Loosening and tightening the wheel
bolt s
The wheel bolts must be loosened before rais
ing the vehicle.
Fig . 220 Changing a wheel: loosening the whee l bo lts
Loosening
.. Install the wheel bolt wrench over the
wheel bolt and push it down as far as it will
go .
.. Take tight hold of the
end of the wrench
handle and turn the wheel bolts
counter
clockwise
about one single turn in the direc
t ion of arrow c::>
fig. 220.
Tightening
.. Install the wheel bolt wrench over the
wheel bolt and push it down as far as it will go.
.. Take tight hold of the
end of the wrench
handle and turn each wheel bolt
clockwise
until it is seated .
.&, WARNING
-Do not use force or hurry when changing
a whee l -you can cause the vehicle to slip
off the jack* and cause serious personal
injuries.
- Do not loosen the wheel bolts more than
one turn
before you raise the veh icle with
the jack*. -You risk an injury .
(D Tips
If a wheel bolt is very tight, you may find it
easier to loosen by carefully pushing down
on the end of the whee l bolt wrench with
one foot only . As you do so, hold on to the
What do I do now? 275
car to keep your ba lance and take care not
to slip.
Raising the vehicle
The vehicle must be lifted with the jock* first
before the wheel con be removed.
Fig . 221 Sill panels : marking s
Fig. 222 Sill: positio ning the jack
.,. Engage the parking brake to prevent your
vehicle from rolling unintentionally
.. Move the
selector lever to position P .
.. Find the marking (imprint) on the s ill that is
nearest the whee l that will be changed
c::>fig . 221. Behind the marking, there is a
lifting point on the sill for the jack*.
.. Turn the
jack* located under the lifting
point on the sill to raise the jack until its
arm @c::>
fig. 222 is located under the des
ignated p lastic mount c::>
& c::>0.
.,. Align the jack* so that its arm@
c::> fig. 222
engages in the designated lifting point in
the door s ill and the movable base® lies
flat on the ground. The base@ must be
ver
tical
under the lifting point@.
.. Wind the jack* up further until the flat tire
comes off the ground
c::> & .
Position the jack* only under the designated
lifting points on the s ill
c::>fig. 221. There is ll-
276 What do I do n ow ?
exact ly one location for each whee l. The jack*
must not be positioned at any other location
c::> &. c::> CD .
An un sta bl e s urfa ce under the jac k* can cause
the vehicle to slip off the jack* . Always provide
a firm base for the jack* on the ground. If nec
essary place a sturdy board or similar support
under the jack*. On
h ard , s lippe ry surfa ces
(such as tiles) use a rubber mat or sim ilar to
prevent the jack* from slipping
c::> &. .
_&. WARNING
-You or your passengers could be injured
wh ile chang ing a wheel if you do not fol
low these safety precautions:
- Position the jack * only at the designat
ed lifting points and align the jack *.
Otherwise, the jack* could slip and
cause an injury if it does not have suff i
cient hold on the vehicle.
- A soft or unstab le surface under the
jack* may cause the vehicle to slip off the jack*. Always provide a firm base
fo r the jack* on the ground . If necessa
r y, use a st urdy board under the jack*.
- On hard, slippery surface (such as tiles)
use a rubbe r mat o r similar to prevent
the jack* from slipping.
- To help p revent injury to yourself and
yo ur passenge rs:
- Do not raise the vehicle u ntil you are
sure the jack* is securely engaqed.
- Passengers must not remain in the ve
h icle when it is jac ked up .
- Make sure that passengers wait in a
safe p lace away from the vehicle and
well away from the road and traffic.
- Make sure jack position is correct, ad
just as necessary and then continue to
ra ise the jack *.
(D Note
Do not lift the vehi cle by the s ill. Position
the jack* only at the des ignated lifting
points o n the sill. Otherwise, your veh icle
wi ll be damaged.
