2013 INFINITI EX service

WHAT NISSAN WILL DO
Warranty repairs will be made at no charge for parts
and/or labor, including diagnosis and tax. Any needed
parts replacement will be made using new or remanu-
factured parts.
OTHER WARRANTY TERMS
PERFORMANCE WARRANTY CLAIMS PROCEDURE
You may make a claim under the Performance Warranty
immediately after the failure of a “smog check” test. You
must provide proof of this failure when making your
claim in order to avoid additional “smog check” test
charges.
You will be told whether Nissan will honor your claim
within 30 days of the date you make the claim, unless a
shorter time period is required by law. If your claim is
denied, Nissan will notify you in writing of the reason. If
we do not notify you within this time period, we will
repair your vehicle under this warranty at no cost to you.
The time period for notification will not apply if you
request a delay or a delay is caused by events not under
the control of Infiniti retailers.
No claim will be denied under the Performance Warranty
because you use a certified part for maintenance or
repair.
MAINTENANCE SERVICE AND REPLACEMENT PARTS
Important information concerning maintenance service
and replacement parts is on page 14 of this booklet. No
warranty claim will be denied solely because a non-
Nissan part was used for maintenance or repair. CALIFORNIA VEHICLE INSPECTION PROGRAM
Under this program, if your vehicle fails a “smog check”
test, you may choose to have diagnosis of the failure
and repairs made at an Infiniti retailer or at another
service facility. If the inspection failure is the result of a
condition covered by these warranties, you must take
your vehicle to an Infiniti retailer for warranty repairs.
This includes parts, labor and diagnosis. You must pay
for diagnostic costs if performed at another service fa-
cility except in the case of emergency repairs as outlined
below.
You must pay for all diagnostic and repair costs of an
inspection failure as required
by law if the failure was
caused by conditions not covered by these warranties.
If the failure is the result of a combination of conditions,
you must pay for only the diagnostic and repair costs
related to items not covered by these warranties.
After the 4 years/60,000 mile performance warranty has
passed, a “smog check” test failure due to a defect in a
part which is warranted for 7 years/70,000 miles is
covered.
EMERGENCY REPAIRS
In case of an emergency, when an authorized Infiniti
retailer is not reasonably available, warranty repairs
may be performed at any service facility or by the owner
using any replacement parts. Infiniti will reimburse you
for such repairs, including d iagnosis, up to the amount
of Infiniti’s suggested retail price for parts and labor
charges based on Infiniti’s recommended time allow-
ance for the warranty repair and the geographically ap-
propriate hourly labor rate. A part not being available or
a repair not being complete within 30 days also consti-
tutes an emergency. You must take the replaced part and paid receipts to an authorized Infiniti retailer for
repayment in such emergency situations.
MAINTENANCE RECORDS
Receipts covering the performance of regular mainte-
nance are not required but should be kept in the event
questions arise concerning maintenance. The receipts
should be transferred to subsequent owners.
IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS
You may obtain further information concerning these
warranties by following the procedure outlined in the
“INFINITI OWNER SATISFACTION & ASSISTANCE” sec-
tion of this booklet. You may also contact or report any
violations to the Office of Transportation and Air Quality,
Vehicle Compliance Progr
ams Group, U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency, Ariel Rios Building (6405J), 1200
Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20460 or
the Chief, Mobile Source Division,Air Resources Board,
9528 Telstar Ave., El Monte, CA. 91731.
OTHER OBLIGATIONS
Nissan does not authorize any person to create for it any
other warranty, obligation or liability in connection with
this vehicle.
The Emission Warranty for 2013 vehicles certified for
sale in California may be subject to future administra-
tive or judicial action. As a result, this warranty may be
changed. Nissan will make those changes required by
future law, regulation, or judicial or administrative ac-
tion. In addition, Nissan reserves the right to change the
terms of the warranty to be co nsistent withthese ac-
tions.
14 2013 INFINITI CALIFORNIA VEHICLE EMISSION CONTROL WARRANTIES1

RECOMMENDATION FOR MAINTENANCE
SERVICE AND REPLACEMENT PARTS
To assure best results and to maintain the original qual-
ity built into the emission control systems, it is recom-
mended that parts and accessories supplied by Nissan
for use on Infiniti vehicles be used when servicing or
repairing the systems.
