2016 AUDI A5 COUPE ECO mode

.... N
0 I­co .... .... Airbag system .. .. .... ... .. .. .... . 129
Important information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
F ront a irbags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Mon itoring the Advanced Airbag System . 139
K nee airbags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Side airbags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Side curtai n airbags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 8
Ch ild safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Important information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Ch ild seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Secur ing c hild seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
L ATCH system ( Lowe r ancho rages and
te thers for chi ldren) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Addit ional information
168
Driver messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Intelligent Technology . . . . . . . . . . 169
N otice about data recorded by the Event
Data Recorde r and vehicle control
modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Elect ronic Stabilization Control (ESC) . . . . 170
Brak ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Elect ro-mechan ica l power ass ist, dynamic
steer ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Dr iving w ith your quat tro . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4
E ne rgy ma nagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 5
Driving and the environment ... . 177
B reaking in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Avoid damaging the vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . 177
D riving throug h water on roads . . . . . . . . 177
Cata lytic converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Shutting down vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Economical and environmentally-friendly
driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Trailer mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Driving w ith a trailer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Trai ler mode notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Operating instructions . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Care and cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Ge neral information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Ca r washes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Pl acing your ve hicle out of se rvice . . . . . . 185
Table of contents
Fuel and Refueling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
186
Fuel. ... .. .. .. .. .. .... . ..... ... .. .. 186
Refueling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Checking and Filling . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Hood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Engine compartment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Engine oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Cooling system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Brake fl uid .. .. .. .. .... ...... ... .. .. 199
Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
W indsh ield/headlight* washer conta iner. 204
Wheels ........ .. ................. 205
Whee ls and Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
T ire p ressure monito ring sys tem 222
Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Emergency assistance . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Vehicle too l ki t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Space -sav ing spare tir e ( compac t spare
t ire) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Replacing w heels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Fuses and bulbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Fuses ... .. .. .. .. .. .... . ..... ... .. .. 232
B ul bs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Emergency situations . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Genera l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Start ing by pushing or tow ing . . . . . . . . . . 236
Start ing with jumper cables . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Use of jumper cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
T ow ing with a tow t ruck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Raising the vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Technical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Technical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Vehicle iden tification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Weig hts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Di mens ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Capaci ties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 42
Gasoline engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Consumer informat ion ...... .. .. 244
War ranty coverages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Operating your vehicle outside the U.S.A.
or Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
3

.... N
0 I­co .... .... CD
@
®
©
®
®
(j)
Door handle
Power locking switch
Memory buttons (driver's seat) . .
Button for side assist
A ir outlets
Light switch
Control lever for:
- T urn signal and high beam
® Multifunction steering wheel with :
- Horn
- Driver's airbag ......... .. .. .
- Audio/video, telephone, naviga-
tion and voice recognition but­
tons
- Rocker switches for tiptron ic op-
eration .. ............... .. .
® IS ETI button ................. .
@ Instrument cluster .......... . .
@ Reset button for trip odometer
@ Sw itches for:
@
@
- Windshield wiper/washer
- Trip computer .............. .
Ignition lock . ... ..... ... .. .. .
Adjustable steer ing column
Contro l lever for:
- Cruise control .............. .
- adaptive cruise control
I nstrument lighting .......... .
Release lever for the engine hood
Data Link Connector for On Board
Diagnostics (OBD II) ..... ..... .
Switch for unlocking the trunk lid
Adjuster control for outside
mirrors ................ ..... .
Power window switches ..... .. .
Radio-Display
1> or MMI-Display
35
58
98
44
45
133
86
11
10
12
so
24
72
72
80
89
47
191
29
37
47 38
ll The image in t he d is pl ay wil l appear either in m ultiple c ol­
o rs or in a single colo r, depending on the vehicle e quip­
m ent. The mult i co lor im ag e will b e used in th is Owne r's
M an ua l bec ause both multi co lor and single co lo r v ersio ns
ar e al m ost identica l.
Cockpit
Depending on options:
- Radio system
- CD changer
Emergency flasher
G love compartment ( lockable) .. .
Front passenger's airbag ...... .
Depend ing on options, switches
for:
- drive select .. .............. .
- Electronic Stabilization Control .
- Rear window sun shade ...... .
@ Deluxe automatic climate control
@ Depending on options , se lector lev­
er or shift lever for:
@
@
- Manual transmission ........ .
- Automatic transmission
Ashtray with cigarette lighter Depend ing on options:
- MM I control console or
- drive select . ... ............ .
