1999 LAND ROVER DISCOVERY torque

REAR SUSPENSION
DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION 64-7
Coil Spring Specifications – Models up to 03 Model Year
The rear coil springs are of the variable rate type and are manufactured from silicon manganese 16.5 mm (0.65 in.)
diameter bar. Each spring has 9 coils and a free length of 385 mm (15.1 in.). The variable rate of the spring is achieved
by the active coils at one end being closer together. The rear coil spring is identified by a purple stripe painted on a
number of coils.
Coil Spring Specifications – Models From 03 Model Year
The introduction of the 03MY vehicle introduced a range of additional rear coil spring fitments. These were introduced
as a package to optimise vehicle trim heights.
The coil springs are manufactured from silicon manganese 16.35 mm (0.64 in.) diameter bar for springs on five seater
models and 16.57 mm (0.65 in.) diameter bar on seven seater models. The following spring data table shows the
colour codes, number of coils and spring free length.
Spring Data
The following table shows spring fitment applicability.
Spring Fitment Applicability
Watts linkage
A Watts linkage is used to ensure that the rear axle remains centrally located. The Watts linkage comprises two
transverse links and a pivot housing. The transverse links and pivot housing allow the rear axle to move vertically
without any transverse movement.
The transverse links are made from fabricated and welded steel. Each transverse link has a bush press fitted into a
housing at one end. The opposite end has a forked bracket with two cross holes.
The pivot housing is made from cast iron. Three bushes are press fitted in the housing, one in the centre and one at
each end.
The pivot housing is located in a fabricated bracket centrally located on the rear of the axle. The central bush of the
pivot housing is secured in the bracket with a bolt and locknut. Fabricated brackets on each chassis longitudinal
provide for the attachment of each transverse link. Each link is secured through its bush with a bolt and locknut. The
forked end of each link locates over the bushes at each end of the pivot housing and is secured with a bolt and locknut.
The attachment bolts for each link are coated with a clear, dry wax which reduces friction on the bolt and allows the
correct torque to be applied to the clamping of the bushes. The bolts can be re-used, but if bolt replacement is
necessary the correct bolt with the wax coating must be used.
Colour Code Total No. of Coils Free Length Model
Brown/Orange 8.73 384.7 mm (15.14 in) 5 Seat
Grey/Orange 8.73 392 mm (15.43 in) 5 Seat
Yellow/Grey 8.73 376.6 mm (14.82 in) 5 Seat
Pink/Grey 8.73 400.3 mm (15.75 in) 5 Seat
Blue/Grey 9.10 387.8 mm (15.26 in) 7 Seat
Green/Grey 9.10 395.2 mm (15.55 in) 7 Seat
White/Grey 9.10 380.6 mm (14.98 in) 7 Seat
Left Hand Drive Right Hand Drive
Both Sides RH Side LH Side
Brown/Orange Grey/Orange Yellow/Grey
Grey Orange Pink/Grey Brown/Orange
Blue/Grey Green/Grey White/Grey

BRAKES
DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION 70-5
Description
General
The brakes consist of front and rear disc brakes operated by a diagonally split, dual circuit hydraulic system with
vacuum servo power assistance. The system incorporates the following control functions as standard on all models:
lAnti-lock Brakes (ABS), to prevent road wheels locking during brake application.
lElectronic Brake Distribution (EBD), to control distribution of hydraulic pressure between front and rear axles.
Replaces mechanical pressure limiting valve of previous systems.
lElectronic Traction Control (ETC), to maintain even torque distribution to the road wheels.
lHill Descent Control (HDC), to provide controlled descent ability in off road conditions.
Hydraulic system schematic
1Master cylinder/brake servo assembly
2Brake pedal
3ABS modulator
4Rear brake5Front brake
6Hydraulic circuit
aPrimary
bSecondary
For normal brake operation, brake pedal movement is assisted by the brake servo assembly and transmitted to the
master cylinder assembly. The master cylinder assembly converts brake pedal movement to hydraulic pressure.
Primary and secondary brake pipe circuits supply the hydraulic pressure to the brakes via the ABS modulator: the
primary circuit supplies the front left and rear right brakes; the secondary circuit supplies the front right and rear left
brakes. Vacuum for the brake servo assembly is obtained from the engine inlet manifold (V8 models) or a vacuum
pump (diesel models), through a vacuum line and non return valve. To reduce operating noise, sleeving is installed
on some of the brake pipes in the engine compartment and the pipes are located in sprung pipe clips.
For all control functions, the ABS modulator regulates the hydraulic pressure to the brakes to control the speed of all
four wheels, either individually or in axle pairs. Operation of the ABS modulator is controlled by the Self Levelling and
Anti-lock Braking Systems (SLABS) ECU. The SLABS ECU also operates warning indications in the instrument pack
to provide the driver with status information on each function.