THE WARRANTY OBLIGATIONS ARE NOT DEPENDENT
UPON THE USE OF ANY PARTICULAR BRAND OF REPLACE-
MENT PARTS AND THE OWNER MAY ELECT TO USE NON-
GENUINE NISSAN PARTS FOR REPLACEMENT PUR-
POSES.
The use of replacement parts which are not equivalent
to genuine Nissan parts may reduce the effectiveness of
the emission control system.
Therefore, if it becomes necessary to use other than
genuine Nissan parts, the owner should assure himself
that such parts are warranted by their manufacturer to
be equivalent in quality to genuine Nissan parts.
MAINTENANCE, REPLACEMENT OR REPAIR OF THE EMIS-
SION CONTROL DEVICES AND SYSTEMS MAY BE PER-
FORMED BY ANY AUTOMOTIVE REPAIR ESTABLISHMENT
OR INDIVIDUAL USING ANY EQUIVALENT REPLACE-
MENT PART.
HOWEVER, UNLESS OTHERWISE AUTHORIZED BY LAW,
WARRANTY SERVICE MUST BE PERFORMED BY AN AU-
THORIZED INFINITI RETAILER.
The emission standards may be satisfied by having the
vehicle inspected periodically and by following the re-
quirements outlined in theEmission Control System
Maintenance Schedules in your Owner’s Manual.
RECOMMENDATION FOR MAINTENANCE SERVICE AND REPLACEMENT PARTS 15

WHO IS THE WARRANTOR
Nissan1warrants all parts of your 2013 Infiniti vehicle
seat belt system supplied by Nissan.
WHAT IS COVERED AND FOR HOW LONG
This warranty covers any seat belt or related component,
supplied by Nissan for use on Infiniti vehicles, that fails
to function properly during normal use within ten (10)
years of the date the vehicle is delivered to the first retail
buyer or put into service, whichever is earlier. Warranty
repairs are free of charge for parts and labor.
WHAT IS NOT COVERED
●Damage or failure due to misuse, alteration, accident
or collision damage. (Proper use is outlined in your
Owner’s Manual.)
●Color fading, spotting or other cosmetic items when
the belt is otherwise functioning properly.
●Airbags and related electronic control systems which
are covered by the Powertrain warranty.
OBTAINING WARRANTY SERVICE
You must take the vehicle to an authorized Infiniti re-
tailer in the United States or Canada during regular
business hours at your expense in order to obtain war-
ranty service. The names and addresses of authorized
Infiniti retailers are listed in telephone directories.
LIMITATION OF WARRANTIES AND OTHER
WARRANTY TERMS AND STATE LAW RIGHTS
EXTRA EXPENSES - LIMITATIONS OF DAMAGES
THIS WARRANTY DOES NOT COVER INCIDENTAL OR
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES SUCH AS LOSS OF THE
USE OF THE VEHICLE, INCONVENIENCE OR COM-
MERCIAL LOSS.
ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY
AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE SHALL
BE LIMITED TO THE DURATION OF THIS WRITTEN
WARRANTY.
Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation
of incidental or consequential damages or limita-
tions on how long an implied warranty lasts, so the
above limitations or exclusions may not apply to
you. This warranty gives you specific legal rights,
and you may also have other rights which vary from
statetostate.
Nissan does not authorize any person to create for it
any other warranty, obligation or liability in connec-
tion with this vehicle.
1 Nissan indicates Nissan North America, Inc., P.O. Box 685003, Franklin, TN 37068-5003, which distributes Infiniti vehicles in the United States.
16 SEAT BELT LIMITED WARRANTY

WHAT IS COVERED
Nissan2warrants to correct defects in materials or work-
manship in all genuine Nissan replacement parts, and
Genuine Infiniti accessories, distributed by Nissan
North America in the United States, installed and used
on Infiniti (if an appropriate u se and application of the
part or accessory) vehicles only, except as described
under the caption below, “WHAT IS NOT COVERED.”
This warranty covers any repairs needed to correct de-
fects in materials or workmanship. Bedliners will be
repaired to commercially accepted standards subject to
the conditions and limitations listed in “WHAT IS NOT
COVERED.”