Taking the wheel off /installing the
inflatable spare tire
Follow these instructions step-by-step for
changing the wheel
F ig . 2 23 Chang ing a w hee l: using th e screwdr ive r han
dle (w ith the blade removed) to turn th e bolts
Fig . 22 4 Cha ng in g a w hee l: alig nment p in ins ide the
top ho le
After yo u have loosened all wheel bo lts and
raised the vehicle off the ground, remove and
replace the wheel as follows:
Removing the wheel
.,. Use the hexagonal so cket in th e screwdriv
er handle
to complete ly remove the top
most whee l bolt and se t it aside on a
clean
surface c::> fig . 223 .
.,. Screw the threaded end of the alignment
pin
from the tool kit hand-t ight into the
empty bolt hole
c::> fig. 224.
.,. Then remove the other wheel bolts as de
scribed above.
.,. Take off the whee l leaving the a lignment pin
in the bo lt ho le
c::> (D .
Putting on the inflatable spare tire*
.,. Inflate the inflatab le spare tire* c::> page 2 70
and push the wheel over the alignment p in . "'
~ Use the hexagonal socket in the screwdriver
handle to screw in and tighten all wheel
bo lts
slightly .
~ Remove the alig nment pin and insert and
t igh ten the remaining wheel bolt s light ly
Like t he rest.
~ Turn th e jack handle* counter-clockwise to
l ower the vehicle unti l the jack* is fully re
leased .
~ Use the whee l bolt w rench to t ighten a ll
whee l bolts firmly <=>
page 2 75. Tighten
them
crosswise, from one bolt to the (ap
proximate ly) opposite one, to keep the
whee l centered.
Q;) Note
When removing or installing the wheel,
the rim could hit the brake rotor and dam
age the rotor. Work carefully and have a
second person help you.
(D} Tips
Never use the hexagonal socket in the han
dle of the screwdriver to loosen or tighten
the wheel bolts .
- Pull the reversib le b lade from the screw
driver before yo u use the hexagonal
socket in the handle to t urn the whee l
bo lts .
- When mounting tires with
unid irectional
tread design
make sure the tread pat
te rn is poi nted the right way
<=> page 2 77.
- The wheel bolts should be clea n and easy
to tu rn . Check for d irt and corrosion on
the mat ing s urfaces of both the wheel
and the hub. Remove a ll dirt from these
su rfaces before remo unting the wheel.
What do I do now? 277
Tires with unidirectional tread design
Tires with unidirectional tread design must be
mounted with their tread pattern pointed in the right direction .
Using a spa re tire with a tread pattern
intended for use in a specific direction
When using a spare t ire wi th a tread pat ter n
intended for use in a spec ific d irect ion, please
note the fo llowing :
- The d irect io n of rotation is marked by an ar
row on t he side of the ti re .
- If the spare tire has to be insta lled in the in
correct d irect ion, use the spare tire only
temporarily s ince the t ire will not be able to
achieve its optimum performance cha racte r
is tic s w it h regard to aquap la ni ng, no ise and
wear .
- We recommend that you pay part icu lar at
t en tion to th is f act d uring we t wea ther and
t ha t you adjus t you r speed to m atch r oad
conditions .
- Repla ce the fl at t ire wi th a new o ne and
have i t installed on your vehicle as soo n as
possible to resto re the han dling advantages
of a u nidirectional tire .
Notes on wheel changing
Please read the information¢ page 258, New
tires and replacing tires and wheels
if yo u a re
go ing to use a spare tire w hich is different
from the tires on yo ur vehicle .
After you change a tire:
- Check the tire pre ssure on the spare imme
diately after installation.
- Have the wheel bolt tightening torque
checked with a torque wrench as soon a s
possible by your authorized Audi dealer or
a qualified workshop.
- With steel and alloy wheel rims , the wheel
bolts are cor re ctly tightened at a torque of
105 ft lb (140 Nm).
- If you notice that the wheel bolts are cor
roded and diff icult to turn while changing
a tire, they should be replaced before you
check the t ightening torque. .,,.
•
•
278 What do I do no w?
-Repl ace th e flat tire with a n ew one and
h av e it in sta ll ed on you r ve hicle a s soo n a s
possible. Remount the wheel co ve r.
Until then, drive with extr a ca re a nd at re
du ced spee ds.