- Electronic Stabilization Control
46
61
133
102
170
49
68
82
82
59
102
button . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
- Power switch for rear window sun
shade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
@ I START ENGIN E STOP ! button . . . 75
@) Electromechanical parking brake 77
(D Tips
- Some of the equipment or features shown
in the general illustration may be standard
equipment on your veh icle or may be op­
tional equipment depending on your model.
Always ask your authorized Audi dealer if
you have a question about your vehicle.
- Operation of the Multi Media Interface
(MMI) is described in a separate manual.
9

Instrumen ts and ind icator ligh ts
the I SET! button, you de lete the warning thresh­
old.
Digital clock with date display and
Odometer
F ig . 5 Ins trum en t cluster: odo meter
Fig . 6 Instrument cluster: reset bu tton
Digi tal clock/GP S controll ed cl ock*
Depending on the vehicle equipment level, you
may choose between the quartz clock or the
GPS
controlled clock* l!j in the radio or in the MMI *.
You can learn more about this in the MMI manual
or in the rad io user 's manual.
Odometer /t ri p odomete r
The display of distance driven is shown in kilome ­
ters "km" or in miles "mi".
- USA mode ls - Miles
- Canada models - Kilometers
The units of measure (kilometers/miles) can be changed in the radio or MMI* . You can learn
mo re about this in the MMI manual or in the ra­
d io user's manual.
The odometer @ shows the total number of kilo ­
meters or miles that have been driven on the ve­
h icle .
12
The trip odometer @ shows the distance driven
since it was last reset.
It can be used to measure
short distances. The last digit shows distances of
100 meters or 1/10 of a mile .
The trip odometer can be reset to zero by press ­
ing the reset button
!O.O I ¢ fig. 6.
Malfunction message
If there is a malfunction somewhe re in the in­
strume nt cluster,
DEF w ill appear in the tr ipod­
ometer and w ill stay on. Contact yo ur authorized
Aud i dealer to have the prob lem corrected.
Immobilizer
When the ignition is switched on, the data on the
i gnition key are scan ned automat ica lly .
If an unauthor ized key was used,
SAFE is d is·
played permanently in the odomete r display
field . The vehicle cannot be operated
¢ page 32 .
{i) Tips
-When you switch off the ignition or open
the driver door, the time, date, odometer
and tempe rature are displayed for an addi­
tional
30 seconds.
- You can also call up the display with the
!SE T! button¢ page 11 while the ignition is
switched off .
Fuel gauge
The fuel gauge works only when the ignition is
on.
When the needle re aches the red area, the warn­
i ng l ight
li'J in the instrument cluster wi ll illumi­
nate ¢
page 20. Time to refuel!
The tota l tank capacity of your ve hicle is listed in
¢ page 242.
(D Note
Neve r run the tan k comp letely dry! An ir regu­
l a r supply of fuel can cause eng ine misfiring
and fuel could enter in to the exhaust system .
The cata lytic conver ter cou ld the n overheat
and be damaged.

.... N
0 I­co .... .... Indicator lights
Description
The indicator lights i n the inst rument cluste r
b link or t urn on. They ind icate func tions or ma l­
f u nctions ¢& .
Messages may appea r with some indica to r li ghts.
A wa rni ng sig nal w ill sound at the same time.
The messages disappear aga in after a short t ime.
To d isp lay a mess age ag ai n, p ress t he
ISE TI bu t­
ton ¢
page 11. If severa l ma lf u nctions occur,
each of the indicator/warning lamps will be dis­
p layed i n succession for abo ut two seconds at a
time.
Some ind icators ligh ts in the disp lay can turn o n
in several colo rs.
8_ WARNING
- Failure to heed warning lights and other im­
portant vehicle informat ion may result in
serious persona l injury or vehicle damage.
- Whenever sta lled or stopped for repair,
move th@ vehicle a safe distance off th@
road , stop the engine, and turn on t he
eme rgency flasher ¢
page 46.
-The engine compartment of any motor vehi ­
cle is a potentia lly hazardous a rea . Befo re
yo u check any thing in the engine compart­
m en t, stop the engi ne a nd let it cool dow n.
Alway s exe rcise ex treme c aution w hen work­
ing unde r the ho od ¢
page 191.
Overview
Some in dicator lights turn o n briefly to che ck the
f u nction o f that system when you swi tch the ig ni­
tion o n. These systems are marke d with a ./ in
the following tables . If one of these indicator
lights does not turn on, there is a malfunction in
that system.
