192 Child Safe ty
be suppressed causing ser ious or even
fatal injury to the child .
- If you must install a rearward facing
child safety seat on the front passenger
seat because of exceptional circumstan
ces and the
P ASS ENGER AIR BA G OFF
light does not come on and stay on, im
med iately install the rear-facing child
safety seat in a rear seating position and
have the a irbag system inspected by your
Audi dealer.
Installing the upper tether strap on the
anchorage
Fig. 187 Tet her st rap : proper ro uting a nd mountin g
Inst all ing th e teth er strap
.. Release or deploy the tether strap on the
child restra int according to the child re
stra int manufac turer's instructions .
.. Gu ide the upper tether strap
un de r the rea r
head restraint ~
fig. 187 (raise the head re
straint if necessary).
.. Center s eating posi tion* : Guid e the upper
tether strap over the rear head restraint.
.. Tilt the recess flap up to expo se the anchor
br acke t.
.. Attach the tether strap anchorage hook into
the opening of the tether anchorage .
.. Pull on the tether strap hook so that the
spring catch of the hoo k engages.
.. Tighten the tether strap firmly fo llowi ng the
child restra int manufacturer's instructions.
Re leasing the tethe r strap
.. Loosen the tension following the child re
stra int manufacturer 's instructions.
.. Depress the spring catc h on the hook and re
lease it from the anchorage.
(D Note
If you leave the child restraint with the
tether strap firm ly installed for several
days, this could leave a mark on the up
holstery on the seat cushion and backrest
in the area where the tether strap was in
stalled . The upholstery would also be per
manently stretched around the tether
strap . This applies espec ia lly to leather
seats.
Using tether straps on rearward-facing
child restraints
Cur rently, few rear-facing chi ld restraint sy s
tems come with a tether . Plea se read and
heed the ch ild restraint sys tem m anuf act ur
er's instructions carefully to determine how to
properly install the tether.
.&_ WARNING
= -
A child in a rearward-fac ing ch ild safety
seat installed on the front passenger sea t
will be serio usly injured and ca n be killed if
the front airbag in flates -even with an Ad
vanced Airbag System.
- The inflating airbag will hit the c hild
safety seat or infant carrie r with great
force and will smash the child safety seat
and child aga inst the backrest, center
armrest, or door.
- A tight tether or other strap on a rear
ward-facing child restraint attached to
the front passenger seat can put too
much pressure on the weight-mat in the
seat and register a heavier weight in the
Advanced Airbag System . The heavier
weight registered can make the system
work as tho ugh an adult we re on the seat
and deploy the Advanced Airbag when it
m ust be suppressed causing ser ious or
even fata l injury to the chi ld .
- If you must insta ll a rearward facing
child safety seat on the front passenger
seat because of exceptiona l circumstan
ces and the
PA SSENGER AIR BAG OF F
,....,
N ,....,
N
0 J:
'SI: ,...., \!) ..,.,
,...., ..,., ,....,
(D Note
The sensors can be displaced by impacts or damage to the bumper , whee l housing and
underbody. This can affect the function of
the Audi pre sense system. Have your au
thor ized Audi dealer check to make sure
that the system is working properly .
(D Tips
-Certain Audi pre sense functions are not
available when ASR is sw itched off (sport
mode) or when driving in reverse .
- The Audi pre sense functions may not be
ava ilable if there is a malfunction in the
ESC system or the airbag control mod
u le.
- The Audi pre sense front/plus functions
are not available if there is a ma lfunction
i n the adapt ive cru ise control* system
¢ page 99.
- The Audi pre sense rear/plus functions
are not available if there is a ma lfunction
i n the Audi side assist* system
¢ page 99 .
Audi pr e sense 195
•
•
196 Intelligent technology
Intelligent technology
Notice about data
recorded by the Event
Data Recorder and
vehicle control modules
E ve nt Data Recorder
This vehicle is equipped with an Event Data
Recorder (EDR) . The main purpose of an EDR
is to record, in certain crash or near crash-like
situations, such as an airbag deployment or hitting a road obstacle, data that will assist in
understand ing how a veh icle's systems per
formed. The EDR is designed to record data
re lated to vehicle dynamics and safety sys
tems for a short period of time, typically
30 seconds or less. The EDR in this vehicle is
designed to record such data as:
- How various systems in you r vehicle were
operating;
- Whether or not the d river and passenger
safety belts were buckled/fastened;
- How far (if at all) the driver was dep ress ing
the accelerator and/or brake pedal; and,
- How fast the vehicle was traveling.