A WARNING
-
- If you are going to equip your vehicle
with t ires or rims wh ich d iffer from those
wh ich were factory installed, then be
sure to read the informat ion
c::> page 258,
New tires and replacing tires and
wheels.
- Always make sure the damaged wheel or
even a flat tire and the jack* and tool kit
are properly secured in the luggage com
partment and are not loose in the pas
senger compartment.
- In an accident or sudden maneuver they
cou ld fly forward, inju ring anyone in the
vehicle.
- Always store damaged wheel, jac k* and
tools secure ly in the luggage compart
ment. Otherw i5e, in an acc ident or 5ud
den maneuver they cou ld fly forward,
causing injury to passengers in the vehi
cle .
29 4 Con sum er Inf ormation
comp lexity of today's automobi les, have
steadi ly reduced the scope of maintenance
and repairs which can be carried out by vehicle
owners.
Also, s afety an d e nvir onm ent al con
cerns place very strict limits on the nature of
repairs and adjustments to engine and trans
miss ion pa rts which an owner can perform .
Maintenance, adjustments and repa irs usua lly
require special tools, testing devices and oth
er equipment avai lab le to specially trained
workshop personnel in order to assure proper
performance, reliab ility and safety of the vehi
cle and its many systems .
Improper ma intenance, adjustments and re
pa irs can impair the operation and reliab ility
of your vehicle and even void your vehicle war ranty. Therefo re , proof of servic ing in accord
ance w it h the ma intenance sched ule may be a
condition for upholding a poss ible warranty
claim made within the warran ty period.
Above all, operational safety can be adve rsely
affected, c reating unnecessary risks for you
and your passengers.
If in doubt about any serv icing, have it done
by your author ized Audi dealer or any other
p roperly equipped and qualified workshop .
We strong ly urge you to give your authorized
Audi dealer the opportunity to perform all
schedu led maintenance and necessary repairs .
Your dea ler has the facilities, or iginal parts
and tra ined spec ialists to keep your vehicle
running properly .
Performing lim it e d m aint en anc e y ourself
The fo llowing pages describe a limited num
ber of procedures which can be performed on
you r vehicle with ordinary too ls, shou ld the
need arise and trained personnel be unavaila
ble. Before performing any of these proce
dures, always thoroughly read all of the app li
cable text and ca refully follow the instruc
tions given. Always rigorously obse rve the
WARNINGS p rovided .
Before you ch eck anything in th e engin e
compartme nt, alway s read an d heed all WARNINGS
¢.&. and
¢ .&. in Working in the
engine comportment on page 231 .
A WARNING
--Serious personal in jury may occur as a re-
sult of improperly performed mainte
nance, adjustments or repa irs.
- Always be extremely careful when work
ing on the vehicle. Always follow com
monly accepted safety pract ices and gen
eral common sense. Never r isk personal
in jur y.
- Do not attempt any of the maintenance,
checks or repairs descr ibed o n the fol
lowing pages if you are not fu lly fam iliar
with these or other procedures with re
spect to the ve hicl e, or are uncerta in how
to proceed .
- Do not do any work withou t the proper
too ls and equipment . Have the necessary
work done by your authorized A udi deal
er or anothe r properly equipped and
qualified workshop.
- The engine compar tment o f any motor
vehicle is a potentially hazardous area. Never reach into the area around or
touch the rad iator fan. It is temperature
control led and can sw itch on suddenly -
even when the engine is off and the igni
tion key has been removed. The rad iator
fan switches on automatically when the coo lant reaches a certai n tempera ture
and will cont inue to run until the coo lant
temperature drops .
- Always remove the ign ition key befo re
a nyone gets under the veh icle.
- Always suppor t your veh icle with safety
s tands if it is necessary to work under
neath the vehicle. The jack* s upplied
with the vehicle is not adequate for this purpose and could co llapse causing seri
ous personal injury .
- If you must work unde rneath the vehicle
with the wheels on the ground, a lways
make sure the vehicle is on leve l ground,
that the wheels are always securely blocked and that the engine cannot be
started.
