2015 GMC SIERRA 1500 charging

Black plate (11,1)GMC Sierra Owner Manual (GMNA Localizing-U.S/Canada/Mexico-
7299746) - 2015 - crc - 11/11/13
Infotainment System 7-11
Radio Reception
Frequency interference and static
can occur during normal radio
reception if items such as phone
chargers, vehicle convenience
accessories, and external electronic
devices are plugged into the
accessory power outlet. If there is
interference or static, unplug the
item from the accessory power
outlet.
FM
FM signals only reach about 16 to
65 km (10 to 40 mi). Although the
radio has a built-in electronic circuit
that automatically works to reduce
interference, some static can occur,
especially around tall buildings or
hills, causing the sound to fade in
and out.
AM
The range for most AM stations is
greater than for FM, especially at
night. The longer range can cause
station frequencies to interfere with
each other. Static can also occurwhen things like storms and power
lines interfere with radio reception.
When this happens, try reducing the
treble on the radio.
SiriusXM Satellite Radio
Service
SiriusXM Satellite Radio Service
provides digital radio reception. Tall
buildings or hills can interfere with
satellite radio signals, causing the
sound to fade in and out. In
addition, traveling or standing under
heavy foliage, bridges, garages,
or tunnels may cause loss of the
SiriusXM signal for a period of time.
Cell Phone Usage
Cell phone usage, such as making
or receiving phone calls, charging,
or just having the phone on may
cause static interference in the
radio. Unplug the phone or turn it off
if this happens.
Fixed Mast Antenna
The fixed mast antenna will go
through most car washes as long as
it is securely attached. If the
antenna becomes slightly bent,
straighten it out by hand. If it is
badly bent, replace it.
Occasionally check that the antenna
is tight at the base. If tightening is
required, protect the paint from
damage.
Multi-Band Antenna
The roof antenna is for OnStar®,
SiriusXM®Satellite Radio, and GPS
(Global Positioning System). Keep
clear of obstructions for clear
reception. If the vehicle has a
sunroof, and it is open, reception
can also be affected.

Black plate (19,1)GMC Sierra Owner Manual (GMNA Localizing-U.S/Canada/Mexico-
7299746) - 2015 - crc - 11/11/13
Infotainment System 7-19
.iPhone 3G, iPhone 3GS,
iPhone 4
There may be problems with
operation and function in the
following situations:
.When connecting a device with
a more recent version of the
firmware installed than is
supported by the infotainment
system.
.When connecting a device on
which firmware from other
providers is installed.
To connect and control a device:
1. Connect one end of the standard USB cable to the device's dock
connector.
2. Connect the other end to a USB port in the center console. See
Center Console Storage on
page 4-3.
3. Press the MEDIA button to select the source. The music information displays on
the radio’s display and begins
playing through the vehicle’s audio
system.
The device battery recharges
automatically while the vehicle is on.
When the vehicle is off while a
device is connected using the USB
cable, the device battery stops
charging and the device will
automatically turn off.
If the device is an unsupported
model, it can still be listened to in
the vehicle by connecting to the
auxiliary input jack using a standard
3.5 mm (1/8 in) stereo cable.
Menu
Press the MENU knob to display the
device Menu and the following may
display:
Browse :
Select to display the files
or songs on the device. See
“Browse Device Media” later in this
section. Tone Settings :
Select to adjust
Bass, Midrange, Treble, Balance,
Fade, and EQ (Equalizer). See
“Tone Settings” under“Playing an
Audio CD” inCD Player on
page 7-15.
Auto Volume : If equipped, see
“Playing an Audio CD” inCD Player
on page 7-15.
EQ (Equalizer): If equipped, this
feature adjusts the Equalizer
settings. See “EQ (Equalizer)” in
AM-FM Radio on page 7-8.
Browse Device Media
Use the following to browse:
Playlists:
1. Turn the MENU knob to highlight and press to view the playlists
stored on the device.
2. Turn the MENU knob to highlight and press to select a playlist
name to view a list of all songs
in the playlist.

