1999 DODGE DURANGO cylinder

Downloaded from www.Manualslib.com manuals search engine (7) Remove and discard the crankshaft rear oil
seals.
(8) Remove and discard the front crankshaft oil
seal.
INSPECTION OF JOURNALS
The crankshaft connecting rod and main journals
should be checked for excessive wear, taper and scor-
ing. The maximum taper or out-of-round on any
crankshaft journal is 0.025 mm (0.001 inch).
Journal grinding should not exceed 0.305 mm
(0.012 inch) under the standard journal diameter. DO
NOT grind thrust faces of No.3 main bearing. DO
NOT nick crank pin or bearing fillets. After grinding,
remove rough edges from crankshaft oil holes and
clean out all oil passages.
CAUTION: After any journal grind, it is important
that the final paper or cloth polish be in the same
direction as the engine rotates.
CLEANING
Clean Loctite 518 residue and sealant from the cyl-
inder block and rear cap mating surface. Do this
before applying the Loctite drop and the installation
of rear cap.
INSTALLATION
(1) Lightly oil the new upper seal lips with engine
oil.
(2) Install the new upper rear bearing oil seal with
the white paint facing towards the rear of the engine.
(3) Position the crankshaft into the cylinder block.
(4) Lightly oil the new lower seal lips with engine
oil.
(5) Install the new lower rear bearing oil seal into
the bearing cap with the white paint facing towards
the rear of the engine.
(6) Apply 5 mm (0.20 in) drop of Loctite 518, or
equivalent, on each side of the rear main bearing cap
(Fig. 72). DO NOT over apply sealant or allow the
sealant to contact the rubber seal. Assemble bearing
cap to cylinder block immediately after sealant appli-
cation.
(7) To align the bearing cap, use cap slot, align-
ment dowel and cap bolts. DO NOT remove excess
material after assembly. DO NOT strike rear cap
more than 2 times for proper engagement.
(8) Clean and oil all cap bolts. Install all main
bearing caps. Install all cap bolts and alternately
tighten to 115 N´m (85 ft. lbs.) torque.
(9) Install oil pump.
Apply MopartSilicone Rubber Adhesive Sealant,
or equivalent, at bearing cap to block joint to provide
cap to block and oil pan sealing (Fig. 73). Apply
enough sealant until a small amount is squeezed out.Withdraw nozzle and wipe excess sealant off the oil
pan seal groove.
(10) Install new front crankshaft oil seal.
(11) Immediately install the oil pan.
OIL PUMP
REMOVAL
(1) Remove the oil pan.
(2) Remove the oil pump from rear main bearing
cap.
INSTALLATION
(1) Install oil pump. During installation slowly
rotate pump body to ensure driveshaft-to-pump rotor
shaft engagement.
Fig. 72 Sealant Application to Bearing Cap
1 ± .25 DROP OF LOCTITE 515 ON BOTH SIDES OF REAR
MAIN CAP
Fig. 73 Apply Sealant to Bearing Cap to Block Joint
1 ± MOPAR SILICONE RUBBER ADHESIVE SEALANT NOZZLE
TIP
2 ± SEALANT APPLIED
3 ± CYLINDER BLOCK
4 ± REAR MAIN BEARING CAP
DN5.9L ENGINE 9 - 177
REMOVAL AND INSTALLATION (Continued)

Downloaded from www.Manualslib.com manuals search engine CRANKSHAFT OIL SEALSÐREAR
The service seal is a 2 piece, viton seal. The upper
seal half can be installed with crankshaft removed
from engine or with crankshaft installed. When a
new upper seal is installed, install a new lower seal.
The lower seal half can only be installed with the
rear main bearing cap removed.
UPPER SEAL ÐCRANKSHAFT REMOVED
REMOVAL
(1) Remove the crankshaft. Discard the old upper
seal.
INSTALLATION
(1) Clean the cylinder block rear cap mating sur-
face. Make sure the seal groove is free of debris.
(2) Lightly oil the new upper seal lips with engine
oil.
(3) Install the new upper rear bearing oil seal with
the white paint facing towards the rear of the engine.
(4) Position the crankshaft into the cylinder block.
(5) Lightly oil the new lower seal lips with engine
oil.
(6) Install the new lower rear bearing oil seal into
the bearing cap with the white paint facing towards
the rear of the engine.
