
OPERATION
The converter impeller (Fig. 123) (driving member),
which is integral to the converter housing and bolted
to the engine drive plate, rotates at engine speed.
The converter turbine (driven member), which reacts
from fluid pressure generated by the impeller, rotates
and turns the transmission input shaft.
TURBINE
As the fluid that was put into motion by the impel-
ler blades strikes the blades of the turbine, some of
the energy and rotational force is transferred into the
turbine and the input shaft. This causes both of them
(turbine and input shaft) to rotate in a clockwise
direction following the impeller. As the fluid is leav-
ing the trailing edges of the turbine's blades it con-
tinues in a ªhinderingº direction back toward the
impeller. If the fluid is not redirected before it strikes
the impeller, it will strike the impeller in such a
direction that it would tend to slow it down.
STATOR
Torque multiplication is achieved by locking the
stator's over-running clutch to its shaft (Fig. 124).
Under stall conditions (the turbine is stationary), the
oil leaving the turbine blades strikes the face of the
stator blades and tries to rotate them in a counter-
clockwise direction. When this happens the over-run-ning clutch of the stator locks and holds the stator
from rotating. With the stator locked, the oil strikes
the stator blades and is redirected into a ªhelpingº
direction before it enters the impeller. This circula-
tion of oil from impeller to turbine, turbine to stator,
and stator to impeller, can produce a maximum
torque multiplication of about 2.4:1. As the turbine
begins to match the speed of the impeller, the fluid
that was hitting the stator in such as way as to
cause it to lock-up is no longer doing so. In this con-
dition of operation, the stator begins to free wheel
and the converter acts as a fluid coupling.
TORQUE CONVERTER CLUTCH (TCC)
In a standard torque converter, the impeller and
turbine are rotating at about the same speed and the
stator is freewheeling, providing no torque multipli-
cation. By applying the turbine's piston and friction
material to the front cover, a total converter engage-
ment can be obtained. The result of this engagement
is a direct 1:1 mechanical link between the engine
and the transmission.
The clutch can be engaged in second, third, fourth,
and fifth (if appicable) gear ranges depending on
overdrive control switch position. If the overdrive
control switch is in the normal ON position, the
clutch will engage after the shift to fourth gear. If the
Fig. 123 Torque Converter Fluid Operation - Typical
1 - APPLY PRESSURE 3 - RELEASE PRESSURE
2 - THE PISTON MOVES SLIGHTLY FORWARD 4 - THE PISTON MOVES SLIGHTLY REARWARD
DRAUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION - 45RFE/545RFE 21 - 403
TORQUE CONVERTER (Continued)

LATCH STRIKER - INSTALLATION . . 23-17,23-23,
23-33
LATCH STRIKER - REMOVAL . 23-16,23-23,23-33
LATCH STRIKER / SECONDARY CATCH -
INSTALLATION.......................23-48
LATCH STRIKER / SECONDARY CATCH -
REMOVAL..........................23-47
LD & HD EXCEPT 4X4 HD -
INSTALLATION, ALL..................19-14
LD & HD EXCEPT 4X4 HD - REMOVAL,
ALL ...............................19-14
LD FRONT - INSTALLATION, PROPELLER
SHAFT...............................3-7
LD FRONT - REMOVAL, PROPELLER
