1993 BMW M3 ind

Rear
speaker,
removing
and
installing



Door
panel
speaker,

removing
and
installing

NOTE
-

Rear
speakers
in
convertible
models
are
installed
un-
der
the
rear
side
panels
.
For
rearside
panelremoval
procedure,
see
411Doors
.

1
.
Working
at
rear
parcel
shelf,
pry
speakercoverby
inner

edge
and
remove
.
See
Fig
.
12
.

0011632

Fig
.
12
.
Pry
up
inner
edge
of
speaker
cover
off
rear
parcel
shelf
.

2
.
Remove
mountingscrews
and
depress
speaker
retain-

ing
clip
.
See
Fig
.
13
.
Lower
speaker
into
trunk
.

Fig
.
13
.
Remove
screws
(A)
and
depress
clip
(B)
.

4
.
Installation
is
reverse
of
removal
.

0011633

3
.
Disconnect
speaker
connector
andremove
speaker

from
box
.

RAM
650-5

1.
On
carswith
side-impact
airbags,
disconnect
negative
(-)
cable
from
battery
.

CAUTION-

Prior
to
disconnecttog
the
battery,
read
the
battery
disconnection
cautions
given
at
the
front
of
this
manual
on
page
vi¡¡
.

2
.
Remove
inner
door
panel
.
See
411
Doors
.

WARNING
-

Some
1997
and
all
1998
model
year
cars
are
equipped
with
front
side-impact
airbags
in
the
front
doors
.
When
servicing
the
doors
with
front
side-im-
pact
airbags,
alwaysdisconnect
the
negative
()
battery
terminal
.
See
721Airbag
System
(SRS)
for
cautions
and
procedures
relating
to
theairbag
sys-
tem
.

3
.
On
back
of
door
panel,
remove
nut
on
top
of
speaker
retaining
bracket
and
remove
bracket
from
behind

speaker
.
See
Fig
.
14
.

Fig
.
14
.
Speaker
retaining
nut
(arrow)
.

4
.
Disconnect
speaker
connector
from
harness
connector
and
remove
loudspeaker
forwardthrough
door
panel
.

5
.
Installation
is
reverse
of
removal
.
Install
side-impact

airbag
using
new
screws
.
See
721
Airbag
System

(SRS)
.

RADIO
AND
SPEAKER
SERVICE

650-
6
RADIO

Radio
Connector



Tablea
.
Radio
Connector
Terminal
Designation

Table
a
lists
radio
connector
terminal
designations
.
The
pin

numbers
are
identified
in
Fig
.
15
.

20103040
50

60
90
7
0
0
80
110120130140150160
170

Fig
.
15
.
Radio
connector
.
See
Tablea
.

RADIO
AND
SPEAKER
SERVICE

Terminals
1-17

C1)
Connector

0011850

Connector
SignalTerminal

1



1
Speaker,
left
front
+
2



1



Speaker,
right
front
+
3



1
Speaker,
left
rear
+

4



1
Telephone
mute
feature
(where
applicable)

5



1
Positive
(terminal
R)

6



1
Frontspeaker,
left

7



1
I-bus
connection
(diagnostics)

8



Speaker,
left
front

9



1
Constant
positive,
Terminal
30

10



Speedometer
signal
for
speed-sensitive
volume
control
(where
applicable)

11



1



Speaker,
rightfront

12



1
Speaker,
left
rear

13



1
Illumination
(terminal
58G)

14



Speaker,
right
rear

15



1
Ground
(terminal
31)

16



Automatic
antenna
or
window
antenna
amplifier
or
premiumsound
system
amplifier

17



Notassigned

!'~_T-

720-
4



SEAT
BELTS

REAR
SEAT
BELT
ASSEMBLY

On
4-door
E36
models,
there
are
two
3-point
shoulder
belts

and
a
center
lap
beltin
back
.
On
2-doormodels,
there
is
no

center
rear
lap-belt
.

