1998 DODGE RAM 1500 engine oil

After finish honing is complete, immediately clean
the cylinder bores with a strong solution of laundry
detergent and hot water.
After rinsing, blow the block dry.
Check the bore cleanliness by wiping with a white,
lint-free, lightly- oiled cloth. There should be no grit
residue present.
If the block is not to be used right away, coat it
with a rust- preventing compound.
METHOD 2ÐREPAIR SLEEVE
If more than a 1.00 mm (0.03937 inch) diameter
oversize bore is required, the block must be bored
and a repair sleeve installed.
Bore the block cylinder bore to 104.500-104.515
mm (4.1142-4.1148 inch) - (Fig. 49).
Repair sleeves can be replaced by using a boring
bar to bore out the old sleeve. DO NOT cut the cyl-
inder bore beyond the oversize limit.
REPAIR SLEEVE BLOCK REBORE
DIMENSIONS CHART
BORE DIAMETER STEP DIMENSION
104.500 + 0.015 mm
(4.1142 + 0.0006 in.)6.35 mm (0.25 in.)
After machining the block for the new repair
sleeve, thoroughly clean the bore of all metal chips,
debris and oil residue before installing the sleeve.
Cool the repair sleeve(s) to a temperature of -12ÉC
(10ÉF) or below for a minimum of one hour. Be ready
to install the sleeve immediately after removing it
from the freezer.
Apply a coat of Loctite 620, or equivalent to the
bore that is to be sleeved.Wear protective gloves to push the cold sleeve into
the bore as far as possible.
Using a sleeve driver, drive the sleeve downward
until it contacts the step at the bottom of the bore
(Fig. 50).
A sleeve driver can be constructed as follows (Fig.
51).SLEEVE DRIVER CONSTRUCTION
SPECIFICATION CHART
ITEM MEASUREMENT
A 127 mm (5 in.)
B 38 mm (1.5 in.)
C 6.35 mm (0.25 in.)
D 25.4 mm (1 in.)
E 101 mm (3.976 in.)
F 107.343 mm (4.226 in.)
Set up a boring bar and machine the sleeve to
101.956 mm (4.014 inch).
Fig. 49 Block Bore for Repair Sleeve Dimensions
1 - BORE DIAMETER
2 - STEP DIMENSION
Fig. 50 Sleeve Installation
1 - SLEEVE DRIVER
2 - SLEEVE
3 - CONTACT
Fig. 51 Sleeve Driver Construction
1 - DRIVE
2 - HANDLE
9 - 266 ENGINE 5.9L DIESELDR
ENGINE BLOCK (Continued)

After removing the boring bar, use a honing stone
to chamfer the corner of the repair sleeve(s).
SLEEVE MACHINING DIMENSIONS CHART
ITEM MEASUREMENT
SLEEVE PROTRUSION MIN. - FLUSH WITH
BLOCK
MAX. - 0.050 mm
(0.0019 in.)
SLEEVE DIAMETER 101.956 mm (4.014 in.)
SLEEVE CHAMFER APPROX. 1.25 mm
(0.049 in.) by 15É
A correctly honed surface will have a crosshatch
appearance with the lines at 15É to 25É angles with
the top of the cylinder block. For the rough hone, use
80 grit honing stones. To finish hone, use 280 grit
honing stones.
Finished bore inside dimension is 102.020  0.020
mm (4.0165  0.0008 inch).
A maximum of 1.2 micrometer (48 microinch) sur-
face finish must be obtained.
After finish honing is complete, immediately clean
the cylinder bores with a strong solution of laundry
detergent and hot water.
After rinsing, blow the block dry with compressed
air.
Wipe the bore with a white, lint-free, lightly oiled
cloth. Make sure there is no grit residue present.
Apply a rust-preventing compound if the block will
not be used immediately.
A standard diameter piston and a piston ring set
must be used with a sleeved cylinder bore.
STANDARD PROCEDUREÐCAM BORE REPAIR
For standard bushings, not oversized, maximum
front and rear cam bushing bore diameter is 59.248
mm. (2.3326 in.). DO NOT bore the intermediate cam
bore to the front cam bore oversize dimensions. Max-
imum front and rear camshaft bushing installed
diameter is 54.147 mm. (2.1318 in.). Minimum
installed diameter is 54.083 mm. (2.1293 in.). Maxi-
mum intermediate camshaft bore diameter is 54.164
mm. (2.1324 in.).