SHAFT...............................3-6
LEAD - DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING,
TIRE/VEHICLE........................22-8
LEAK - DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING,
CONVERTER HOUSING FLUID....21-144,21-318
LEAK - DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING,
ENGINE OIL................9-152,9-220,9-64
LEAK DETECTION ASSY - DESCRIPTION,
NATURAL VAC.......................25-23
LEAK DETECTION ASSY - INSTALLATION,
NATURAL VAC.......................25-25
LEAK DETECTION ASSY - OPERATION,
NATURAL VAC.......................25-23
LEAK DETECTION ASSY - REMOVAL,
NATURAL VAC.......................25-24
LEAK DETECTION PUMP - DESCRIPTION . . 25-13
LEAK DETECTION PUMP - INSTALLATION . 25-16
LEAK DETECTION PUMP - OPERATION....25-14
LEAK DETECTION PUMP - REMOVAL.....25-16
LEAKAGE - DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING,
CYLINDER COMBUSTION PRESSURE . 9-186,9-8,
9-93
LEAKAGE - DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING,
INTAKE MANIFOLD..............9-159,9-225
LEAKAGE - DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING,
PUMP.............................19-40
LEAKS - DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING,
CHARGE AIR COOLER SYSTEM.........11-16
LEAKS - DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING,
COOLING SYSTEM - TESTING.............7-5
LEAKS - DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING,
HIGH-PRESSURE FUEL LINE............14-58
LEAKS - DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING,
INTAKE MANIFOLD....................9-72
LEAKS - DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING,
REAR SEAL AREA...........9-137,9-209,9-65
LEAKS - DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING,
REFRIGERANT SYSTEM...............24-44
LEAKS - DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING,
WATER .............................23-1
LEAKS - STANDARD PROCEDURE,
REPAIRING.........................22-10
LEARN - STANDARD PROCEDURE,
DRIVE.............................8E-23
LEARN - STANDARD PROCEDURE, TCM
QUICK.............................8E-23
LEFT CYLINDER HEAD - INSTALLATION . . . 9-112
LEFT CYLINDER HEAD - REMOVAL.......9-108
LEFT REAR CABLE - INSTALLATION.......5-39
LEFT REAR CABLE - REMOVAL...........5-38
LENS REPLACEMENT - STANDARD
PROCEDURE, MODULE................8M-3
LEVEL - DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING,
EFFECTS OF INCORRECT FLUID . . 21-201,21-366
LEVEL - STANDARD PROCEDURE,
BRAKE FLUID........................5-23
LEVEL - STANDARD PROCEDURE,
ENGINE OIL.........................9-292
LEVEL - STANDARD PROCEDURE,
REFRIGERANT OIL...................24-69
LEVEL CHECK - STANDARD
PROCEDURE, COOLANT................7-17
LEVEL CHECK - STANDARD
PROCEDURE, FLUID...........21-202,21-366
LEVEL CHECKING - STANDARD
PROCEDURE, POWER STEERING FLUID
. . . 19-43
LEVEL SENDING UNIT / SENSOR -
DESCRIPTION, FUEL
..............14-57,14-6
LEVEL SENDING UNIT / SENSOR -
INSTALLATION, FUEL
..................14-7
LEVEL SENDING UNIT / SENSOR -
OPERATION, FUEL
................14-57,14-6
LEVEL SENDING UNIT / SENSOR -
REMOVAL, FUEL
......................14-7LEVEL SWITCH - DESCRIPTION,
WASHER FLUID......................8R-9
LEVEL SWITCH - INSTALLATION,
WASHER FLUID.....................8R-11