BRAKES
DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION 70-17
SLABS ECU
The SLABS ECU is attached to a bracket behind the front passenger glovebox. Brake related inputs are processed
by the SLABS ECU, which then outputs control signals to the ABS modulator. Five electrical connectors interface the
SLABS ECU with the vehicle wiring.
SLABS ECU connector pin details
Connector/Pin
No.Description Input/Output
C0504
1 Battery supply Input
2 Ignition supply Input
3 Road speed Output
4 Rough road (V8 models only) Output
5 K line (diagnostics) Input/Output
7 Reverse gear Input
8 Return pump monitor Input
9 Brake warning lamp Output
10 Engine data (throttle position, torque, engine type, gearbox type) Input
11 Transfer box range Input
12 Earth-
13 ETC warning lamp Output
14 HDC switch Input
15 Neutral selected (automatic gearbox only) Input
16 HDC fault warning lamp Output
17 HDC information warning lamp Output
18 ABS warning lamp Output
C0505
1 Front left wheel speed Input
2 Front left wheel speed Input
3 Rear right wheel speed Input
4 Front right wheel speed Input
5 Front right wheel speed Input
6 Rear right wheel speed Input
7 Rear left wheel speed Input
8 Rear left wheel speed Input
C0506
1 Front left outlet solenoid valve Output
2 Front left inlet solenoid valve Output
3Earth-
4 Front right outlet solenoid valve Output

BRAKES
DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION 70-21
ETC
The ETC function uses brake intervention to prevent wheel spin and maintain even torque distribution to the wheels.
ETC is automatically enabled while the brakes are off at speeds up to 62.5 mph (100 km/h), and operates the brakes
either individually or in axle pairs:
lAt speeds up to 31.3 mph (50 km/h), ETC uses individual brake intervention to maintain even torque distribution
between wheels on the same axle.
lVehicles up to 03 model year – At speeds between 0 and 62.5 mph (0 and 100 km/h), ETC also uses brake
intervention in axle pairs to maintain even torque distribution between the front and rear axles. In effect, this mode
of operation replaces the centre differential lock of the transfer box which, although still incorporated, is non
operational under normal driving conditions.