HOW LONG IS THE WARRANTY
Except for replacement audio components, this war-
ranty is for 12 months or 12,000 miles from the date of
installation or purchase, whichever is earlier. However,
the warranty on Genuine Nissan replacement parts, and
Genuine Infiniti accessories installed in an Infiniti ve-
hicle while the vehicle is covered by a Nissan warranty,
which would have covered the part had it been installed
in the vehicle at manufacture will not end before the end
of that warranty.
REPLACEMENT AUDIO COMPONENTS
A replacement Radio, Tape Deck, Amplifier, Navigation,
Bluetooth, control unit, or Compact Disc Player/Auto
Changer supplied by Nissan is covered for 12 months from the time of inst
allation or the balance ofthe Basic
Vehicle Warranty as it applies to audio components,
whichever is greater.
LIMITATION OF WARRANTIES AND OTHER
WARRANTY TERMS AND STATE LAW RIGHTS
EXTRA EXPENSES - LIMITATIONS OF DAMAGES
This warranty does not cover incidental or conse-
quential damages such as loss of the use of the
vehicle, inconvenience or commercial loss.
ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY
AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE SHALL
BE LIMITED TO THE DURATION OF THIS WRITTEN
WARRANTY.
Some states do not allow the exclusion or limita-
tion of incidental or consequential damages or limi-
tations on how long an implied warranty lasts, so
the above limitations or exclusions may not apply
to you. This warranty gives you specific legal rights,
and you may also have other rights, which vary
from state to state.
Nissan does not authorize any person to create for it
any other warranty, obligation or liability in connec-
tion with this vehicle.
WHAT IS NOT COVERED
This warranty does not cover:
1. Tires or batteries. These items are covered by sepa-
rate warranties. 2. Nissan Motorsports and NISMO R-tune parts, in-
cluding NISMO Legacy parts are sold “AS IS” with-
out warranties, express or implied unless expressly
prohibited from doing so b y applicable law, in
which case the warranty provided is the minimum
required by law.
3. Normal maintenance service and parts replace- ment as outlined in the maintenance schedule of
your OWNER’S MANUAL.
4. Damage or failures of parts resulting from: ●Misuse (your OWNER’S MANUAL is your guide to
proper use).
● Accident, theft, fire, driving through water re-
sulting in engine water ingestion.
● Chemical fallout, tree sap, salt, sand, hail, flood
or other environmental conditions
● Modification or improper repair of the part or of
the vehicle in which the part is installed.
● Use of parts not equivalent in quality or design
to parts supplied by Nissan.
● Lack of performance of required maintenance
services as outlined in your OWNER’S MANUAL.
● Use of improper or dirty fuel, fluids or lubri-
cants.
● Normal wear and tear, including dings, dents,
chips or scratches.(Continued on next page)
1 Actual warranty is provided by the retailer at time of purchase and should be read carefully. This warranty is subject to change and the applicable war ranty will be that which is in effect on
the date of purchase.
2 Nissan indicates Nissan North American, Inc., P.O. Box 685003, Franklin, T N 37068-5003 , which distributes and provides consumer services for Infiniti vehicles in the United States.
LIMITED WARRANTY ON GENUINE NISSAN REPLACEMENT PARTS AND GENUINE INFINITI ACCESSORIES117

5. Salvage Title. This warranty does not cover damage,failures or corrosion to any Nissan replacement
part, Genuine NISMO S-Tune Part, or Genuine
Nissan or Infiniti Accessory, installed in the ve-
hicle, if the vehicle is issued a “salvage” or similar
title including, but not limited to junk, scrap, re-
built, or flooded titles, under any state’s law. (This
exclusion does not extend to new Genuine Nissan
replacement parts, NISMO S-tune parts or Genuine
Nissan or Infiniti accessories, installed in an
Infiniti vehicle after the issuance of a “salvage” or
similar title.)
WHATYOUMUSTDO
In order to obtain warranty service you must deliver the
warranted part or accessory, or the vehicles, on which
the part or accessory is installed, to an authorized
Infiniti retailer in the United States or Canada at your
expense with proof of purchase (parts invoice or service
repair order from an authorized Infiniti retailer). The
names and addresses of authorized Infiniti retailers are
listed in telephone directories.