These data can help provide a better under
stand ing of the cir cumstances in which crash
es and injuries occur . NOTE : EDR data are re
corded by your vehicle only if a non-trivial
crash situation occurs; no data are recorded by
the EDR under normal driving conditions and
no personal data (e.g., name, gender, age,
and crash location) are recorded. However,
other parties, such as law enforcement, cou ld
comb ine the EDR data with the type of per
sonally identifying data routinely acquired
during a crash investigation.
To read data recorded by an EDR, special
equipment is required, and access to the vehi
cle or the EDR is needed. In addition to the ve hicle manufacturer, other parties, such as law
enforcement, that have the special equip
ment, can read the information if they have
access to the vehicle or the EDR. Some state
laws restrict the retrieval or down
loading of data stored by ED Rs installed in a
vehicle for the express purpose of retrieving
data after an accident or crash event without
the owner's consent .
Audi will not access the EDR and/or simi lar
data or g ive it to others -
- un less the vehicle owner (or lessee if the ve
hicle has been leased) agrees; or
- upon the official request by the police; or
- upon the ord er of a court of law or a govern-
ment agency; or
- for the defense of a lawsuit through the ju
dicia l discovery p rocess.
- Aud i may also use the data for research
about vehicle operat ion and safety perform
ance or provide the data to a third party for
research purposes without identifying the
specif ic vehicle or information about the
identity of its owner or lessee and only after
the recorded vehicle data has been ac
cessed.
Vehicle control modules
You r vehicle is also equ ipped with a number of
electron ic control modules for various vehicle
systems, such as engine management, emis
sion control, airbags, and safety belts.
T hese electronic control mod ules record data
during norma l vehicle operation that may be
needed by trained technicians for diagnostic
and repair purposes. The recording capability
of these modu les is limited to data (no sound
is recorded). Only a small amount of data is
actually recorded over a very lim ited period of
t ime, or stored when a system fault is detect
ed by a contro l modu le. Some of the data
stored may relate to vehicle speed, direction,
o r braking, as well as restraint system use and
performance in the event of a crash. Stored
data can also only be read and downloaded
with special equipment that is directly con-
nected to the vehicle. .,..
24 0 Ch eck ing and filling
Always check wi th your a uthorized Audi
dealer to make s ure you are using the
correct brake flu id. The correct type of
brake fluid is also indicated on the
brake fluid reservoir.
- The brake fluid must be new. Heavy use
of the brakes can cause a vapor lock if
the brake fluid is left in the system too
long. This can ser ious ly affect the effi
ciency of the b ra kes as well as yo ur
safety. This could result in an acc ident.
(D Note
Brake flu id will damage the paint of your
veh icle.
@ For the sake of the environment
Because of the problem of proper d isposa l
of brake flu id as wel l as the special tools
requ ired and the necessary expert ise, we
recommend that you have the b rake fluid
changed by your author ized Audi dealer.
Battery
General information
Under
normal operating conditions, the bat
tery in your Audi does not need any mainte
n ance . With
high outside temperatures or
l ong daily dr ives we recommend that you have
the elec trolyte level checked by a service fa
cili ty. The e lec trolyte level sho uld a lso be
checked each time the battery is charged
¢ page 242.
Have the b attery checked when you ta ke yo ur
ve hicl e in for service. Yo u are well adv ise d to
replace a battery that is older than S years .
W ith certa in types of airbag deployment, the
battery is d isconnected from the vehicle ele c
tr ica l system for sa fety reasons¢
& in Re
pair, care and disposal of the airbags on
page 165.
Disconnecting the battery terminals
Some veh icle func tions (power w indow regu
l ato rs, for example) a re los t if the b attery ter- mina
ls are disconnected. These functions have
to be relearned after the battery termina ls are
connected aga in. To prevent th is, the battery
sho uld only be disconnected from the ve hicle
electrical system when abso lutely necessary
for repairs.
Vehicle s not driven for long peri ods
If you do not d rive your vehicle over a period
of several days or weeks, e lectr ica l compo
nents are gradually cut back or sw itched off.
This reduces energy consumption and ma in
ta ins start ing capability over a longer period
¢
page 202. Some of the convenience func
t ions may not ope rate, such as the inter ior
li gh ts or the power seat adjus tment. The con
venience func tions will be ava ilable ag ain
when you switch on the ignition and start the
engine .
Winter operation D uring the winte r months, battery capac ity
tends to de crease as temperatures drop. This
is beca use more power is also consumed wh ile
sta rting, and the headlights, rear window de
fogger, etc ., are used more often .