Red indicator lights
--------------
US A models:
Brake system ./
¢page 15
Instruments and ind icator lights
Canada model s:
Br ake system ./
¢page 15
USA models:
Electromechanical parking brake
¢ page 16
Canada models:
El ectromec hanic al p arking b rake
¢ page 16
Safety be lts
¢ page 16
Electromechanical steering ./
¢page 174
Battery
¢page 16
Engine oi l pressu re
¢ page 17
En gine o il level
¢ page 17
En gine cooling sys tem
¢ page 17
Steering co lumn lock
¢ page 18
Ig nitio n lock
¢ page 18
USA models:
Speed warning system
¢page 79
Canada models:
Speed warning system
¢page 79
Ad ap tive cruise cont ro l./
¢ page 91
Yellow indicator lights
--------------
Elec tronic Stab ilizati on Contro l
(ESC) ./
¢page 18
El ec tronic Stab ilization Contro l
( ES C) ./
¢page 18
Electronic Stab ilization Contro l
(ESC)
¢ page 170
13

.... N
0 I-­co .... .... Adaptive cr uise control*
c:> page 91
Adaptive cr uise control*
c:> page 91
High beam
c:> page45
BRAKE /((J)) Brake system
The light illuminates when the ignition is switch­
ed on.
It goes out afte r the engine has been
started. T his indicates that the brake warn ing
light is f unct ion ing properly.
If the brake warning light does not light up
when the engine i s crank ing , there may be a
malfunction in the electrical system. In th is
case , contact your author ized Audi dealer .
If the b rake system warn ing/indicato r light turns
on, there is a b rake system malfunction.
1111 ( USA models )/. (Canada models) Stop
vehicle and check brake fluid level
I f the in dicator lig ht t urns on and t he message
appears, procee d as follows:
.,. Pull off the road .
.. Stop t he vehicle .
.,. Turn off the eng ine .
.,. Check the brake flu id leve l
c:> page 199.
.,. Con tact yo ur nearest au thor ized rep air f aci lity if
ne cessary.
Warning! Fault in brake system. Contact dealer
If the ABS indicato r light fJIE) (U SA mode ls)/ li]
(Canada models), the ESC indica tor light Wand
the brake sys tem ind icator light
1111 (USA mod­
e ls)/ . (C anada models) tur n on and the mes­
sage appears, t he A BS, ES C and bra king dis tribu­
tion are no t wo rking
c:> .&. .
Ca refully drive to your author ized Audi dealer im­
m ediately to have t he m alf unc tion cor rec ted
¢ .&, .
1111 (USA models )/. (Canada models ) Park­
ing brake system fault! See owner's manual
- If the indicator light and the message appear
when stationary or after switching the igni-
Instruments and ind icator lights
tion on , check if you can rele ase the parki ng
brake. After releasing the par king brake, care ­
fully dr ive to your author ized Audi dealer im­
mediately to have the malfunct ion corrected. If
you cannot re lease the park ing bra ke, seek pro­
fessiona l assistance.
- If the ind icator light and the message appear
while driving , the emergency brak ing funct ion
may not be available. It may not be poss ible to
set the pa rk ing brake or re lease it once it has
been set . See k profess ional assis tance.
( U SA mode ls) : If the warning light
1111 and the
warning light
EiJ appear togethe r, immediately
contact your author ized Audi dea ler or qualified
workshop to have all b rake pads inspec ted
c:> page20 .
When the light comes on, an audible warning sig­
nal is also g iven .
A WARNING
--Always observe the warn ings in
c:> pag e 191, befo re open ing the hood and
checking the bra ke fluid.
- Driving with low bra ke fluid is a safety haz­
ard . Stop the car an d get profess io nal assis­
t a nce .
- I f the
1111 (USA models)/ . (Canada mo d­
els) brake sys te m indic at or li ght tur ns on to­
ge the r with the A BS and ESC indic ator
lig hts , the A BS/ES C regu latin g fun ction m ay
h ave fa iled . Functions t hat s ta b ilize the ve ­
hicle are no longer availab le . T his co uld
cause t he ve hicle to swerve an d increase the
risk of s liding. Drive carefully to the nearest
author ized Audi dealer or ot her qualified
wo rkshop and have t he malfunc tion c orrect­
e d .
- If the b rake warning/indicator light does
not go ou t aft er a f ew seco nds and th e park­
ing b rake is r eleased, o r lights up wh ile you
a re drivi ng, the flui d level in the bra ke f lu id
rese rv o ir i s too lo w.