(7) Apply 5 mm (0.20 in) drop of MopartGasket
Maker, or equivalent, on each side of the rear main
bearing cap (Fig. 77). DO NOT over apply sealant or
allow the sealant to contact the rubber seal. Assem-
ble bearing cap to cylinder block immediately after
sealant application.(8) To align the bearing cap, use cap slot, align-
ment dowel and cap bolts. DO NOT remove excess
material after assembly. DO NOT strike rear cap
more than 2 times for proper engagement.
(9) Clean and oil all cap bolts. Install all main
bearing caps. Install all cap bolts and alternately
tighten to 115 N´m (85 ft. lbs.) torque.
(10) Install oil pump.
(11) Apply MopartSilicone Rubber Adhesive Seal-
ant, or equivalent, at bearing cap to block joint to
provide cap to block and oil pan sealing (Fig. 78).
Apply enough sealant until a small amount is
squeezed out. Withdraw nozzle and wipe excess seal-
ant off the oil pan seal groove.
(12) Install new front crankshaft oil seal.
(13) Immediately install the oil pan.
UPPER SEAL ÐCRANKSHAFT INSTALLED
REMOVAL
(1) Remove the oil pan.
(2) Remove the oil pump from the rear main bear-
ing cap.
(3) Remove the rear main bearing cap. Remove
and discard the old lower oil seal.
(4) Carefully remove and discard the old upper oil
seal.
INSTALLATION
(1) Clean the cylinder block mating surfaces before
oil seal installation. Check for burr at the oil hole on
the cylinder block mating surface to rear cap.
(2) Lightly oil the new upper seal lips with engine
oil. To allow ease of installation of the seal, loosen at
Fig. 77 Sealant Application to Bearing Cap
1 ± MOPAR SILICONE RUBBER ADHESIVE SEALANT SLOTS
2 ± LOCTITE 518 (OR EQUIVALENT)
3 ± CAP ALIGNMENT SLOT
4 ± REAR MAIN BEARING CAP
Fig. 78 Apply Sealant to Bearing Cap to Block Joint
1 ± MOPAR SILICONE RUBBER ADHESIVE SEALANT NOZZLE
TIP
2 ± SEALANT APPLIED
3 ± CYLINDER BLOCK
4 ± REAR MAIN BEARING CAP
DN5.9L ENGINE 9 - 179
REMOVAL AND INSTALLATION (Continued)

Downloaded from www.Manualslib.com manuals search engine least the 2 main bearing caps forward of the rear
bearing cap.
(3) Rotate the new upper seal into the cylinder
block being careful not to shave or cut the outer sur-
face of the seal. To assure proper installation, use the
installation tool provided with the kit. Install the
new seal with the white paint facing towards the
rear of the engine.
(4) Install the new lower rear bearing oil seal into
the bearing cap with the white paint facing towards
the rear of the engine.
(5) Apply 5 mm (0.20 in) drop of MopartGasket
Maker, or equivalent, on each side of the rear main
bearing cap (Fig. 77). DO NOT over apply sealant or
allow the sealant to contact the rubber seal. Assem-
ble bearing cap to cylinder block immediately after
sealant application. Be sure the white paint faces
toward the rear of the engine.
(6) To align the bearing cap, use cap slot, align-
ment dowel and cap bolts. DO NOT remove excess
material after assembly. DO NOT strike rear cap
more than 2 times for proper engagement.
(7) Install the rear main bearing cap with cleaned
and oiled cap bolts. Alternately tighten ALL cap bolts
to 115 N´m (85 ft. lbs.) torque.
(8) Install oil pump.
(9) Apply MopartSilicone Rubber Adhesive Seal-
ant, or equivalent, at bearing cap to block joint to
provide cap to block and oil pan sealing (Fig. 78).
Apply enough sealant until a small amount is
squeezed out. Withdraw nozzle and wipe excess seal-
ant off the oil pan seal groove.
(10) Immediately install the oil pan.
LOWER SEAL
REMOVAL
(1) Remove the oil pan.
(2) Remove the oil pump from the rear main bear-
ing cap.
(3) Remove the rear main bearing cap and discard
the old lower seal.
INSTALLATION
(1) Clean the rear main cap mating surfaces
including the oil pan gasket groove.