Black plate (31,1)GMC Sierra Owner Manual (GMNA Localizing-U.S/Canada/Mexico-
7299746) - 2015 - crc - 11/11/13
Driving and Operating 9-31
When you are ready to drive, move
the shift lever out of P (Park) before
you release the parking brake.
If torque lock does occur, you may
need to have another vehicle push
yours a little uphill to take some of
the pressure from the parking pawl
in the transmission. You will then be
able to pull the shift lever out of
P (Park).
Shifting out of Park
This vehicle is equipped with an
electronic shift lock release system.
The shift lock release is
designed to:
.Prevent ignition key removal
unless the shift lever is in
P (Park).
.Prevent movement of the shift
lever out of P (Park), unless the
ignition is in ON/RUN and the
regular brake pedal is applied.The shift lock release is always
functional except in the case of an
uncharged or low voltage (less than
9 volt) battery.
If the vehicle has an uncharged
battery or a battery with low voltage,
try charging or jump starting the
battery. See
Jump Starting on
page 10-88.
To shift out of P (Park):
1. Apply the brake pedal.
2. Move the shift lever to the desired position.
If you still are unable to shift out of
P (Park):
1. Ease the pressure on the shift lever.
2. While holding down the brake pedal, press the shift lever all
the way into P (Park).
3. Move the shift lever to the desired position.
If you are still having a problem
shifting, then have the vehicle
serviced soon.
Parking over Things
That Burn
{Warning
Things that can burn could touch
hot exhaust parts under the
vehicle and ignite. Do not park
over papers, leaves, dry grass,
or other things that can burn.
Active Fuel Management®
Vehicles with a V8 or V6 gasoline
engine may have Active Fuel
Management. This system allows
the engine to operate on either all of
its cylinders, or in V4 mode,
depending on the driving conditions.
When less power is required, such
as cruising at a constant vehicle
speed, the system will operate in
the V4 mode, allowing the vehicle to
achieve better fuel economy. When
greater power demands are
required, such as accelerating from

Black plate (90,1)GMC Sierra Owner Manual (GMNA Localizing-U.S/Canada/Mexico-
7299746) - 2015 - crc - 11/11/13
9-90 Driving and Operating
Basic Trailer Wiring
All regular, double cab, and crew
cab pickups have a seven-wire
trailer towing harness.
For vehicles not equipped with
heavy-duty trailering, the harness is
secured to the vehicle's frame
behind the spare tire mount. The
harness requires the installation of a
trailer connector, which is available
through your dealer.
Heavy-Duty Trailer Wiring Harness
PackageFor vehicles equipped with
heavy-duty trailering, the harness
connector is mounted in the bumper.
The seven-wire harness contains
the following trailer circuits:
.Green/Violet: Left Stop/Turn
Signal
.Yellow/Gray: Right Stop/Turn
Signal
.Gray/Brown: Taillamps/Parking
Lamps
.White: Ground
.White/Green: Back-up Lamps
.Red/Green: Battery Feed
.Dark Blue: Trailer Brake
If charging a remote (non-vehicle)
battery, press the Tow/Haul Mode
button, if equipped, at the end of the
shift lever. This will boost the
vehicle system voltage and properly
charge the battery. If the trailer is
too light for Tow/Haul Mode, or the
vehicle is not equipped with Tow/ Haul, turn on the headlamps as a
second way to boost the vehicle
system and charge the battery.
Camper/Fifth-Wheel Trailer Wiring
Package
The seven-wire camper harness is
under the rear bumper, attached to
the frame near the rear
crossmember. A connector must be
added to the wiring harness that
connects to the camper.
The harness contains the following
camper/trailer circuits:
.Green/Violet: Left Stop/Turn
Signal
.Yellow/Gray: Right Stop/Turn
Signal
.Gray/Brown: Taillamps/Parking
Lamps
.White: Ground
.White/Green: Back-up Lamps
.Red/Green: Battery Feed
.Dark Blue: Trailer Brake