298 Index .:..:..:..::....::.....:..._ ___________________________ _
A
Accessories . .. .. .. ..... ... .. .. .... . 295
AC (climate control) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Adapt ive cr uise control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
C leaning the sensor ....... .. .. .... . 218
Indica tor lamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Messages .. ..... ........... ... .. . 114
Request fo r dr iver intervention . . . . . . . 11 2
Sett ing the d istance ........ ... .. ... 111
S ett ing t he d riving p rog ram .. .. .... . 112
Adapt ive dampers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
A dapt ive light . .. . ...... ... .. .. .... .. 51
D efective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 5
AdB lue .. .. .. ............. .. .. .. .. . 228
Fil ling . .. .... ........... .. .. .... . 229
M essages in the ins trument clus ter dis -
p lay .. ... ... .. .. ..... ... .. .. .... . 22 8
Adding Eng ine coolant ........... .. .. .... .
E ng ine oil ............... .. .. .. .. .
W indshie ld w asher fl uid ... .. .. .... .
Addit ional accesso ries
Additives 239
236
2 4 6
295
E ngine oil .... ........... .. .. .... . 236
Ad justing
A ir dist ribution ( clima te control) . ... . . 80
Fr ont seats .... . ...... ... .. .. .... .. 61
Steer ing column manually ... .. .. .. . . 83
Temperature (climate control) .. .... .. 80
A irbag sys tem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 57, 174
Advan ced Airbag Sys tem ... .. .. .. .. . 16 1
Advanced Airbag Sys tem components . 164
Ca re ..... .. ... .. ..... ... .. .. .... . 170
C hil dren . .... ........... .. .. .... . 179
C hi ld restra ints ............. .. .... . 180
Components (front airbags) .. .. .... . 164
Danger of fitt ing a child safety seat on
the front passenger seat ....... .. ... 158
Di sposa l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Fr ont airbags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1, 16 2
H ow do the front airbags wo rk? . .... . 166
H ow ma ny airbags does my vehi cle
have? ...... .. .. ..... ... .. .. .... . 164
H ow t he A dvanced Airbag System com
ponents work together . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Important things to know .... .. .... . 157 Indicator lig
ht ... ... .. ..... .... . .. 168
Monito ring . ..... .. ... ..... ... .. .. 168
PASSENGER AIR BAG OFF light ... .. .. 168
Repairs ... .... .. ............. .... 170
Safety instr uctions ............. .... 170
S ide a irbags ..... ................ . 172
S ide cu rtain airbags .... .. ... ..... .. 175
Warning/ind icator lights ........... .. 16
We igh t-sensing mat ........... .. .. 179
When m ust t he sys tem be inspected? . 168
Air transport .. .. .. .......... ...... . 106
Alcantara Cleaning . ..... .. ... .. ..... .... . .. 220
All-wheel drive .. .. .. ........... .. .. 202
Se lective wheel torque con trol ... .... 19 7
Winter tires ..... .. ... ..... ... .. .. 262
Alternato r
Malfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Anti-free ze
refer to Eng ine coolant system ... .... 238
An ti-l ock b rake system . .. ..... ... .. .. 197
Warning/ind icator lights . . . . . . . . . 15 , 17
Anti-s lip reg ulatio n ............. .. .. 19 7
Warning/ind icator lights ........ .. .. . 15
Anti-theft a larm warn ing system . ...... . 38
E lectronic immob ilizer ....... ...... .. 38
Approach/depa rture angle ..... ... .. .. 210
Ash tray .... .... ................... . 75
Asterisk What does it mean when something is marked wit h an aster isk? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Audi braking guard
refer to Braking guard .......... .. .. 113
Audi dr ive selec t
Indicator light ... .. ... ..... ... .. .. 2 01
also refer to Drive select ..... ... .. .. 120
Audi par king syste m plus with rearview
c amer a .. .. .. .. .. .... ......... .... 1 29
Adjus ting the d isplay ........... .. .. 133
Adjus ting the warning tones ... .. .. .. 133
Cleaning sensors/came ra lenses . ... .. 218
Rea rv iew camera - parking mode 1 . ... 132