You must also pay for labor charges to remove and
replace the part or accessory if it was not originally
installed on your vehicle by an authorized Infiniti re-
tailer.
WHAT NISSAN WILL DO
If the part or accessory to be repaired was originally
installed by an authorized Infiniti retailer, it will be
removed and reinstalled after repair at no charge for
parts and labor. If the part or accessory was not in-
stalled by an authorized Infiniti retailer, the part or
accessory will be repaired or exchanged only. Any
needed parts replacement will be made using Genuine
Nissan or Nissan approved new or remanufactured
parts. Nissan reserves the right to make changes at any
time, without notice, to production and service parts in
their specifications, colors, and materials, including
those used in connection with warranty repairs. For this
reason, when approved by Nissan and at Nissan’s dis-
cretion, functionally equivalent replacement parts may
be used that do not exactly match the original produc-
tion part.
18LIMITED WARRANTY ON GENUINE NISSAN REPLACEMENT PARTS AND GENUINE INFINITI ACCESSORIES1

WHAT IS COVERED?
Nissan2warrants your Genuine Infiniti Replacement
Battery as described below except as stated under
“What is not covered?”
This warranty covers defects in materials and workman-
ship.
HOW LONG IS THE WARRANTY AND WHAT
WILL NISSAN DO
If your battery becomes unserviceable within the first
24 months of service Nissan will replace your battery,
including labor, without charge, p roviding the battery
was originally installed in your vehicle by an authorized
INFINITI retailer.
If the battery becomes unserviceable after 24 months of
use, NISSAN will provide a replacement battery at a
reduced price, charging only for the portion of the life of
the battery actually used. This is called a “pro-rata ad-
justment”. You will be responsible for all labor charges
for the replacement of the battery.
This warranty and the “pro-rata adjustment” end 84
months after the date of the battery’s purchase or instal-
lation, whichever is earlier.
WHAT IS NOT COVERED?
This warranty does not cover:
1. Damage or failure resulting from: ●Accident, theft, fire or freezing.
● Misuse of the battery or vehicle in which it is
installed, including the use in applications for
which the battery was not designed. Proper use
is described in the vehicle’s Owner’s Manual.
● Improper installation or battery charging.
● Vehicle electrical malfunctions not covered by
your New Vehicle Limited Warranty.
● Modification or improper repair of the vehicle or
a part of the vehicle.
● Use of parts not equivalent in quality or design
to parts supplied by INFINITI or NISSAN.
● Environmental conditions, including, but not
limited to flood, and salt spray or salt water.
2. Normal maintenance service and recharging of dis- charged batteries.
3. Batteries in service more than 84 months.
4. Salvage Title. This warranty does not cover damage, failure, or corrosion to any Genuine INFINITI bat-
tery installed in the vehicle, if the vehicle is issued
a “salvage” or similar title unless state law ex-
pressly states otherwise. (This exclusion does not
extend to a new Genuine INFINITI battery installed
in the vehicle after the issuance of a “salvage” or
similar title).
WHATYOUMUSTDO
In order to obtain warranty service, you must deliver the
warranted battery or the v ehicle in which the battery is
installed to an authorized Infiniti retailer in the U.S. or
Canada at your expense, with proof of purchase (parts
invoice or service repair order from an authorized
Infiniti retailer). The names and addresses of autho-
rized Infiniti retailers are listed in telephone directories
or Infiniti.com.
If the “pro-rata adjustment” applies, you must pay for
the portion of the 84 month warrantable life that you
actually used. The amount you pay is computed in two
steps. First, the client pay percentage is determined
from the chart shown below based upon the months of
actual battery service.
Months
In Service Client Pay
Percentage
0–24 0%
25–32 25%
33–50 50%
51–84 75%
Second, the current suggested retail price of the new
battery is multiplied by the client pay percentage. For
example, should the battery fail after 40 months of
service you would pay 50% of the suggested retail price
of the new battery.
(Continued on next page)
1 Actual warranty is provided by the dealer at time of purchase and should be read carefully. This warranty is subject to change and the applicable warranty will be that which is in effect on
the date of purchase.