A surface finish of 2.3 micrometers (92 microinch)
must be maintained. Not more than 20% of an area
of any one bore may be 3.2 micrometers (126 micro-
inch).
Camshaft bores can be repaired individually. It is
not necessary to repair undamaged cam bores in
order to repair individually damaged cam bores. The
standard front bushing cannot be used to repair
intermediate bores.Install all cam bushings flush or below the front
and rear cam bore surface. The front camshaft bush-
ing should be installed flush with front face of block.
The rear camshaft bushing should be installed flush
with rear face of block. The oil hole must align to
allow a 3.2 mm (0.125 inch) rod to pass through
freely (Fig. 52).
INSPECTION
Measure the combustion deck face using a straight
edge and a feeler gauge (Fig. 53). Cylinder block flat-
ness: End-to-end 0.076 mm ( .003 in.). Maximum
variation side-to-side 0.051 mm (.002 in.).
Inspect for any localized dips or imperfections.
If the surface exceeds the limit, (Refer to 9 -
ENGINE/ENGINE BLOCK - STANDARD PROCE-
DURE).
Fig. 52 Oil Hole Alignment
1 - CAMSHAFT BUSHING
Fig. 53 Combustion Deck Face Measurement
1 - STRAIGHT EDGE
2 - FEELER GAUGE
DRENGINE 5.9L DIESEL 9 - 267
ENGINE BLOCK (Continued)

Inspect the cylinder bores for damage or excessive
wear.
Measure the cylinder bores (Fig. 54). If the cylin-
der bores exceed the limit, (Refer to 9 - ENGINE/EN-
GINE BLOCK - STANDARD PROCEDURE).
BORE SPECIFICATIONS
BORE DIAMETER
Min. 102.000 mm (4.0157 in.)
Max. 102.116 mm (4.0203 in.)
OUT OF ROUNDNESS
Max. 0.038 mm (0.0015 in.)
TAPER
Max. 0.076 mm (.003 in.)
Inspect the camshaft bores for scoring or excessive
wear.
Measure the camshaft bores (Refer to 9 - ENGINE
- SPECIFICATIONS).
If a bore exceeds the limit, (Refer to 9 - ENGINE/
ENGINE BLOCK/CAMSHAFT & BEARINGS (IN
BLOCK) - STANDARD PROCEDURE).
Inspect the tappet bores for scoring or excessive
wear.
Measure tappet bore from bottom of block. Mini-
mum tappet bore diameter 16.000 mm (0.0630 in.).
Maximum tappet bore 16.055 mm. (0.632 in.).
If out of limits, replace the cylinder block.
CAMSHAFT & BEARINGS (IN
BLOCK)
REMOVAL
REMOVALÐCAMSHAFT BEARINGS
NOTE: Measure the diameter of each bore. If the
camshaft bore for the first or rear cam bushing is
worn beyond the limit, install a new service bush-
ing. Inspect the rest of the camshaft bores for dam-
age or excessive wear.If the bores without a
bushing are worn beyond the limit, the engine must
be removed for machining and installation of ser-
vice bushings. If badly worn, replace the cylinder
block.
(1) Remove the camshaft (Refer to 9 - ENGINE/
ENGINE BLOCK/CAMSHAFT & BEARINGS (IN
BLOCK) - REMOVAL).
(2) Remove the bushing from the No.1 bore and
No.7 using a universal cam bushing tool.
(3) Mark the cylinder block so you can align the oil
hole in the cylinder block with the oil hole in the
bushing.
REMOVAL - CAMSHAFT
(1) Disconnect both battery negative cables.
(2) Recover A/C refrigerant (if A/C equipped) (Refer
to 24 - HEATING & AIR CONDITIONING/PLUMB-
ING - STANDARD PROCEDURE).
(3) Raise vehicle on hoist.
(4) Drain engine coolant into container suitable for
re-use (Refer to 7 - COOLING - STANDARD PROCE-
DURE).
(5) Lower vehicle.
(6) Remove radiator upper hose.
(7) Remove viscous fan/drive assembly and fan
shroud (Refer to 7 - COOLING/ENGINE/RADIATOR
FAN - REMOVAL).