(2) Carefully install a new upper seal (refer to
Upper Seal Replacement - Crankshaft Installed pro-
cedure above).
(3) Lightly oil the new lower seal lips with engine
oil.
(4) Install a new lower seal in bearing cap with
the white paint facing the rear of engine.
(5) Apply 5 mm (0.20 in) drop of MopartGasket
Maker, or equivalent, on each side of the rear main
bearing cap (Fig. 77). DO NOT over apply sealant orallow the sealant to contact the rubber seal. Assem-
ble bearing cap to cylinder block immediately after
sealant application.
(6) To align the bearing cap, use cap slot, align-
ment dowel and cap bolts. DO NOT remove excess
material after assembly. DO NOT strike rear cap
more than 2 times for proper engagement.
(7) Install the rear main bearing cap with cleaned
and oiled cap bolts. Alternately tighten the cap bolts
to 115 N´m (85 ft. lbs.) torque.
(8) Install oil pump.
(9) Apply MopartSilicone Rubber Adhesive Seal-
ant, or equivalent, at bearing cap to block joint to
provide cap to block and oil pan sealing (Fig. 78).
Apply enough sealant until a small amount is
squeezed out. Withdraw nozzle and wipe excess seal-
ant off the oil pan seal groove.
(10) Immediately install the oil pan.
ENGINE CORE OIL AND CAMSHAFT PLUGS
Engine core plugs have been pressed into the oil
galleries behind the camshaft thrust plate (Fig. 79).
This will reduce internal leakage and help maintain
higher oil pressure at idle.
REMOVAL
(1) Using a blunt tool such as a drift or a screw-
driver and a hammer, strike the bottom edge of the
cup plug (Fig. 80).
(2) With the cup plug rotated, grasp firmly with
pliers or other suitable tool and remove plug (Fig.
80).
Fig. 79 Location of Cup Plugs in Oil Galleries
1 ± CUP PLUGS
9 - 180 5.9L ENGINEDN
REMOVAL AND INSTALLATION (Continued)

Downloaded from www.Manualslib.com manuals search engine INSTALLATION
Thoroughly clean inside of cup plug hole in cylin-
der block or head. Be sure to remove old sealer.
Be certain the new plug is cleaned of all oil or
grease.
(1) Coat edges of plug and core hole with Mopart
Gasket Maker, or equivalent.
CAUTION: DO NOT drive cup plug into the casting,
as restricted coolant flow can result and cause seri-
ous engine problems.
(2) Using proper plug drive, drive cup plug into
hole. The sharp edge of the plug should be at least
0.50 mm (0.020 in.) inside the lead-in chamfer.
(3) It is not necessary to wait for curing of the
sealant. The cooling system can be filled and the
vehicle placed in service immediately.
DISASSEMBLY AND ASSEMBLY
OIL PUMP
DISASSEMBLE
(1) Remove the relief valve as follows:
(a) Remove cotter pin. Drill a 3.175 mm (1/8
inch) hole into the relief valve retainer cap and
insert a self-threading sheet metal screw.
(b) Clamp screw into a vise and while support-
ing oil pump, remove cap by tapping pump body
using a soft hammer. Discard retainer cap and
remove spring and relief valve (Fig. 81).(2) Remove oil pump cover (Fig. 82).
(3) Remove pump outer rotor and inner rotor with
shaft (Fig. 82).
(4) Wash all parts in a suitable solvent and inspect
carefully for damage or wear.
Fig. 80 Core Hole Plug Removal
1 ± CYLINDER BLOCK
2 ± REMOVE PLUG WITH PLIERS
3 ± STRIKE HERE WITH HAMMER
4 ± DRIFT PUNCH
5 ± CUP PLUGFig. 81 Oil Pressure Relief Valve
1 ± OIL PUMP ASSEMBLY
2 ± COTTER PIN
3 ± RELIEF VALVE
4 ± RETAINER CAP
5 ± SPRING
Fig. 82 Oil Pump
1 ± INNER ROTOR AND SHAFT
2 ± BODY
3 ± DISTRIBUTOR DRIVESHAFT (REFERENCE)
4 ± COTTER PIN
5 ± RETAINER CAP
6 ± SPRING
7 ± RELIEF VALVE
8 ± LARGE CHAMFERED EDGE
9 ± BOLT
10 ± COVER
11 ± OUTER ROTOR
DN5.9L ENGINE 9 - 181
REMOVAL AND INSTALLATION (Continued)

Downloaded from www.Manualslib.com manuals search engine ASSEMBLE
(1) Install pump rotors and shaft, using new parts
as required.