Black plate (2,1)GMC Sierra Owner Manual (GMNA Localizing-U.S/Canada/Mexico-
7299746) - 2015 - crc - 11/11/13
i-2 INDEX
AutomaticDimming Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
Door Locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Headlamp System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-33
Transmission Fluid . . . . . . . . . 10-14
Automatic Transmission
Manual Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-36
Shift Lock ControlFunction Check . . . . . . . . . . . 10-35
Auxiliary
Roof Mounted Lamp . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Auxiliary Jack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-21
Axle, Front . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-32
Axle, Rear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-33
B
Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-30 Jump Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-88
Load Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
Power Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-9
Voltage and ChargingMessages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-35
Blade Replacement, Wiper . . . 10-36
Blind Spot Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16 Bluetooth
Overview . . . . . . . . 7-29, 7-31, 7-35, 7-40, 7-44
Bluetooth Audio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-21
Brake
Pedal and AdjustableThrottle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-24
System Warning Light . . . . . . . . 5-24
Brakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-28
Antilock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-47
Assist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-49
Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-29
Parking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-48
System Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-36
Braking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
Break-In, New Vehicle . . . . . . . . . 9-23
Bulb Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-40 Center High-Mounted
Stoplamp (CHMSL) and
Cargo Lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-40
Fog Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5, 10-38
Halogen Bulbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-37
Headlamp Aiming . . . . . . . . . . . 10-37
Headlamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-37
Headlamps, Front Turn Signal, Sidemarker, and
Parking Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-38 Bulb Replacement (cont'd)
License Plate Lamps . . . . . . . 10-40
Taillamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-39
Taillamps, Turn Signal,
Stoplamps, and
Back-up Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . 10-39
Buying New Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-69
C
Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5
California Fuel Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . 9-65
Perchlorate MaterialsRequirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3
Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2
Canadian Vehicle Owners . . . . . . . . iii
Capacities and
Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2
Carbon Monoxide Engine Exhaust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-32
Tailgate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
Winter Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-12
Card Reader SD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-20
Cargo
Tie-Downs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4

Black plate (3,1)GMC Sierra Owner Manual (GMNA Localizing-U.S/Canada/Mexico-
7299746) - 2015 - crc - 11/11/13
INDEX i-3
Cargo Lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Cautions, Danger, andWarnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
CD Player . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-15
Center Console Storage . . . . . . . . 4-3
Center High-Mounted Stoplamp (CHMSL) and
Cargo Lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-40
Center Seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Chains, Tire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-74
Charging System Light . . . . . . . . 5-21
Check Engine Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-22
IgnitionTransmission Lock . . . . . . . . 10-35
Child Restraints
Infants and YoungChildren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-39
Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children . . . . . . . . . 3-45
Older Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-37
Securing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-58, 3-67
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-42
Cleaning Exterior Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-98
Interior Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-103 Climate Control Systems . . . 8-1, 8-3
Air Conditioning . . . . . . . . . . 8-1, 8-3
Dual Automatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5
Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1, 8-3
Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5
Cluster, Instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10
Collision Damage Repair . . . . . . 13-9
Compartments Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
Compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5 Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-36
Connections OnStar
®. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-4
Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-52 Traction and ElectronicStability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-50
Control Light Hill Descent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-26
Control of a Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
Convex Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13
Coolant Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-20
Engine TemperatureGauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-16
Cooling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-19
Engine Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-37 Courtesy Transportation
Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-7
Cruise Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-53 Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-29
Cupholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Customer Assistance . . . . . . . . . . 13-4 Offices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-3
Text Telephone (TTY)
Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-4
Customer Information Service Publications
Ordering Information . . . . . . .13-11
Customer Satisfaction Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1
D
Damage Repair, Collision . . . . . . 13-9
Danger, Warnings, andCautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Data Recorders, Event . . . . . . . 13-14
Daytime Running Lamps (DRL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
Defensive Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
Delayed Locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Distracted Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2
Dome Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7