Rea rv iew camera - parking mode 2 .. .. 132
Safety precautions ............. .... 129
Switching on and off ... .. ... ..... .. 131
T ra iler h itc h ..... ................ . 134
300 Index
Center armrest
Adjusting . ................. ..... .. 66
Storage compartment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Changing A flat tire .. .......... ...... ... .. . 273
A wheel .. .. ................ ... ... 273
E ng ine oil ... ............ .. .. .. .. . 237
Checking Engine coolant level ....... .. .. .... . 239
Tire pressure .............. ... .. .. . 253
Child restraints Danger of using child restraints in the
front seat .... ........... .. .. .... . 158
System anchors .......... .. .. .. .. . 191
Where can I get additional information
about child restraints and their use? . . 196
Chi ld safety ................. .. .... . 178
Convertible locking retractor .. .. ..... 188
Important safety instructions for using
child safety seats ............. .. ... 181
Important things to know when dr iving
with chi ldren . ... ..... ... .. .. .. .. . 178
I nstalling a child restraint using the
L A T CH system . ......... .. .. .. .. .. . 193
Mounting and releasing the anchorage
hook .... ................ ... .... . 193
Tether anchors ............ ... .... . 194
Tether straps .............. .. .... . 194
Ch ild safety locks
Rear doors ............... ... .... .. 46
Child safety seats . .......... ... .. .. . 184
Booster seats ............. ... .. ... 186
Conve rtible child seats .... .. .. .. .. . 185
Conve rtible locking retractor .. .. .. .. . 188
Danger of using child restraints in the
front seat .. ................ ..... . 158
How do I properly install a child safety
seat in my vehicle? ........ .. .. .... . 181
Infant seats ............. .. .. .. .. . 184
Installing ................. .. .... . 188
LA TCH system ......... .... ... .. .. . 193
Lower anchorages ......... ... .. .. . 192
Safety instructions ... ..... .. .. .... . 181
Unused safety belts on the rear seat .. 183
Cigarette lighter ........... .. .. .. .. .. 75
C leaning .................... ..... . 217 Climate control
.... ............. ..... 79
Air vents . ..... .. .. .............. .. 81
Automatic recircu lation .......... ... . 81
Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Setup .... .... .. ............. .... . 81
Supplementary .. ................ .. 82
Synchronizing . ... ....... ...... .. .. . 81
Climatized cupholder ................. 74
Clock .. .. .. .... .. ............. ..... 12
Closing Panoramic sliding sunroof ........ ... . 47
Coat hooks ..... .. .. .............. .. 77
Cold tire inflation pressure .......... .. 251
Compass mirror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Compliance ..... .. .. .............. . 296
Consumer Information . . . . . . . . . . 146, 293
Contacting NHTSA . ............... .. 146
Controls Cleaning .. .... .. .. .............. . 219
Convenience Closing ...... ... .. .............. .. 47
Open ing .. .... .. ............. .... . 47
Convenience key . .. ............. .... . 40
Indicator lights .. ..... ........... .. 87
Locking and unlocking vehicle ........ . 40
Start ing engine (START ENGINE STOP
button) ..... .. .. .. ........... .... . 86
Stopping the engine (START ENGINE
STOP button) .... ............... .. . 87
Switching on ignition ............ ... . 86
Convertible child safety seats . .. ... ... 185
Convertible locking retractor Activating . .... .. ............. .... 190
Deactivat ing . ... . ... ... .... ... .. .. 191
Using to secure a child safety seat 1.88, 190
Coolant system .... ................ . 238
Cooled cupholder ............... .... . 7 4
Cooling box in glove compartment . . . . . . 77
Cooling mode (climate control) ..... ... . 80
Cooling System Expansion tank ... ............. .... 239
Cornering light .. .. ............. .... . 51
Cruise control
Changing speed
Preselect speed .
. ................ .. 95
96
Switching off .. .. ............. .. .. . 96
-----------------------------~I~ n~d~ e~ x 305
LA T CH
D escr ipt io n . .... .. .... ... .. .. .. .. .