(8) Disconnect the coolant recovery bottle hose
from the radiator filler neck.
(9) Disconnect lower radiator hose from radiator
outlet.
(10)Automatic Transmission models:Discon-
nect transmission oil cooler lines from front of radia-
tor using Special Tool 6931 (unless equipped with
finger-release disconnect).
(11) Remove radiator mounting screws and lift
radiator out of engine compartment.
(12) Remove upper radiator support panel.
(13) If A/C equipped, disconnect A/C condenser
refrigerant lines.
(14) Disconnect charge air cooler piping from the
cooler inlet and outlet.
Fig. 54 Cylinder Bore Diameter
9 - 268 ENGINE 5.9L DIESELDR
ENGINE BLOCK (Continued)

(3) Inspect the camshaft bushing oil holes for
alignment with cylinder block (Fig. 60).
Camshaft Gear
Inspect the camshaft gear for cracks (gear and hub),
and chipped/broken/fretted teeth. If replacement is nec-
essary, camshaft and gear are replaced as an assembly.
(Refer to 9 - ENGINE/ENGINE BLOCK/CAMSHAFT &
BEARINGS (IN BLOCK) - REMOVAL).
Thrust Plate
Inspect the camshaft thrust plate for excessive
wear in the camshaft contact area. Measure thrust
plate thickness using the CAMSHAFT THRUST
PLATE THICKNESS CHART. Replace any thrust
plate that falls outside of these specifications:
CAMSHAFT THRUST PLATE THICKNESS CHART
MIN. 9.34 mm (0.368 in.)
MAX. 9.60 mm (0.378 in.)
INSTALLATION
INSTALLATION - CAMSHAFT BEARINGS
(1) Apply a coating of Loctitet640 Adhesive to the
backside of the new bushing. Avoid getting adhesive
in the oil hole.
(2) Use a universal cam bushing installation tool
and install the front bushing so that it is even with
the front face of the cylinder block. The oil hole must
be aligned. A 3.2 mm (0.128 inch) diameter rod must
be able to pass through the hole. (Fig. 61).
(3) Install the rear camshaft bushing is flush with
the rear face of the block. The oil hole must be
aligned. A 3.2 mm (0.128 inch) diameter rod must be
able to pass through the hole.
(4) Measure the installed bushings at the front
and rear bores. The minimum inside diameter is
54.083 mm (2.1293 inch), and the maximum inside
diameter is is 54.147 mm. (2.1318 in.).
INSTALLATION - CAMSHAFT
(1) Lubricate the camshaft bushing and bores with
fresh engine oil or suitable equivalent.
(2) Liberally coat the camshaft lobes, journals, and
thrust washer with fresh engine oil or suitable equiv-
alent.
CAUTION: When installing the camshaft, DO NOT
push it in farther than it will go with the thrust
washer in place.
(3) Install the camshaft and thrust plate. Align the
timing marks as shown (Fig. 62).
(4) Install the thrust plate bolts and tighten to 24
N´m (18 ft. lbs.) torque.
(5) Measure camshaft back lash and end clearance.
BACKLASH Ð 0.075Ð0.250 mm
(0.003Ð0.010 inch)
CLEARANCE Ð 0.025Ð0.500 mm
(0.001Ð0.020 inch)
Fig. 60 Inspecting Oil Hole Alignment
1 - CAMSHAFT BUSHING
Fig. 61 Oil Hole Alignment
1 - CAMSHAFT BUSHING
Fig. 62 Timing Mark Alignment
DRENGINE 5.9L DIESEL 9 - 271
CAMSHAFT & BEARINGS (IN BLOCK) (Continued)

(6) Remove the wooden dowel rods and rubber
bands from the tappets.
(7) Lubricate the push rods with engine oil and
install in their original location.Verify that they
are seated in the tappets.
(8) Lubricate the valve tips with engine oil and
install the crossheads in their original locations.
(9) Lubricate the crossheads and push rod sockets
with engine oil and install the rocker arms and ped-
estals in their original locations. Tighten bolts to 36
N´m (27 ft. lbs.) torque.
(10)Verify valve lash adjustment (Refer to 9 -
ENGINE/CYLINDER HEAD/INTAKE/EXHAUST
VALVES & SEATS - STANDARD PROCEDURE).