Black plate (7,1)GMC Sierra Owner Manual (GMNA Localizing-U.S/Canada/Mexico-
7299746) - 2015 - crc - 11/11/13
INDEX i-7
L
Labeling, Tire Sidewall . . . . . . . . 10-53
LampsAuxiliary RoofMounted Lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Cargo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Daytime Running (DRL) . . . . . . . 6-3
Dome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7
Exterior Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1
Exterior Lamps Off Reminder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
License Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-40
Malfunction Indicator . . . . . . . . . 5-22
Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-39
On Reminder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-29
Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7
Taillamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-39
Lane Departure Warning (LDW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-62
Lane Departure Warning
Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-26
Lap Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-19
Lap-Shoulder Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14
LATCH System Replacing Parts after a
Crash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-57 LATCH, Lower Anchors and
Tethers for Children . . . . . . . . . . 3-45
LED Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-37
Light Hill Decent Control . . . . . . . . . . . 5-26
Lighting Entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
Exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
Illumination Control . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
LED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-37
Lights
Airbag On-Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-18
Airbag Readiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-18
Antilock Brake System(ABS) Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-25
Brake System Warning . . . . . . . 5-24
Charging System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-21
Cruise Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-29
Flash-to-Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
Four-Wheel-Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-25
Front Fog Lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-29
High-Beam On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-29
High/Low Beam Changer . . . . . . 6-2
Lane Departure Warning . . . . . . 5-26
Low Fuel Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-28
Safety Belt Reminders . . . . . . . . 5-17 Lights (cont'd)
Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-28
StabiliTrak®OFF . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-27
Tire Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-28
Tow/Haul Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-26
Traction Control System
(TCS)/StabiliTrak
®. . . . . . . . . . 5-27
Traction Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-26
Locking Rear Axle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-52
Locks
Automatic Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Delayed Locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
Lockout Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
Power Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
Loss of Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5
Low Fuel Warning Light . . . . . . . . 5-28
Low-Profile Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-52
Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children (LATCH
System) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-45
Lumbar Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Front Seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4

Black plate (8,1)GMC Sierra Owner Manual (GMNA Localizing-U.S/Canada/Mexico-
7299746) - 2015 - crc - 11/11/13
i-8 INDEX
M
MaintenanceRecords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11-16
Maintenance and Care Additional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-9
Maintenance Schedule . . . . . . . . 11-3 Recommended Fluids
and Lubricants . . . . . . . . . . . . .11-12
Transfer Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-38
Malfunction Indicator Lamp . . . . 5-22
Manual Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13
Manual Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-36
Manual Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18
Memory Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10
Memory Seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
Messages Airbag System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-41
Battery Voltage andCharging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-35
Brake System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-36
Compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-36
Door Ajar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-36
Engine Cooling System . . . . . . . 5-37
Engine Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-37
Engine Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-38
Fuel System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-38 Messages (cont'd)
Key and Lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-39
Lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-39
Object Detection System . . . . . 5-39
Ride Control System . . . . . . . . . . 5-40
Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-41
Steering System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-41
Tire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-42
Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-42
Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-35
Vehicle Reminder . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-44
Vehicle Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-45
Washer Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-45
Mirrors
Automatic Dimming . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
Automatic DimmingRearview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18
Blind Spot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
Convex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13
Folding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15
Heated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13
Manual Rearview . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17
Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14
Tilt in Reverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17
Trailer Tow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13
Mirrors, Interior Rearview . . . . . . 2-17 Monitor System, Tire
Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-61
Multi-band Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-11
N
Navigation OnStar®. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-3
New Vehicle Break-In . . . . . . . . . . 9-23
Noise Control System . . . . . . . . 10-34
O
Object Detection System Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-39
Odometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13 Trip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13
Off-Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6
Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6
Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5
Oil Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-10
Engine Oil Life System . . . . . 10-13
Engine Oil Pressure
Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15
Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-37
Older Children, Restraints . . . . . 3-37
Online Owner Center . . . . . . . . . . 13-4