(2) Position the oil pump cover onto the pump
body. Tighten cover bolts to 11 N´m (95 in. lbs.)
torque.
(3) Install the relief valve and spring. Insert the
cotter pin.
(4) Tap on a new retainer cap.
(5) Prime oil pump before installation by filling
rotor cavity with engine oil.
CLEANING AND INSPECTION
CYLINDER HEAD COVER
CLEANING
Clean cylinder head cover gasket surface.
Clean head rail, if necessary.
INSPECTION
Inspect cover for distortion and straighten, if nec-
essary.
Check the gasket for use in head cover installation.
If damaged, use a new gasket.
CYLINDER HEAD ASSEMBLY
CLEANING
Clean all surfaces of cylinder block and cylinder
heads.
Clean cylinder block front and rear gasket surfaces
using a suitable solvent.
INSPECTION
Inspect all surfaces with a straightedge if there is
any reason to suspect leakage. If out-of-flatness
exceeds 0.00075 mm/mm (0.00075 inch/inch) times
the span length in inches in any direction, either
replace head or lightly machine the head surface.
FOR EXAMPLE:A 305 mm (12 inch) span is
0.102 mm (0.004 inch) out-of-flat. The allowable out-
of-flat is 305 X 0.00075 (12 X 0.00075) equals 0.23
mm (0.009 inch). This amount of out-of-flat is accept-
able.
The cylinder head surface finish should be
1.78-3.00 microns (70-125 microinches).
PISTON AND CONNECTING ROD ASSEMBLY
INSPECTION
Check the crankshaft connecting rod journal for
excessive wear, taper and scoring.
Check the cylinder block bore for out-of-round,
taper, scoring and scuffing.Check the pistons for taper and elliptical shape
before they are fitted into the cylinder bore (Fig. 83).
OIL PAN
CLEANING
Clean the block and pan gasket surfaces.
Trim or remove excess sealant film in the rear
main cap oil pan gasket groove.DO NOT remove
the sealant inside the rear main cap slots.
If present, trim excess sealant from inside the
engine.
Clean oil pan in solvent and wipe dry with a clean
cloth.
Clean oil screen and pipe thoroughly in clean sol-
vent. Inspect condition of screen.
INSPECTION
Inspect oil drain plug and plug hole for stripped or
damaged threads. Repair as necessary.
Inspect oil pan mounting flange for bends or distor-
tion. Straighten flange, if necessary.
OIL PUMP
INSPECTION
Mating surface of the oil pump cover should be
smooth. Replace pump assembly if cover is scratched
or grooved.
Lay a straightedge across the pump cover surface
(Fig. 84). If a 0.038 mm (0.0015 inch) feeler gauge
can be inserted between cover and straightedge,
pump assembly should be replaced.
Fig. 83 Piston Measurements
1 ± 49.53 mm
(1.95 IN.)
9 - 182 5.9L ENGINEDN
DISASSEMBLY AND ASSEMBLY (Continued)

Downloaded from www.Manualslib.com manuals search engine CYLINDER BLOCK
CLEANING
Clean cylinder block thoroughly and check all core
hole plugs for evidence of leaking.
INSPECTION
Examine block for cracks or fractures.
The cylinder walls should be checked for out-of-
round and taper with Cylinder Bore Indicator Tool
C-119. The cylinder block should be bored and honed
with new pistons and rings fitted if:
²The cylinder bores show more than 0.127 mm
(0.005 inch) out-of-round.
²The cylinder bores show a taper of more than
0.254 mm (0.010 inch).
²The cylinder walls are badly scuffed or scored.
Boring and honing operation should be closely coor-
dinated with the fitting of pistons and rings so spec-
ified clearances may be maintained.
Refer to Standard Service Procedures in the begin-
ning of this Group for the proper honing of cylinder
bores.
INTAKE MANIFOLD
CLEANING
Clean manifold in solvent and blow dry with com-
pressed air.
Clean cylinder block front and rear gasket surfaces
using a suitable solvent.
The plenum pan rail must be clean and dry (free of
all foreign material).