(11) Install the cylinder head cover and reusable
gasket (Refer to 9 - ENGINE/CYLINDER HEAD/
CYLINDER HEAD COVER(S) - INSTALLATION).
(12) Install gear housing cover (Refer to 9 -
ENGINE/VALVE TIMING/GEAR HOUSING COVER
- INSTALLATION). Install front crankshaft dust
seal.
(13) Install the crankshaft damper with the speed
indicator ring (Refer to 9 - ENGINE/ENGINE
BLOCK/VIBRATION DAMPER - INSTALLATION).
(14) Install the fan support/hub assembly Refer to
(Refer to 7 - COOLING/ENGINE/RADIATOR FAN -
INSTALLATION).
(15) Install the power steering pump.
(16) Install accessory drive belt tensioner. Torque
bolt to 43 Nm (32 ft. lbs.).
(17) Install the accessory drive belt (Refer to 7 -
COOLING/ACCESSORY DRIVE/DRIVE BELTS -
INSTALLATION).
(18) Install the charge air cooler (with a/c con-
denser and auxiliary transmission oil cooler, if
equipped) and tighten the mounting bolts to 2 N´m
(17 in. lbs.) torque.
(19) Connect charge air cooler inlet and outlet
pipes. Tighten clamps to 11 N´m (95 in. lbs.) torque.
(20) Install the radiator upper support panel.
(21) Close radiator petcock and lower the radiator
into the engine compartment. Tighten the mounting
bolts to 11 N´m (95 in. lbs.) torque.
(22) Raise vehicle on hoist.
(23) Connect radiator lower hose and install
clamp.
(24) Connect transmission auxiliary oil cooler lines
(if equipped).
(25) Lower vehicle.
(26) Install the fan shroud and tighten the mount-
ing screws to 6 N´m (50 in. lbs.) torque.
(27) Install the electronically controlled viscous
fan/drive assembly. Connect harness connector.(Refer
to 7 - COOLING/ENGINE/RADIATOR FAN -
INSTALLATION).(28) Install the coolant recovery and windshield
washer fluid reservoirs to the fan shroud.
(29) Connect the coolant recovery hose to the radi-
ator filler neck.
(30) Add engine coolant (Refer to 7 - COOLING -
STANDARD PROCEDURE).
(31) Charge A/C system with refrigerant (if A/C
equipped) (Refer to 24 - HEATING & AIR CONDI-
TIONING/PLUMBING - STANDARD PROCEDURE).
(32) Connect the battery negative cables.
(33) Start engine and check for engine oil and cool-
ant leaks.
CONNECTING ROD BEARINGS
STANDARD PROCEDURE - CONNECTING ROD
BEARING AND CRANKSHAFT JOURNAL
CLEARANCE
(1) Measure the connecting rod bore with bearings
removedand the bolts tightened to 100 N´m (73 ft.
lbs.) torque..
(2) Measure the connecting rod bore with the bear-
ingsinstalledand the bolts tightened to 100 N´m
(73 ft. lbs.) torque.
Measure within 20É arc from each side of the part-
ing line. Also measure 90É from parting line.
Record the smallest and largest diameter.
Measure the diameter of the rod journal at the
location shown (Fig. 63). Calculate the average diam-
eter for each side of the journal.
Determine minimum bearing clearance by calculat-
ing the differance between the smallest connecting
rod bore diameter with the bearing installed and the
average diameter for each side of the crankshaft jour-
nal.
Determine the maximum bearing clearance by cal-
culating the difference between the largest connect-
ing rod bore diameter and the average diameter with
the bearing installed for each side of the crankshaft
journal.
DESCRIPTION MEASUREMENT
CONNECTING ROD
BORE, BEARINGS
REMOVEDMIN. 72.99 mm (2.874
in.)
MAX. 73.01 mm (2.875
in.)
CONNECTING ROD
BORE, BEARINGS
INSTALLEDMIN. 69.05 mm (2.719
in.)
MAX. 69.10 mm (2.720
in.)
9 - 272 ENGINE 5.9L DIESELDR
CAMSHAFT & BEARINGS (IN BLOCK) (Continued)

If the crankshaft is within limits, replace the bear-
ing. If the crankshaft is out of limits, grind the
crankshaft to the next smaller size and use oversize
rod bearings.