If yo u be lieve th at it is
saf e to do so, proceed immedia tely at lo w
speed to the ne ares t au thorized Au di de aler
or qualified workshop and have the bra ke
sys tem inspected .
15

.... N
0 I-­co .... .... ABS /(@) Anti-lock braking system (ABS)
This warning/i ndicator light monitors the ABS
and the electronic differential lock (EDL) .
The warning/indicator light fIE) (USA models)/
ti] (Canada models) wi ll come on for a few sec­
onds when the ig nition is switched on. The ligh t
w ill go out after an au tomatic check sequence is
comp leted.
There is a malfunction in the ABS when :
-The warning/indicator lig ht does not ill uminate
when you switch the ig nition on .
- The warning/indicator light does not go out af­
ter a few seconds.
- The warning/indicator lig ht ill uminates wh ile
driv ing .
The ESC indicator light a lso ill uminates if the re is
a ma lf u nction in the ABS. The message
Stabiliza­
tion control (ESC ): Fault! See owner's manual
als o appears in the inst rument cluste r display
and a warn ing tone sounds.
The brake system will still respond even with­
out the assistance of the ABS system. See your
authorized Audi dealer as soon as possible to re ­
store full braking performance.
For mo re infor­
mat io n regarding the ABS
c::> pag e 170.
M alfunction in the brake system
If the b rake warning light c::> page 15 and the ABS
warn ing illuminate
together there may be a ma l­
function in the ABS , and there may also be a ma l­
function in the b rake system itse lf
c::> .&. . The ABS
will not work and you will notice a change in braking respon se and performance.
In the event of a malfunction in the brake sys ­
tem
the warn ing/ indicator light 1111 (USA mod­
e ls)/ . (Canada models) in the instrument clus­
ter f lashes
r:::;, page 15 .
Malfunction in the electronic differential
lock (EDL)
The EDL works toget he r with the ABS . The ABS
war ning light w ill come on if there is a ma lf u nc­
tion in the ED L sys tem
c::> page 1 70 . See your au ­
t h oriz ed A udi de aler as soon as poss ib le .
Instruments and ind icator lights
A WARNING
- If the fIE) (USA mode ls)/ tl] (Canada mod­
els) warning light does not go out, or if it
comes on while dr iv ing, the A BS system is
not working prop erly. The veh icle can t hen
be s toppe d only wi th the s ta nd ard brake s
(wit hou t A BS). Y ou will no t have the pro te c­
t ion A BS provi des . Cont act your aut hor ized
Au di deale r as soon as possible.
- US A mode ls: I f th e 1111 warning light and
the
9 warn ing ligh t come on togethe r, the
rear w heels could lock up fi rst under hard
braking . Rear wheel lock- up can cause loss
of vehicle contro l and an acc ident. Have yo ur
veh icle repaired immediately by your au ­
thorized A udi dealer or qualified workshop .
Drive s low ly an d avoid sudd en, hard brak e
ap pli catio ns.
- Canada models : If the brake warn ing light
• and t he A BS warning ligh t
tlJ come on
toge ther, th e re a r wh ee ls cou ld loc k up first
un der hard b raking. Rea r whee l lo ck- up can
c a use l oss of ve hicle con trol and a n acci­
dent . Have your ve hicl e repaired immedia te­
ly by your a uthorized Audi dea ler or q uali­
fied workshop. D rive slowly and avoi d sud­
den, ha rd brake applications.
tli I !i: Safety systems
The fl (USA models)/ EI (Canada mode ls) indi­
cator lig ht monitors the safety systems (e.g. a ir ­
bags, pretens ione rs) and illum inates fo r a few
seco nds each time you swi tch the ignition on.
If the
II (USA models) tEI (Canada models) in­
dicator light does not go out, o r if it ill uminates
wh ile you a re dr iv ing, or if it sta rts to b link, t hen
t h ere is a malfunct io n somewhere in the system .
If the ligh t does not illum inate wh en yo u sw itc h
t h e igni tion o n, t his a lso means there is a mal­
funct ion.
A WARNING ~
If yo u have a ma lf u nct ion in the safe ty sys-
tems, contact your authorize d Au di d ealer im ­
mediately. Ot herwise the safety systems may
not wor k properly in an accident .
19

Driver information system
Trip computer
Introduction
The trip computer gives you information on cur­
rent and average fuel mileage , average speed ,
fu el range and driving time .