2 NISSAN indicates Nissan North America, Inc. PO Box 685003, Franklin, TN 37068-5003, which distributes Nissan vehicles and provides related consumer services in the United States of
America
20 REPLACEMENT BATTERY LIMITED WARRANTY1

ORIGINAL EQUIPMENT PASSENGER AND
LIGHT TRUCK TIRES INCLUDING RFT TIRES
WITH RUN-FLAT TECHNOLOGY
ELIGIBILITY
This Limited Warranty covers BRIDGESTONE andFIRES-
TONE brand passenger and light truck tires, including
RFT and temporary spare tires, originally installed by the
vehicle manufacturer on a new vehicle. You are covered
under the terms of this Limited Warranty if the tire was
produced after July 4, 2004 (DOT serial 2704 or later)
and has been used only on the vehicle on which it was
originally installed in non-commercial service.
WHAT IS WARRANTED AND FOR HOW LONG
Before wearing down to 2/32 inch (1.6 mm) remaining
original tread depth (i.e. worn down to the top of the
built-in indicators in the tread grooves) and within 6
years from the date of purchase (proof of purchase date
required; without proof of purchase date, then within 6
years from the date of tire manufacture), for any reason
other than those excluded in the section entitled “What
This Limited Warranty Does Not Cover,” any eligible tire
that becomes unusable for any reason within the manu-
facturer’s control will be replaced with an equivalent
new tire on the basis set forth in this Limit ed Warranty.
WHAT THE WARRANTY DOES NOT COVER
This Limited Warranty does not cover the following:
1. Tire damage or irregular wear due to: A. Road hazards, including, without limitation:
Puncture, cut, impact break, stone drill, bruise,
bulge, snag, etc. B.
Improper use or operation, including, without
limitation: Improper inflation pressure, over-
loading, tire/wheel spinning, use of an im-
proper wheel, tire chain damage, misuse, mis-
application, negligence, tire alteration, or for
racing or competition purposes.
C. Insufficient or improper maintenance, includ-
ing, without limitation: Failure to rotate tires as
recommended in this manual, wheel misalign-
ment, worn suspension components, improper
tire mounting or demounting, tire/wheel as-
sembly imbalance, or other vehicle conditions,
defects, or characteristics.
D. Contamination or degradation by petroleum
products or other chemicals, fire or other exter-
nally generated heat, or water or other material
trapped inside the tire during mounting or infla-
tion.
E. Improper repair. Improper repair voids this
Limited Warranty.
F. For RFT tires only, improper run-flat or low tire
pressure operation, including, without limita-
tion: Exceeding speed, distance, or other run-
flat/lowpressure operation limitations.
2. Rapid tread wear or wear-out. Original equipment tires have no mileage warranty.
3. Weather/ozone cracking after 4 years from date of tire manufacture.
4. Ride disturbance or vibration after 1/32 inch (0.8 mm) of tread wear use.
5. Tires with sealant, balance, or other filler material that was not originally applied or inserted by the
tire manufacturer. 6. Tires used in commercial service.
7. Tires purchased and normally used outside the
United States and Canada.
8. The cost of applicable federal, state, and local taxes.
9. Failure to follow any of the safety and maintenance recommendations or warnings contained in this
manual.
This Limited Warranty is in addition to and/or may be
limited by any other applicable written warranty you
may have received concerning special tires or situa-
tions.
REPLACEMENT PRICE
Radial passenger and light truck tires adjusted under
this Limited Warranty will be replaced free of charge
during the first 25% of tread wear or within 12 months
from the date of purchase (proof of purchase date re-
quired; without proof of purchase date, then within 12
months from the date of tire manufacture), whichever
occurs first. During the free replacement period, mount-
ing and balancing are included free of charge.
To determine the replacement price after the free tire
replacement period, the percent of used tread wear is
multiplied by the current selling price for the replace-
ment tire(s). The appropriate taxes, mounting, balanc-
ing, disposal fee, and other service charges may be
added to the adjustment replacement price.
In Canada, the tire will be adj usted at retailers (subject
to retailer discretion) at a predetermined “Adjustment
Price.”
(Continued on next page)
22 BRIDGESTONE FIRESTONE TIRE LIMITED WARRANTY

REPLACEMENT WARRANTY
If you receive a replacement tire under this Limited
Warranty, it will be covered by the manufacturer’s war-
ranty, if any, given on that tire at that time.