Avoid unnecessary power consumpt ion, p ar
t icu lar ly in city traffic or whe n traveling only
short distances. Let yo ur au thorized Aud i
dealer check the capacity of the vehicle bat
tery before winter sets in ¢
page 242. A well
charged battery will not on ly prevent starting
problems when the weather is cold, but will
also last longer.
(!) Tips
If your vehicle is left standing for several
weeks at extremely low temperatures, the
vehicle battery sho uld be removed and
stored where it w ill not freeze. This will
prevent it from be ing damaged and having
to be repla ced.
300 Index
Front airbags
Description .... . ...... ... .. .. .... .
155
Howtheywork . ... .... ... .. .. .... . 160
Fr onta l co llisions and the laws of physics 144
Front passenger seat adjustment ... .. .. 64
Front seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Adjusting . .... . ...... ... .. .. .... . 135
Child restraints in the front seat ..... . 153
Fue l
Additives .... .. .. ..... ... .. .. .... .
220
Blended gasoline . ..... ... .. .. .... . 220
Current consumptio n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Economy messages (efficiency program) 26
Fuel filler flap emergency release .... . 224
Fuel filler neck ........... .. .. .. .. . 222
Fuel gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Gasoline ..................... ... . 220
Gasoline additives . ........... .. .. . 221
Low fue l level symbo l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Octane rating .......... .. .. .. .. .. . 220
Recommendation . ..... ... .. .. .... . 220
Refue lling . .... .. ..... ... .. .. .... . 223
Reserve .... ... .. ..... ... .. .. .... .. 11
Tank capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,288
Fu ses
Assignment . .. .. ..... ... .. .. .... .
276
Rep lacing . .. .. .. ..... ... .. .. .... . 276
G
Garage door opener (Homel in k) .. .. .. . 131
Garment hooks ................. ..... 75
Gas discharge lamps ... ... .. .. .. .. .. . 280
Gauges
Eng ine coolan t temperature .. .. .. ....
10
Fue l gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Speedometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Tachometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Trip odometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
General illustration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Generator ..................... .....
16
Glossary of t ire and loading termino logy 246
Glove compartment (cooled) ........... 75
Glow plug system
Indicator light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) .. . 287
H
Head -up Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Head lights
Cleaning .. .. .. .. .. ........ ...... .
215
Cleaning system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
De fec tive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Head light range control . . . . . . . . . 22 , 46
High beam assist .... .. ..... ... .. .. . 49
Washer reservoir ... ... ..... ... .. .. 244
Head restrai nts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65, 13 7
Adjusting . .. .. .. ............. .. .. 13 7
Heated exter ior mirro rs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
rear w indow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
sea ts . .. .. .. .. .. .. ............. .. . 80
windshield washer sp ray no zzles . . . . . . 53
Heating ...... .. .. .. ... ....... ... .. . 78
Heavy clothing and safety be lts . ... .. .. 146
Hig h beam .. .... .. ............. ..... 48
Hig h voltage warning label ........... 287
Hill descent contro l .. .... .... ... .. .. 117
Homelink universal remote control .... 131
Hood (re lease lever) . .... ..... ... .. .. 228
Hor n ............................... 8
How are child restraint system anchors re-
lated to chi ld safety .......... .......
187
How many airbags does my vehicle have? 158
How often should I che ck my tire pres-
s ur es? . .. .. .. .. .. ............... ..
2 52
How safety belt pretens ioners work .. .. 149
Hydrop laning ..... ... .. ..... ... .. .. 256
I
Ig nition
Indica tor lights .. .. .... .... ... .. .. .
17
Switching on/off .... .. ..... .... . .. . 83
Immobilize r .. .. .. ............. .. .. . 26
Important t hings to do before driving .. 133
Improperly worn safety belts . . . . . . . . . . 149
Ind icator lights
Dynam ic steer ing ................. .