LEVEL SWITCH - OPERATION, WASHER
FLUID..............................8R-9
LEVEL SWITCH - REMOVAL, WASHER
FLUID.............................8R-10
LEVER - ADJUSTMENT, SHIFT . . . 21-446,21-481
LEVER - INSTALLATION, GEAR SHIFT.....19-12
LEVER - INSTALLATION, SHIFT . . . 21-445,21-480
LEVER - REMOVAL, GEAR SHIFT........19-12
LEVER - REMOVAL, SHIFT......21-444,21-479
LEVER KNOB RELEASE - INSTALLATION,
TILT ...............................19-16
LEVER KNOB RELEASE - REMOVAL, TILT . . 19-16
LICENSE PLATE LAMP - INSTALLATION . . . 8L-17
LICENSE PLATE LAMP - REMOVAL.......8L-17
LICENSE PLATE LAMP UNIT -
INSTALLATION.......................8L-17
LICENSE PLATE LAMP UNIT - REMOVAL . . 8L-17
LID - INSTALLATION, CENTER SEAT
BACK..............................23-79
LID - INSTALLATION, UNDER SEAT
STORAGE BIN.......................23-80
LID - REMOVAL, CENTER SEAT BACK....23-79
LID - REMOVAL, UNDER SEAT STORAGE
BIN ...............................23-80
LIFTERS/TAPPETS - CLEANING, SOLID....9-279
LIFTERS/TAPPETS - INSPECTION, SOLID . . . 9-279
LIFTERS/TAPPETS - INSTALLATION,
SOLID.............................9-280
LIFTERS/TAPPETS - REMOVAL, SOLID....9-279
LIGHT DUTY FRONT FRAME RAIL TIP
REPLACEMENT - STANDARD
PROCEDURE.........................13-4
LIGHTER OUTLET - DESCRIPTION,
CIGAR...........................8W-97-2
LIGHTER OUTLET - DIAGNOSIS AND
TESTING, CIGAR...................8W-97-2
LIGHTER OUTLET - OPERATION, CIGAR . 8W-97-2
LIMITING VALVE - DESCRIPTION, FUEL
PRESSURE.........................14-61
LIMITING VALVE - INSTALLATION, FUEL
PRESSURE.........................14-61
LIMITING VALVE - OPERATION, FUEL
PRESSURE.........................14-61
LIMITING VALVE - REMOVAL, FUEL
PRESSURE.........................14-61
LINE - DESCRIPTION, A/C DISCHARGE....24-56
LINE - DESCRIPTION, LIQUID...........24-65
LINE - DESCRIPTION, REFRIGERANT.....24-42
LINE - DESCRIPTION, SUCTION.........24-70
LINE - INSTALLATION, LIQUID..........24-66
LINE - REMOVAL, LIQUID..............24-65
LINE AND TERMINAL REPAIR -
STANDARD PROCEDURE, GRID..........8G-4
LINE COUPLER - DESCRIPTION,
REFRIGERANT.......................24-67
LINE COUPLER - INSTALLATION,
REFRIGERANT.......................24-68
LINE COUPLER - OPERATION,
REFRIGERANT.......................24-67
LINE COUPLER - REMOVAL,
REFRIGERANT.......................24-68
LINE LEAKS - DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING,
HIGH-PRESSURE FUEL................14-58
LINE PRESSURE (LP) SENSOR -
DESCRIPTION......................21-382
LINE PRESSURE (LP) SENSOR -
INSTALLATION......................21-383
LINE PRESSURE (LP) SENSOR -
OPERATION........................21-383
LINE PRESSURE (LP) SENSOR -
REMOVAL.........................21-383
LINES - DESCRIPTION, FUEL.......14-57,14-7
LINES - DESCRIPTION, VACUUM........25-22
LINES - INSTALLATION, FUEL...........14-60
LINES - OPERATION, FUEL.............14-57
LINES - OPERATION, REFRIGERANT......24-42
LINES - REMOVAL, FUEL..............14-58
LINK - INSTALLATION, DRAG...........19-36
LINK - REMOVAL, DRAG...............19-36
LINK CONNECTOR - DESCRIPTION, DATA
. . 8E-3
LINK CONNECTOR - OPERATION, DATA
....8E-3
LINKAGE - INSTALLATION
...............6-12
LINKAGE - LINK/COIL - DESCRIPTION
....19-34
LINKAGE - REMOVAL
..................6-12LINKAGE, SPECIAL TOOLS - STEERING . . . 19-35