INSPECTION
Inspect manifold for cracks.
Inspect mating surfaces of manifold for flatness
with a straightedge.
EXHAUST MANIFOLD
CLEANING
Clean mating surfaces on cylinder head and mani-
fold, wash with solvent and blow dry with com-
pressed air.
INSPECTION
Inspect manifold for cracks, Inspect mating sur-
faces of manifold for flatness with a straight edge.
Seal surfaces must be flat within 0.1 mm (0.004 inch)
overall.
SPECIFICATIONS
5.9L ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS
DESCRIPTION SPECIFICATION
Engine Type 90É V-8 OHV
Bore and Stroke 101.6 x 90.9 mm
(4.00 x 3.58 in.)
Displacement 5.9L (360 c.i.)
Compression Ratio 9.1:1
Firing Order 1±8±4±3±6±5±7±2
Lubrication Pressure Feed ±
Full Flow Filtration
Cooling System Liquid Cooled ±
Forced Circulation
Cylinder Block Cast Iron
Cylinder Head Cast Iron
Crankshaft Nodular Iron
Camshaft Nodular Cast Iron
Combustion Chambers Wedge -
High Swirl Valve
Shrouding
Pistons Aluminum Alloy w/strut
Connecting Rods Forged Steel
Cylinder Compression 689.5 kPa
Pressure (Min.) (100 psi)
DESCRIPTION SPECIFICATION
CAMSHAFT
Bearing Diameter
No. 1 50.800 ± 50.825 mm
(2.000 ± 2.001 in.)
No. 2 50.394 ± 50.419 mm
(1.984 ± 1.985 in.)
No. 3 50.013 ± 50.038 mm
(1.969 ± 1.970 in.)
No. 4 49.606 ± 49.632 mm
(1.953 ± 1.954 in.)
No. 5 39.688 ± 39.713 mm
(1.5625 ± 1.5635 in.)
DN5.9L ENGINE 9 - 185
CLEANING AND INSPECTION (Continued)

Downloaded from www.Manualslib.com manuals search engine DESCRIPTION SPECIFICATION
Bearing Journal Diameter
No. 1 50.749 ± 50.775 mm
(1.998 ± 1.999 in.)
No. 2 50.343 ± 50.368 mm
(1.982 ± 1.983 in.)
No. 3 49.962 ± 49.987 mm
(1.967 ± 1.968 in.)
No. 4 49.555 ± 49.581 mm
(1.951 ± 1.952 in.)
No. 5 39.637 ± 39.662 mm
(1.5605 ± 1.5615 in.)
Bearing to Journal
Clearance
Standard 0.0254 ± 0.0762 mm
(0.001 ± 0.003 in.)
Service Limit 0.127 mm
(0.005 in.)
Camshaft End Play 0.051 ± 0.254 mm
(0.002 ± 0.010 in.)
CONNECTING RODS
Piston Pin Bore Diameter 24.966 - 24.978 mm
(0.9829 - 0.9834 in.)
Side Clearance 0.152 - 0.356 mm
(0.006 - 0.014 in.)
CRANKSHAFT
Rod Journal
Diameter 53.950 ± 53.975 mm
(2.124 ± 2.125 in.)
Out of Round (Max.) 0.0254 mm (0.001 in.)
Taper (Max.) 0.0254 mm (0.001 in.)
Bearing Clearance 0.013 ± 0.056 mm
(0.0005 ± 0.0022 in.)
Service Limit 0.0762 mm (0.003 in.)
Main Bearing Journal
Diameter 71.361 ± 71.387 mm
(2.8095 ± 2.8105 in.)
Out of Round (Max.) 0.127 mm (0.001 in.)
Taper (Max.) 0.0254 mm (0.001 in.)DESCRIPTION SPECIFICATION
Bearing Clearance
#1 Journal 0.013 ± 0.038 mm
(0.0005 ± 0.0015 in.)
Service Limit
#1 Journal 0.0381 mm (0.0015 in.)
Bearing Clearance
#2-5 Journals 0.013 ± 0.051 mm
(0.0005 ± 0.002 in.)
Service Limit
#2-5 Journals 0.064 mm (0.0025 in.)
End Play 0.051 ± 0.178 mm
(0.002 ± 0.007 in.)
Service Limit 0.254 mm (0.010 in.)