Install ing a chi ld restraint . ... .. .. .. .
Locat ion
Mounting and releas ing the anchorage
hook
. . ' .. ... ................ ... '
19 1
192
193
192
193
L ateral angle ... .... .... ... .. .. .. ... 2 10
Leather clean ing/protection . .. .. .. .. . 220
Lefthand drive ............ .... .. .. .. 51
Lifting jac k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 s
Lifting vehicle ..... .. ...... .. .. .. .. . 287
Light
Com ing home ............ .... .. .... SO
Daytime running lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SO
Driving light control .............. ...
49
E me rgency flashers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
E xterior ligh ting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SO
H igh bea m .............. .... .. ....
52
H igh be am war ning/ indica to r li ght ... .. 17
Leaving home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . so
Sensor ..... .. .. .. .. .... ... .. .. .... 4 9
Sensor defective ... .... ... .. .. .. .. .. 33
Sw itch ing on and off .. .... .. .. .. .. .. 4 9
Travel mode ........ ..... .... .. .. .. 51
Tu rn signa ls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Loading the l uggage compa rtment .. .. . 14 5
Loc king
P owe r locking switch . ..... .. .. .. .. ..
42
R ea r li d/tr unk l id ..... .... .. .. .. .. .. 4 3
Remote cont rol key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 0
Using the mechan ica l key . ... .. .. .. .. 41
Low beams 4 9
Defect ive .. ............. .... .. .... 3 3
Lower universal anchorages (Canada) .. . 191
Luggage compartmen t ... ... .. .. .. .. .. 6 7
Ca rgo net .. .... .. .... ... .. .. .. .... 70
Cover .. .. .. .. .... .. .... ... .. .. .... 69
Expanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7, 68
Storage hooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Stowing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Tie -down r ings .................. ... 68
also refer to Loading the l uggage com-
pa rtment .. .... ... ... ... .... .. .. .
14 5
Luggage comp artment lid
Emergency unlocking ...... .. .. .. .. ..
45
Lumbar s upport . ... .... ... .. .. .. .... 6 2
M
Maintenance .. . ' .. ... .. .. ..... ... . . 2 93
Malfunction Ind icator Lamp (MIL) 17 , 26
Master key
Battery replacement .. ...... ..... .. .
37
Check lig ht .. .. .. ........ ..... .... . 37
Matte finish pain t clean ing .... ... .. .. 2 17
Mechan ica l key ...... ..... ........... 37
Memory for d river 's seat .... ......... . 63
Recalling set tings .... ............. . 63
Storing settings .. ... ... .... ... .. .. . 63
Mileage
Ave rage ... .. .. .... . ... ...... ... .. .
23
Instantaneous . .. ...... ..... ...... . 23
Mirro rs
Activatin g the dig it al compass ... .. .. .
59
Adjusting the exterior mirrors . . . . . . . . . 57
d. . 1mming .. .. .... ... .. .. ..... ... .. . 58
Moni to ring the Advanced Ai rbag System 168
N
Natura l leather
Cleaning
New tire s and wheels
N HT SA
Contacting . ..... ... .. .. ..... ... . .
N itrogen oxide (NOx) catalyt ic converte r
refer to Ad Blue . .. .... ...... ..... . .
Number of seat s
... .... ... .... .... ..
0
Occ upant seating positions
220
258
146
22 8
149
140
O cta ne rat ing . .. .. ...... ... .. .. .. .. 22 2
Odome ter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Offroad mode ........ .. .. ..... ... .. 198
OFF (climate co ntrol) .. .. .. ... ... .. .. . 80
Oil
refer to E ng ine oil 233,236
Oil consumpt ion ..... . .. .. ..... ... .. 236
On-Boa rd D iagnost ic System (O BD)
Data Link Connector ( DLC) .... ....... .
26
El ec tronic s peed limi ter ...... ... .. .. . 2 7
M alfunction I nd ic a tor Lam p (M IL) .. .. . 26
Onboard too l kit ... .. . .. ... .... ... .. 268
Open door o r rea r lid wa rning .. ... .. .. . 21
•
•