CRANKSHAFT AND GEAR
DESCRIPTION
The crankshaft (Fig. 64) is a forged steel, integrally
balanced unit. It is supported by seven main bear-
ings, with position number six designated as the
thrust journal. The crankshaft is held in place by
main caps and 12 mm capscrews. The crankshaft
also has internal cross drillings to supply the con-
necting rods with engine oil.
REMOVAL - GEAR
(1) Remove the gear housing cover. (Refer to 9 -
ENGINE/VALVE TIMING/GEAR HOUSING COVER
- REMOVAL)
(2) Split the gear and remove it from the crank-
shaft.
INSTALLATION - GEAR
(1) Remove all burrs and make sure the gear sur-
face on the end of the crankshaft is smooth.
(2) If removed, install a new alignment pin. Drive
the pin in using a ball- peen hammer, leaving it pro-truding 1.0 mm (0.039 inch) to 1.5 mm (0.059 inch)
above the crankshaft (Fig. 65).
WARNING: WEAR PROTECTIVE GLOVES TO PRE-
VENT INJURY.
CAUTION: DO NOT heat the gear longer than 45
minutes.
(3) Heat the crankshaft gear for 45 minutes at a
temperature of 149ÉC (300ÉF).Do not use torch,
gear failure will occur.
(4) Apply a thin coat of lubricant to the nose of the
crankshaft.
(5) Position the gear with the timing mark out and
install it on the crankshaft using the alignment pin.
Make sure the gear contacts the shoulder.
Fig. 63 Connecting Rod Journal Diameter Limits
CONNECTING ROD JOURNAL DIAMETER
LIMITS CHART
DESCRIPTION MEASUREMENT
CRANKSHAFT ROD JOURNAL
DIAMETERMin. 68.96 mm (2.715 in.)
Max. 69.01 mm (2.717 in.)
BEARING CLEARANCE Min. 0.04 mm (.002 in.)
Max. 0.12 mm (0.005 in.)
Fig. 64 Crankshaft
Fig. 65 Installing Alignment Pin
1 - ALIGNMENT PIN
DRENGINE 5.9L DIESEL 9 - 273
CONNECTING ROD BEARINGS (Continued)

CRANKSHAFT OIL SEAL - FRONT
REMOVAL
(1) Disconnect both battery negative cables.
(2) Raise vehicle on hoist.
(3) Partially drain engine coolant into container
suitable for re-use (Refer to 7 - COOLING - STAN-
DARD PROCEDURE).
(4) Lower vehicle.
(5) Remove radiator upper hose.
(6) Disconnect coolant recovery bottle from radia-
tor filler neck and lift bottle off of fan shroud.
(7) Disconnect windshield washer pump supply
hose and electrical connections and lift washer bottle
off of fan shroud.
(8)
Remove the fan shroud-to-radiator mounting bolts.
(9)Remove viscous fan/drive assembly. (Refer to 7 -
COOLING/ENGINE/RADIATOR FAN - REMOVAL).
(10) Remove cooling fan shroud and fan assembly
from the vehicle.
(11) Remove the accessory drive belt (Refer to 7 -
COOLING/ACCESSORY DRIVE/DRIVE BELTS -
REMOVAL).
(12) Remove the cooling fan support/hub from the
front of the engine.
(13) Raise the vehicle on hoist.
(14) Remove the crankshaft damper and speed
indicator ring.
(15) Remove power steering pump.
(16) Remove accessory drive belt tensioner.
(17) Remove the gear cover-to-housing bolts and
gently pry the cover away from the housing, taking
care not to mar the gasket surfaces. Remove crank
seal dust shield with cover.
(18) Support the cover on a flat work surface with
wooden blocks (Fig. 68), and using a suitable punch
and hammer, drive the old seal out of the cover from
the back side of the cover to the front side (Fig. 68).
INSTALLATION
(1) Clean cover and housing gasket mating sur-
faces. Use a suitable scraper and be careful not to
damage the gear housing surface. Remove any old
sealer from the oil seal bore. Thoroughly clean the
front seal area of the crankshaft. The seal lip and the
sealing surface on the crankshaft must be free from
all oil residue to prevent seal leaks.
(2) Inspect the gear housing and cover for cracks
and replace if necessary. Carefully straighten any
bends or imperfections in the gear cover with a ball-
peen hammer on a flat surface. Inspect the crank-
shaft front journal for any grooves or nicks that
would affect the integrity of the new seal.