WHERE TO GO
Tire adjustments under this Limited Warranty will only
be made at an authorized Bridgestone Firestone re-
tailer. Consult a phone directory (often listed in the
Yellow Pages underTire Retailersor the internet at
www.bridgestonetire.com for the location nearest you.
CONSUMER RIGHTS
This Limited Warranty gives you specific legal rights,
and you may also have other rights which vary from
state to state or in Canada from province to province.
CONDITIONS AND EXCLUSIONS
To the extent permitted by law, Bridgestone Firestone
North American Tire, LLC disclaims all other warranties,
including but not limited to the implied warranties of
merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose and
any liability for incidental, consequential damages, loss
of time, loss of vehicle use or, inconvenience. Some
states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of inci-
dental or consequential damages, so the above limita-
tion or exclusion may not apply to you.
This Limited Warranty applies o nly to consumers actually
using the tire in the United States and Canada. For war-
ranty conditions outside the United States and Canada,
see your local Bridgestone Firestone distributor.
Obligations under this policy may not be enlarged or
altered by anyone. In accordance with Federal Law, this Limited Warranty
has been designated as a
Limited Warranty.” Nothing
in this Limited Warranty is intended to be a representa-
tion that tire failures cannot occur. This Limited Warranty
is given in the United States by Bridgestone Firestone
North American Tire, LLC, 535 Marriott Dr., Nashville, TN
37214 and in Canada by Bridgestone Firestone Canada
Inc., 5770 Hurontario St., S uite 400, Mississauga, On-
tario, Canada L5R 3G5.
OWNER’S OBLIGATIONS
In order to keep this Limited Warranty valid, we require
you to have your tires regularly inspected and rotated
per the vehicle Owner’s Manual and to furnish proof of
same in order to receive an adjustment. Such proof
should show the date, mileage, and servicing location.
A sales receipt containing this information will suffice. It
is your obligation to maintain proper tire inflation pres-
sures as specified by the vehicle manufacturer and to
operate the vehicle within tire/vehicle load capacity
and speed limitations. It is also your obligation to main-
tain proper wheel alignment and tire/wheel assembly
balance. To request an adjustment, you must present
the tire to an authorized Bridgestone Firestone retailer.
Complete and sign the client section of the Bridgestone
Firestone North American Tire, LLC Limited Warranty ad-
justment form and pay appr opriate replacement price,
taxes, disposal fee, and service charges, if any.
ARBITRATION
You and Bridgestone Firestone North American Tire, LLC
agree that all claims, disputes, and controversies be-
tween you and it, including any of its agents, employ-
ees, successors, or assigns, arising out of or in connec-
tion with this Limited Warranty, or any other warranties, express or implied, includin
g a failure of warranty and
the validity of this arbitration clause, but excluding
claims for personal injury or property damage, shall be
resolved by binding arbitration between you and it,
according to the formal dispute resolution procedures
of the National Arbitration Forum, under the Code of
Procedure then in effect. This arbitration will be con-
ducted as a document hearing. If you request any pro-
cedures beyond a document hearing, you will be re-
sponsible for all fee s, including filing and
administrative fees, above and beyond the fees re-
quired for document hearings. The arbitration between
you and Bridgestone Firestone North American Tire, LLC
shall not include any other clients, be combined or
consolidated in any fashion with arbitrations involving
other clients, or proceed in any form of class action in
which the claims of numerous clients are considered
together. Any award of the arbitrator(s) may be entered
as a judgment in any court of competent jurisdiction.
The arbitrators will have no authority to award punitive
or other damages not measured by the prevailing par-
ty’s actual damages, except as may be required by stat-
ute. Information may be obtained and claims may be
filed at any office of the National Arbitration Forum or at
P.O. Box 50191, Minneapolis, MN 55405.
THE WARRANTOR
The warrantor of Bridgestone and Firestone tires is:
Bridgestone Firestone North American Tire LLC
535 Marriott Dr.
Nashville, TN 37214
Please contact Bridgestone Firestone for a copy of their
“Tire Maintenance, Safety and Warranty Manual”
(Continued on next page)
BRIDGESTONE FIRESTONE TIRE LIMITED WARRANTY 23