+ TRANSFER BOX - LT230SE, DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION, Description. If the centre differential
lock is in the locked condition, the SLABS ECU illuminates the ABS and ETC warning lamps and inhibits the ETC
function (the ABS, EBD and HDC functions are retained, but at degraded performance levels).
lVehicles from 03 model year (with differential lock fitted) – At speeds between 0 and 62.5 mph (0 and 100
km/h), ETC uses brake intervention in axle pairs to maintain even torque distribution between the front and rear
axles. If the centre differential lock is in the locked condition, the differential lock warning lamp in the instrument
pack is illuminated. The ABS, EBD, ETC and HDC functions are retained, but with revised parameters to suit the
locked differential.
While the ETC function is enabled, if the SLABS ECU detects a wheel accelerating faster than the average, indicating
loss of traction, it operates the ABS modulator in the active braking mode. Depending on the vehicle speed, active
braking is employed for either the brake of the affected wheel or for both brakes on the affected axle, until all four
wheels are driven at approximately the same speed again. During active braking the SLABS ECU also illuminates the
ETC warning lamp, for a minimum of 2 seconds or for the duration that ETC is active. ETC operation is desensitised
during 'hard' cornering.
HDC
HDC uses brake intervention to provide a controlled descent ability in off road conditions when engine braking is
insufficient to maintain a comfortable speed. This allows the driver to leave HDC selected and to control the vehicle's
descent speed, down to the system's minimum target speed, using only the accelerator pedal. The HDC function is
selected on/off by a switch on the fascia. When selected on, HDC is enabled in all forward gears and reverse provided:
lVehicle speed is below 31.3 mph (50 km/h).
lThe transfer box is in low range.
lOn manual gearbox vehicles, the clutch is engaged.
When HDC is enabled, the HDC information warning lamp illuminates. If HDC is selected outside the above
conditions, the HDC information warning lamp flashes and the audible warning sounds continuously.
When HDC is enabled, the SLABS ECU calculates a target speed from the throttle position element of the engine data
input, and compares this with actual speed. If the actual speed is higher than the target speed, the SLABS ECU
operates the ABS modulator in the active braking mode to slow the vehicle down to the target speed. While the braking
force is being applied, the SLABS ECU also energizes the brake lamp relay to put the brake lamps on. Active braking
is discontinued while vehicle speed is below the target speed or if the foot brakes are applied. Applying the foot brakes
during active braking may result in a pulse through the brake pedal, which is normal.
During active braking, the brakes are operated predominantly on the wheels of the leading axle, but if that is not
sufficient to achieve the required deceleration the brakes of the trailing axle are also applied. The deceleration rate is
dependent on the speed differential between initial vehicle speed and the target speed. The deceleration rates are
relatively low at higher speed differentials, then progressively increase as vehicle speed approaches the target speed.
Anti-lock braking is also enabled during active braking, but at very low speeds some wheel lock can occur.
The target speed increases as the accelerator pedal is pressed, from a programmed minimum with the accelerator
pedal released, up to a maximum of 31.3 mph (50 km/h). For any given accelerator pedal position, while travelling
uphill or on level ground the target speed is always greater than the corresponding vehicle speed, which allows the
vehicle to be driven normally without HDC intervention. However, when travelling downhill, the gravitational effect on
the vehicle means that for any given accelerator pedal position the target speed is less than the corresponding vehicle
speed, and HDC intervenes to limit vehicle speed to the target speed.

