD card reader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
sos
refer to Voice recognition system . . . . . . . 107
Search
refer to Free text search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Search area (point of interest) . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Searching for an entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Seat heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Seating capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Seating position
Driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
181
Front passenger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
H ow to adjust the front seats . . . . . . . . . . 182
Incorrect seat position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Occupants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Rear passengers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Seats
adj ust ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Correct seating position . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
181
Easy seat entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Folding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Number of seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Select ing a source
Multifunction steering wheel .........
22, 0
Selecting a source (media) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
163
Selection menu . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 98, 101, 102
Multifunction steering wheel . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Select ive whee l torque contro l . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Selector lever (automatic transmission)
Emergency operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69
Pos1t1on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Service and disposal
Safety belt pretensioner
Ind ex
196
Service interva l display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Settings
Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
124
Map ....... ... .. .. ... ....... .... ... 145
Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
T elephone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Setting the language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4
Shift paddles (automatic transmission) . . . .
66
Shuffle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Side airbags
Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
215
How they work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Side assist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Adjusting the brightness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Cleaning the sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Sensor range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
switching on and off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Side curtain airbags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Des cription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
How they work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Safety instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
SIM card reader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Snow cha ins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Socket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Software update
refer to System update (MMI) . . . . . . . . . . 177
Software (MMI)
License
179
Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Sources of information about child restraints
and their use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
239
Spare tire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Speed-dependent volume increase . . . . . . . 178
Speed limiter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Speedometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Speed warning system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Speller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Sport mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
START Engine STOP button . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Starting (engine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
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