LINK/COIL - DESCRIPTION, GEAR........19-20
LINK/COIL - DESCRIPTION, LINKAGE.....19-34
LINK/COIL - INSTALLATION, GEAR.......19-21
LINK/COIL - OPERATION, GEAR.........19-20
LINK/COIL - REMOVAL, GEAR...........19-20
LINK/COIL SUSPENSION - STANDARD
PROCEDURE, ALIGNMENT...............2-5
LIQUID LINE - DESCRIPTION...........24-65
LIQUID LINE - INSTALLATION...........24-66
LIQUID LINE - REMOVAL..............24-65
LOAD FLOOR - INSTALLATION..........23-72
LOAD FLOOR - REMOVAL..............23-71
LOAD FLOOR SUPPORT CYLINDER -
INSTALLATION.......................23-72
LOAD FLOOR SUPPORT CYLINDER -
REMOVAL..........................23-72
LOCATION - DESCRIPTION, CONNECTOR/
GROUND/SPLICE...................8W-91-1
LOCATIONS - SPECIFICATIONS, SEALER . 23-102
LOCATIONS - SPECIFICATIONS,
STRUCTURAL ADHESIVE..............23-112
LOCATIONS - SPECIFICATIONS, WELD . . . 23-120
LOCK - STANDARD PROCEDURE,
HYDROSTATIC..................9-190,9-240
LOCK CYLINDER - DIAGNOSIS AND
TESTING, IGNITION SWITCH AND KEY....19-11
LOCK CYLINDER - INSTALLATION.......23-24
LOCK CYLINDER - REMOVAL.............23-24
LOCK MOTOR - DESCRIPTION, DOOR.....8N-4
LOCK MOTOR - DIAGNOSIS AND
TESTING, DOOR......................8N-4
LOCK MOTOR - OPERATION, DOOR.......8N-4
LOCK SWITCH - DIAGNOSIS AND
TESTING, POWER.....................8N-4
LOCK SWITCH - INSTALLATION, POWER . . . 8N-4
LOCK SWITCH - REMOVAL, POWER......8N-4
LOCKING RETRACTOR - DESCRIPTION,
AUTOMATIC........................8O-14
LOCKING RETRACTOR - OPERATION,
AUTOMATIC........................8O-14
LOCKS - DESCRIPTION, POWER.........8N-1
LOCKS - DIAGNOSIS AND TESTING,
POWER.............................8N-3
LOCKS - OPERATION, POWER...........8N-2
LOOP ADJUSTER - INSTALLATION, SEAT
BELT TURNING......................8O-55
LOOP ADJUSTER - REMOVAL, SEAT
BELT TURNING......................8O-55
LOOP BRACKETS - INSTALLATION, SEAT
BACK REAR - FOOTMANS..............23-85
LOOP BRACKETS - REMOVAL, SEAT
BACK REAR - FOOTMANS..............23-85
LOW FUEL INDICATOR - DESCRIPTION . . . 8J-30
LOW FUEL INDICATOR - OPERATION.....8J-30
LOWER BALL JOINT - DIAGNOSIS AND
TESTING........................2-19,2-34
LOWER BALL JOINT - INSTALLATION . 2-20,2-35
LOWER BALL JOINT - REMOVAL.....2-19,2-35
LOWER CONTROL ARM BUSHINGS -
2WD (LD) - INSTALLATION..............2-15
LOWER CONTROL ARM BUSHINGS -
2WD (LD) - REMOVAL.................2-13
LOWER CONTROL ARM BUSHINGS -
4WD (LD) - INSTALLATION..............2-14
LOWER CONTROL ARM BUSHINGS -
4WD (LD) - REMOVAL.................2-13
LOWER SURROUND - INSTALLATION,
INSTRUMENT PANEL..................23-59
LOWER SURROUND - REMOVAL,
INSTRUMENT PANEL..................23-59
LOWER SUSPENSION ARM -
INSTALLATION........................2-38
LOWER SUSPENSION ARM - REMOVAL....2-38
LOWER TRIM - INSTALLATION,
B-PILLAR...........................23-64
LOWER TRIM - INSTALLATION,
C-PILLAR...........................23-67
LOWER TRIM - REMOVAL, B-PILLAR.....23-63
LOWER TRIM - REMOVAL, C-PILLAR.....23-66
LOW/REVERSE CLUTCH - ASSEMBLY....21-385
LOW/REVERSE CLUTCH - CLEANING
....21-385
LOW/REVERSE CLUTCH - DISASSEMBLY
. 21-384
LOW/REVERSE CLUTCH - INSPECTION
. . 21-385
LUBRICANTS - DESCRIPTION, ENGINE
OIL
.................................0-1
LUBRICATION - DESCRIPTION
.....9-150,9-220,
9-289,9-61
DRINDEX 19
Description Group-Page Description Group-Page Description Group-Page