CYLINDER BLOCK
Cylinder Bore
Diameter 101.60 ± 101.65 mm
(4.000 ± 4.002 in.)
Out of Round (Max.) 0.025 mm (0.001 in.)
Taper (Max.) 0.025 mm (0.001 in.)
Lifter Bore
Diameter 22.99 ± 23.01 mm
(0.9051 ± 0.9059 in.)
Distributor Drive
BushingÐ
(Press Fit)
Bushing to Bore
Interference0.0127 ± 0.3556 mm
(0.0005 ± 0.0140 in.)
Shaft to Bushing
Clearance0.0178 ± 0.0686 mm
(0.0007 ± 0.0027 in.)
CYLINDER HEAD AND VALVES
Valve Seat
Angle 44.25É ± 44.75É
Runout (Max.) 0.0762 mm (0.003 in.)
Width (Finish) ± Intake 1.016 ± 1.524 mm
(0.040 ± 0.060 in.)
Width (Finish) ± Exhaust 1.524 ± 2.032 mm
(0.060 ± 0.080 in.)
9 - 186 5.9L ENGINEDN
SPECIFICATIONS (Continued)

Downloaded from www.Manualslib.com manuals search engine DESCRIPTION SPECIFICATION
PISTONS
Clearance at Top of Skirt 0.013 ± 0.038 mm
(0.0005 ± 0.0015 in.)
Land Clearance (Diam.) 0.508 ± 0.660 mm
(0.020 ± 0.026 in.)
Piston Length 81.03 mm (3.19 in.)
Piston Ring Groove
DepthÐ
#1&2 4.761 ± 4.912 mm
(0.187 ± 0.193 in.)
Piston Ring Groove
DepthÐ
#3 3.996 ± 4.177 mm
(0.157 ± 0.164 in.)
Weight 582 ± 586 grams
(20.53 ± 20.67 oz.)
PISTON PINS
Clearance in Piston 0.006 ± 0.019 mm
(0.00023 ± 0.00074 in.)
Diameter 25.007 ± 25.015 mm
(0.9845 ± 0.9848 in.)
End Play NONE
Length 67.8 ± 68.3 mm
(2.67 ± 2.69 in.)
PISTON RINGS
Ring Gap
Compression Ring (Top) 0.30 ± 0.55 mm
(0.012 ± 0.022 in.)
Compression Ring (2nd) 0.55 ± 0.80 mm
(0.022 ± 0.031 in.)
Oil Control (Steel Rails) 0.381 ± 1.397 mm
(0.015 ± 0.055 in.)
Ring Side Clearance
Compression Rings 0.040 ± 0.085 mm
(0.0016 ± 0.0033 in.)
Oil Ring (Steel Rails) 0.05 ± 0.21 mm
(0.002 ± 0.008 in.)
Ring Width
Compression rings 1.530 ± 1.555 mm
(0.060 ± 0.061 in.)DESCRIPTION SPECIFICATION
Oil Ring (Steel Rails) ±
Max.0.447 ±0.473 mm
(0.018 ± 0.019 in.)
VALVE TIMING
Exhaust Valve
Closes (ATDC) 33É
Opens (BBDC) 56É
Duration 269É
Intake Valve
Closes (ATDC) 62É
Opens (BBDC) 7É
Duration 249É
Valve Overlap 41É
OVERSIZE AND UNDERSIZE ENGINE
COMPONENT MARKINGS CHART
ITEM U/S
(O/S)IDENTI-
FICATIONIDENTI-
FICATION
LOCATION
Crank-
shaft
Journals0.0254
mm
(0.001
in.) U/SR or M M-2-3
ect.
(indicating
No. 2 and 3
main bearing
journal)
and/or R-1-4
ect.
(indicating
No. 1 and 4
connecting
rod journal)Milled flat on
No. 8
crankshaft
counterweight.
Hydraulic
Tappets0.2032
mm
(0.008
in.)
(O/S)lDiamond-
shaped stamp
top pad - front
of engine and
flat ground on
outside
surface of
each O/S
tappet bore.
Valve
Stems0.127
mm
(0.005
in.)
(O/S)X Milled pad
adjacent to
two tapped
holes (3/8 in.)
on each end
of cylinder
head.
9 - 188 5.9L ENGINEDN
SPECIFICATIONS (Continued)