Fig. 9 Tri p computer display: Average fu el mile age
~ 9 a: CX) m
The fo llow ing information is contin uously evalu­
ated by the trip computer and can be displayed
sequent ia lly in the instrument cluster display:
Fuel range
The estima ted cruising range i n miles (km) ap­
pea rs in the disp lay . Th is tells you how far your
veh icle w ill be able to travel on the c urrent tank
of fuel and with the same driv ing style. The dis ­
p lay changes in increments of 5 miles (10 km).
T he cruising range is calcu lated based on the fuel
consumption for the last 18 m iles (30 km). If you
drive conse rvatively, the cru is ing range will in­
crease.
Average fuel mileage
T he avera ge f uel economy in M PG (l/ 100 k m)
since you last clea red the memory a ppears in this
d isp lay . You can use this display to adj ust your
driving technique to achieve a desired mileage .
Current fuel mileage
The instant aneous f ue l cons umption in miles per
ga llon (l/100 km) is shown in this display. Yo u
can use t his disp lay to adjust yo ur driving techni ­
que to ach ieve a desired mileage .
F ue l cons umption is recalcu lated at inte rv a ls of
33 y ards ( 30 meters) . T his d isp lay sw itches to
ga llons/ho ur ( liters/hour) when the vehicle is not
mov ing.
24
Average speed
The average s peed in mp h (km /h) s in ce you last
rese t the memory appears in t he d isplay .
Elapsed time
The length of time that yo u have been drivi ng
s ince you la st reset t he memory appears in this
display .
Distance
The distance that has been covered since the last
time the memory was cleared appears in the dis­ play .
0) Tips
-Fuel consumptio ns (ave rage and current),
range and speed are disp layed in metric
units on Canad ian mode ls .
- All stored values will be lost if the vehicle
bat tery is discon nect ed.
Memories
The trip computer is equipped with two fully au ­
tomatic memories as well as an efficiency pro­
gram* .
Fig. 10 Trip computer display: memory level 1
You can sw itch between the t rip computer 1 and
2 and the efficiency program* by pressing the
IRESET I button@c:>page 25, fig. 11.
You can te ll w hich memory leve l is cur rently a c-
tive by the number or the sig n in the display
¢fig. 10 . The data from the single-trip memory
(memory leve l 1) is being d isp layed if a
D ap-
pears in the display. If a
fJ is shown, then the da­
ta from the tota l-tr ip memory is being d isp layed .,..

..... N
0 1-CX)
..... I.Cl U"I
..... I.Cl ......
The following buttons are deactivated when the
va let parking function is sw itched on:
- l'-"' I button in the driver's door
- I""' I button on the master key
- Handle in the rear lid
When the valet parking feature is activated, the message
Valet parking activated appears in the
instrument cluster d isplay when you sw itch the
ignit ion on .
Garage door opener
(Homelink)
Description
Applies to vehicles: with ga rage door opener (Homelink)
Fig. 33 Garage door o pen er: examples of using with d iffer­
ent systems
You can activate var ious systems such as garage
doors, security systems and home light ing from
inside your vehicle using the garage door opener
(Homelink) . There are three buttons for this in
the vehicle headliner that can be in used in p lace
of up to three hand-held transmitters.
To operate systems using the garage door open­ er , the three buttons in the roof head liner must
be programmed first .
A WARNING
Make sure no people or objects are in the im­
mediate v icin ity of the equipment when using
or programming the garage door opener. Peo­
ple can be injured and objects can be dam­
aged if they are caught in the equipment.
Open ing and closing
(D Tips
-For security reasons, we recommend that
you clear the programmed buttons before selling the vehicle.
- For add itiona l information about Homelink
•
visit www.homelink.com.
- For Declaration of Compliance to United
States FCC and Industry Canada regulations
¢page 247.
Operation
Applies to vehicles: wit h garage door opener (Home link)
Fig. 34 H ead liner: control un it
Requirement: The buttons in the roof headliner
must be programmed
¢ page 41 or
¢ page 42 and the vehicle must be within
range of the system, such as the garage door
opener.
.,. Press the button to open the garage door. The
LED @ blinks or turns on .
.,. Press the button again to close the garage
door.
(D Tips
To open or close the garage door, press the button, but do not hold it for longer than
10 seconds or the garage door opener module
will switch to programming mode .
Programming the buttons (version A )
Applies to vehicles: with garage door opener (Home link)
You can program both fixed code and rolling code
systems using this procedure . ..,.
41