201
also refer to Warning/indicator lights . . 11
Infant seats .... .. ............. .... 180
Installing child safety seats
Safety be lts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
184
302 Index
Massage function Fr ont seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Rear seats . .... .......... ........ .. 61
Reclining rear seat ........ .. .. ...... 64
Matte finish paint cleaning .. .. .. .... . 214
Mechanical key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Mirrors Ad justing the exterior mirrors ... .... .. 55
Compass ... ............. .. .. .. ... . 56
dimming . .. .. . .......... .. .. .... .. 56
Vanity mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51, 52
Monitoring the Advanced Airbag System 161
Mu ltifunction stee ring wheel ..... .. .. .. 24
N
Natural leather
C leaning ....... ...... ... .. .. .. .. . 217
New tires and wheels ....... .. .. .... . 256
NHTSA Contacting .... .......... .. .. .... . 141
Night vision ass istant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1
Cleaning camera lenses ...... .. .. .. . 215
Ni trogen oxide (NOx) cata lytic converter
refer to Ad Blue .. ......... .. .. .. .. . 225
Number of seats ......... .. .. .. .... . 143
0
Occupant seating positions .. .. .. .. .. . 134
Octane rating ................ ... .. . 220
Odometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
OFF (automati c climate control) . . . . . . . . 79
O il
refer to Engine oil .. ... ... .. .. .. .. . 231
On-board computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
On-Board Diagnostic System (OBD)
Data Link Connector (DLC) .... .. .... .. 29
E le ctr onic spee d limiter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
M alfunct ion Indica tor Lamp (MIL) . . . . . 29
Open door/hood/rear lid warning . . . . . . . 29
Opening Hood .. .. ............... ........ . 228
Luggage compartment lid . . . . . . . . 38, 40
Panoramic sunroof .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 44
Power windows ........... ... .. .... 41
Sliding/tilting sunroof ... .. .. .. .... .. 43
Sun shades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 52 Operate
your vehicle economically and
minimize poll ution ... ........... .. .. 207
Other equipm ent (efficiency program) 26
Outs ide mirrors
refer to Exterior mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
p
Paint damage . .. .. ... .......... .. .. 216
Paint No ........ .. ............. .... 287
Panoramic sunroof ................. .. 44
Sun shade ..... .. ..... ......... ... . 45
Parking .... .... .. ............. .... . 86
Valet parking .... ............. .... . 42
Parking brake ... .. ... .......... .. .. . 85
also refer to Electromechanical parking
brake ... .. .... .. ... .. ........ .. .. . 85
Parking system
Adjus ting the display/warning tone ... 130
Cleaning sensors/came ra lenses .. .. .. 215
Cleaning the rear v iew camera ... .. .. 121
Malfunction ..... .. ........... .. .. 130
Peripheral cameras ............ .... 124
Trail er hitch . .. .. ... .......... .. .. 130
Parking systems ... ............. .... 120
Particle filter
refer to Diesel particulate filter ...... . 21
Parts replacement . ............. .... 292
Pass-through with ski s ack ........ .... . 71
PASSENGER AIR BAG OFF light ........ 162
Passenger protection .. .......... .. .. 194
Passive safety system ............ .... 133
Pedals . .... .... .. ............. .... 138
Pedestrian detection .. .......... .. .. 111
Physical principles of a frontal collision 144
Plastic parts
Cleaning .. .... .. ............. .... 216
Polishing ..... .. .. .. ........... .... 216
Pollen filter
refer to Pollutant filter (automatic A/C
system) . .. .. .. .. ............. .. ... 78
Pollutant filter (automat ic A/C system) .. 78
Power locking system ............ .. .. . 33
Locking/unlocking the vehicle from i n-
side .......... .. .. ........... .. .. . 36
Luggage compartment lid ....... .... . 37
Selective unlock feature . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
306 Index
New tires and wheels . ... .. .. .. .... . 256
Rep lacing . .... . ...... ... .. .. .... . 257
Snow chains . .. ... .... ... .. .. .... . 261
Tires and vehicle load lim its .. .. ..... 253
Wheel bolts .. ............. .. .... . 262
W inter t ires .............. ... .. ... 260
Tire service life .. .. ..... ... .. .. .... . 255
Tools . .. .. ... ............ .. .. .. .. . 267
Torn or frayed safety belts . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Towing Tow tr uck procedures . ... .. .. .... .. . 283
TPMS Tire pressure monitor ing system 263, 264
Trailer towing ................. .... . 210
Operating instructions .............. 210
Park ing system ..... ...... .. .. .. .. . 130
Technical requirements ........ 210,211
Trailer towing tips .......... .. .... . 212
Train (transporting your veh icle) .. ..... 285
Transm iss ion .... . ...... ... .. .. .... . 114
Transm iss io n malfunct ion (ind icator
light) . .. .. .. ..... ........... ... .. . 118
Transport Canada .......... .. .. .... . 141
Transport ing you r vehi cle . ... .. .. .... . 285
Tread Wear Indicato r (TWI) ....... .... 255
Trip odometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