(3) Apply a bead of MopartStud & Bearing Mount
to the outside diameter of the seal. Do not lubricate
the inside diameter of the new seal.(4)
With the cover supported by wood blocks, install
the seal into the rear of the cover using crankshaft seal
installer Special Tool 8281 and driver handle C-4171
(Fig. 69). Strike the driver handle until the installation
tool bottoms out on the inside of the cover.
CAUTION: Do not distort or damage seal.
(5) Install the plastic seal pilot (provided with seal
kit) into the crankshaft seal.
Fig. 68 Removing Seal from Cover
1 - PUNCH
Fig. 69 Installing Seal Into Cover With Tool 8281
1 - SEAL INSTALLER 8281
2 - DRIVER HANDLE C4171
3 - SEAL
DRENGINE 5.9L DIESEL 9 - 275

(6) Apply a bead of MopartSilicone Rubber Adhe-
sive Sealant or equivalent to the gear housing cover
sealing surface.
(7) Install the cover to the gear housing, aligning
the seal pilot with the nose of the crankshaft (Fig.
70).
(8) Install the cover bolts and tighten to 24 N´m
(18 ft. lbs.) torque. Remove pilot tool.
(9) Install dust shield over nose of crankshaft.
(10) Install the crankshaft damper and speed indi-
cator ring. Torque the bolts to 40 N´m (30 ft. lbs.).
Then rotate an additional 60É. Use the engine bar-
ring tool to keep the engine from rotating during
tightening operation.
(11) Install the fan support/hub assembly and
torque bolts to 32 N´m (24 ft. lbs.).
(12) Install power steering pump.
(13) Install accessory drive belt tensioner. Torque
bolt to 43 Nm (32 ft.lbs.).
(14) Install cooling fan (Refer to 7 - COOLING/EN-
GINE/RADIATOR FAN - INSTALLATION).
(15) Install the accessory drive belt (Refer to 7 -
COOLING/ACCESSORY DRIVE/DRIVE BELTS -
INSTALLATION).
(16) Refill cooling system (Refer to 7 - COOLING -
STANDARD PROCEDURE).
(17) Connect battery negative cables.
(18) Start engine and check for oil leaks.
CRANKSHAFT OIL SEAL -
REAR
REMOVAL
(1) Disconnect the battery negative cables.
(2) Remove the transmission and transfer case (if
equipped).(3) Remove the clutch cover and disc (if manual
transmission equipped) (Refer to 6 - CLUTCH/
CLUTCH DISC - REMOVAL).
(4) Remove the flywheel or converter drive plate.
(5) Drill holes 180É apart into the seal. Be careful
not to contact the drill against the crankshaft.
(6) Install #10 sheet metal screws in the drilled
holes and remove the rear seal with a slide hammer
(Fig. 71).
INSTALLATION
CAUTION: The seal lip and the sealing surface on
the crankshaft must be free from all oil residue to
prevent seal leaks. The crankshaft and seal sur-
faces must be completely dry when the seal is
installed. Use a soap and water solution on outside
diameter of seal to ease assembly.
(1) Clean the crankshaft journal with a suitable
solvent and dry with a clean shop towel or com-
pressed air. Wipe the inside bore of the crankshaft
seal retainer with a clean shop towel.
(2) Inspect the crankshaft journal for gouges,
nicks, or other imperfections. If the seal groove in the
crankshaft is excessively deep, install the new seal
1/8º deeper into the retainer bore, or obtain a crank-
shaft wear sleeve that is available in the aftermar-
ket.
(3) Install the seal pilot and new seal, provided in
the replacement kit, onto the crankshaft.
(4) Remove the seal pilot.
(5) Install the installation tool over crankshaft.
(6) Using a ball peen hammer, strike the tool at
the 12, 3, 6, and 9 o'clock positions until the align-
ment tool bottoms out on the retainer (Fig. 72).
Fig. 70 Installing Front Cover with Seal Pilot
1 - SEAL PILOT
Fig. 71 Crankshaft Rear Seal Removal
1 - NO. 10 SCREW
2 - REAR SEAL
3 - CRANKSHAFT
4 - SLIDE HAMMER
9 - 276 ENGINE 5.9L DIESELDR
CRANKSHAFT OIL SEAL - FRONT (Continued)