RESTRAINT SYSTEMS
DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION 75-9
Operation - SRS
The diagnostic and control unit (DCU) controls the SRS system. The DCU is located beneath the centre console close
to the handbrake area. The DCU contains both an electronic deceleration sensor as well as an electromechanical
safing sensor. When the electronic deceleration sensor within the DCU detects rapid deceleration of the vehicle, it
compares the deceleration rate with stored values in its' memory. If the deceleration rate exceeds the stored value
and the electromechanical safing sensor triggers, the DCU deploys the airbag and the seat belt pretensioners. The
DCU will not deploy the airbags and seat belt pretensioners unless both sensors trigger.
The SRS has diagnostic capabilities through TestBook. In the event that a fault is detected, the DCU alerts the driver
by illuminating a warning lamp in the instrument cluster.
The DCU controls the following:
lSRS warning lamp.
lDrivers airbag module.
lPassenger airbag module (where fitted).
lDriver seat belt pretensioner.
lPassenger seat belt pretensioner.
WARNING: The integrity of the SRS system are critical for safety reasons. Ensure the following precautions
are always adhered to:
lNever install used SRS components from another vehicle or attempt to repair an SRS component.
lWhen repairing an SRS system only use genuine new parts.
lNever apply electrical power to an SRS component unless instructed to do so as part of an approved test
procedure.
lSpecial Torx bolts are necessary for installing the airbag module - do not use other bolts. Ensure bolts
are tightened to the correct torque.
lAlways use new fixings when replacing an SRS component.
lEnsure the SRS Diagnostic Control Unit (DCU) is always installed correctly. There must not be any gap
between the DCU and the bracket to which it is mounted. An incorrectly mounted DCU could cause the
system to malfunction.
System deployment
The airbag and seat belt pretensioners deploy to protect the front seat occupants when the DCU senses a rapid
vehicle deceleration. The system deploys when the following conditions are met:
lThe ignition switch is on.
lThe vehicle decelerates beyond a threshold defined within the DCU.
lThe electromechanical safing sensor within the DCU triggers.
When all of the above conditions are met, the DCU deploys the airbag(s) and seat belt pretensioners. If the above
conditions are not met, the DCU will not deploy the system.
Component replacement policy
After an impact which deploys the airbags and pretensioners, the following components must be renewed:
lDCU.
lDriver and passenger airbag modules.
lDriver and passenger buckle pretensioners.
lRotary coupler.
lFlyleads (where applicable) connecting airbags and pre-tensioners to SRS harness
SRS warning lamp
The SRS warning lamp illuminates for 5 seconds during system readiness check on starting the engine. The SRS
warning lamp extinguishes for one second after the system readiness check is performed. If a fault is present the
warning lamp then illuminates continuously. If no fault is present, the SRS warning lamp remains extinguished. If a
system fault occurs in excess of two seconds after the readiness check has been completed, the SRS warning lamp
illuminates for that ignition cycle. It remains illuminated for a minimum of 12 seconds ± 4 seconds for all fault
conditions.
The SRS warning lamp will only illuminate for low voltage concerns while the low voltage condition is present. If the
low voltage condition is corrected, the SRS warning lamp extinguishes and the fault is recorded in the DCU's memory.

WIPERS AND WASHERS
DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION 84-17
Operation
Front intermittent wipe variable delay
The front intermittent wipe variable delay operation allows the driver to adjust the interval between wipes to suit local
conditions. Front variable delay operation activates when the following conditions are met:
lIgnition switch in position I or II.
lFront wash/ wipe switch is in the intermittent position.
The BCU receives the front intermittent wipe signal from the front wash/ wipe switch. The BCU receives a separate
signal from the variable delay switch, determines the delay interval from the front wash/ wipe switch position and
passes it on to the IDM. The IDM energises the front wiper relay to activate the front wiper motor.
If the delay duration is decreased during front variable delay operation, the wipers immediately operate once and then
the delay cycle is reset to the new duration.
If the delay duration is increased during front variable delay operation, the delay cycle is automatically increased by
the BCU.
Front low speed
Front low-speed operation activates when the following conditions are met:
lIgnition switch is in position I or II.
lFront wipe/ wash switch is in low speed position.
Selecting low-speed on the front wash/ wipe switch signals the IDM to energises the front wiper relay, which provides
power to the front wiper motor assembly.
Front high speed
Front high-speed operation activates when the following conditions are met:
lIgnition switch is in position I or II.
lFront wipe/ wash switch is in high speed position.
Selecting high speed on the front wash/ wipe switch allows power to flow from the switch directly to the wiper motor.
The high-speed input goes to a set of brushes in the wiper motor that are closer together than the low speed brushes.
These brushes allow the motor to run at a faster speed but with less torque.
Front washer
Front washer operation will only activate when the following conditions are met:
lIgnition switch is in position I or II.
lFront washer switch operated.
Flicking the front washer switch energises the front washer pump motor for 0.4 second. Holding the front washer
switch for longer than 0.4 second allows the front washer pump motor to run as long as the switch is held.
There are two front washer configurations. If the vehicle is fitted with programme wash/ wipe, and the front washer
pump motor is active for more than 0.5 second, the front wipers operate at low speed. The wipers continue to operate
for 4 seconds after the washer switch is released. In some markets, the driver must activate the front wipers after a
front washer operation.
The front washer operation has a higher priority than the variable delay operation. This means that if intermittent wipe
is active when a front washer operation is initiated, the wash cycle executes and the intermittent wipe is re-instated
at the end of the wash operation.