What does it mean when DEF appears in
the trip odometer d isplay? ... .. .. .. . . 26
Trunk
refer to L uggage compartme nt lid ... . . 37
T runk escape hand le . .... .... ... .. .. . 266
Turn signa ls .. .. . .......... .. .. .... .. 48
War ning/ indicator lights ....... .. .. .. 23
u
ULSD No . 2 (Diese l fuel) ..... .. .. .. .. . 221
Unfasten ing safe ty belts ............. 14 8
Un id irect iona l tires . ...... .. .. .. .. .. . 245
Uniform ti re quality grading ... .... .. . 259
Un lock ing
L uggage compartmen t lid ...... .. .. .. 37
P ower locking sw itch ................ 36
Remote contro l ..... ... .. .. .. .... .. 35
Using the key .. ..... ... .. .. .. .... .. 36
V
Valet parking .... .. ... .. ..... ... .. .. . 42
Vanity mir ro rs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51, 52
Vehicle ca re/clean ing ..................... 214
Vehicle control modules ........ .. .. .. 196
Vehicle electr ical system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Vehicle identification label ..... ... .. .. 287
Vehicle Ident ifi cat io n Numbe r (V IN ) .. .. 28 7
Vehicle jack . .... .......... 267,272,273
Vehicle lite ratu re .. .. ... ..... ... .. .. .. 5
Vehicle shutt-down .................. 207
Vehicle transport ................... 285
Ventila tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Vinyl Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
w
Warning/ind icat or lights ........... .. . 11
Airbag system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Anti- lock b rak ing system (ABS) . .. .. .. . 19
B rake system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
El ectromechani cal pa rking brake . .... . 15
El ectronic power con trol . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
El ectronic Stabilization Con tro l (ESC) . .. 18
Generator ..... .. .. ... ..... ... .. .. . 16
G low p lug system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Instrument cluster ............. .. .. . 10
Malfunction Indicator Lamp (MIL) .. .. . 20
Safety be lt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
T urn signals . .. ............ ........ 23
Warning/Indicator lights
Airbag system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161, 162
PASSENGER AIR BAG OFF ........... 162
Wa rranty coverages . .. .. ..... .... . .. 290
Washe r reservo ir .. ................ . 244
Wear indicato r .... .. ... ..... ... .. .. 255
Weights .. .. .... .. ............. .... 28 7
What happens if you wear your safety belt
too loose? ...... ....... ........... . 147
What happens to unbe lted occupants? . . 144
What impa irs d riving safety? .......... 134
Wha t should I do after changing a
whee l? ........ .... .... ........... . 252
What shou ld I do after replacing whee ls? 252
,....,
N ,....,
N
0 J:
'SI: ,...., \!) 1.1'1 ,...., 1.1'1 ,....,
Wheel bolts
Torq ue ... .. .. .. .. .. .... ... .. .. ...
262
W heels ... .. ................. .. ... 2 4 5
Chec king tire pressu re ..... .. .. .. .. . 25 1
Cleaning . .. .. ........... .. .. .. ... 215
Cold ti re inflat ion pressu re ... .. .. .. . 249
General notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Glossary of tir e and loading termino lo-
gy .. .. .. .. ................. .. .. .
246
New tires and wheels ...... .. .. .. .. . 256
Tires and vehicle load limits .. .. ... .. 253
When must a safety belt be rep laced? .. 146
W hen must the airbag syste m be inspect-
ed? ... .. .. .. .... ............. .. .. .
16 1
When shou ld I adjust the tire pressures? 252
When shou ld I check the tire pressures? . 25 2
Where are lower anchorages located? .. . 188
Where can I find the tire pressures for my
car? .. .... .. .. ............. .. .. ...
251
W hy safety be lts? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143, 1 44
W ild a nimal detection .......... ... .. 11 1
Windows
C leaning/remov ing ice ..... .. .. .. .. .
216
defrosting .. ............. .... .. .... 80
W indshield
C leaning ... .. .... .... ... .. .. .. ....
53
defrosting .. ............. .... .. .. .. 80
W indshield washe r system .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 3
Washer fluid leve l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2
Washer rese rvoir . ..... ... .. .. .. .. . 244
W indshield w ipe rs
C lea ning . .. ............. .... .. .. ..
54
Fo lding up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Indicator ligh t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Replacing w indshield wiper blades ... .. 54
Sw itching on/off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
W inte r operation
Ba ttery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
240
Ca r washes . ............. .... .. .. . 2 14
Cooling system . ... .... ... .. .. .. ... 236
Defrosting windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Removing ice from windows . ... .. .. . 216
Seat heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Steer ing whee l heating .... .. .. .. .. .. 81
T ires .. .. .. .. ........ ... .. ... ... . 202
Winter ti res . ... .... .... ... .. .. .. ... 260
All-whee l drive . ... .... ... .. .. .. ... 260
Inde x 307
X •
Xenon-Lights . ........ .. .. ..... ... .. 2 80 •
Xenon plus headl ights ... .. ... ..... .. . 46