In
models
with
the
stationary
rear
seat
back,
the
shoulder

belt
reels
are
bolted
to
themiddle
of
the
parcel
shelf
.
In
modeis

with
fold-down
rearseat
back,
the
shoulder
belt
reels
are
at-

tached
to
the
folding
seat
back
.

The
rearseat
belt
assemblies
are
shown
in
Fig
.
7
.

Fig
.
7
.



Detafs
of
rearseat
belt
assembly
.

Seats
.

REAR
SEA
T
BELT
ASSEMBLY

1
.
Remove
rear
seat
cushion
and
backrest
.
See
520

2
.
Remove
plastictrim
cover
over
shoulder
belt
reels
from
rear
window
shelf
.
See
Fig
.
8
.

3
.
Remove
rear
window
shelf
.
See
Fig
.
9
.

4
.
Unbolt
andremove
shoulder
belt
reels
.

NOTE-

The
shoulder
belt
anchor
belts
also
hold
thecenter
lap-
belt
in
place(where
applicable)
.
Be
sure
to
note
relative
positions
of
metal
belt-end
anchors
in
order
to
reas-
semble
correctly
.

body
next
to
rear
door
frame
.

8
.
Installation
is
reverse
of
removal
.

5
.
Remove
shoulder
belt
anchor
bolt
frombeneath
rear
seat
.



WARNING
-

Alignment
tabs
on
seat
belt
reels
must
be
rein-
stalled
in
their
original
positions

Fig
.
8
.



Remove
rear
shoulder
belt
reel
trim
cover
from
rear
window
shelf
.
Unclip
plastic,
then
slide
off
shoulder
belts
as
shown
by
arrows
.

Rear
seat
belt,
removing
and
installing



Fig
.
9
.
Remove
rear
window
shelf
.
Speaker
grilles
and
third
brake

(fixed
seat
back
modeis)



light
socket
will
have
to
be
removed
.
The
front
of
the
shelf
lifts
offits
clips
(black
arrows)
before
the
shelf
slides
forward
.

6
.
On
4-door
models
:
Unbolt
shoulder
belt
lock
bolt
from

7
.
On
2-door
models
:
Remove
rearside
panel
asde-
scribed
in
411
Doors
.
Unbolt
shoulder
belt
lock
bolt
from
body
nextto
quarter
panel
.

Tightening
Torques

"
Rear
seat
belt
reelbolt,
anchor
bolt,
or
lock
boltto
body
.
.
.....
.
...
...
.
48
Nm
(36
ft-Ib)

721
Airbag
System
(SRS)

Airbag
Systems
.......
.
...
.
.
.
.
.
....
.
.
.
.
721-1

AIRBAG
SENSORS
AND
ELECTRONICS
721-2

SRS
Warning
Light
and
Fault
Display
.
.
.
.
.
..
721-2

Airbagcontact
ring,
replacing
........
.
.
.
.
.
721-3

Airbag
crash
sensor,replacing
..
.
....
.
...
.
721-4

ZAE
control
module,
replacing
.
.
.
.........
721-5

GENERAL

This
repair
group
covers
only
removal
and
installation
of
air-
bag
components
.
Airbag
system
repair
and
fault
diagnosis
is
not
covered
here
.
Diagnostics,
component
testing,
and
airbag
system
repair
should
be
carried
out
by
trained
BMW
service
technicians
.

NOTE-

Special
test
equipment
is
required
to
retrieve
SRS
fault
codes,
diagnose
system
faults,
and
resetltum
off
the
SRS
indicator
light
.
The
SRS
indicator
light
will
remain
on
until
any
problem
has
been
corrected
and
the
fault
memory
has
been
cleared
.

When
servicing
cars
equipped
with
SRS,
the
precautions

on
this
page
mustbeobserved
to
prevent
personal
injury
.

Airbag
Systems

The
airbag
system
installed
on
E36
cars
through
the
1993
model
year
consisted
of
a
single
airbag
in
the
steering
wheel
.
This
systemcan
be
identified
by
the
orange
crash
sensors
lo-
cated
on
the
front
wheel
wells
and
the
absence
of
a
passenger
side
airbag
.

The
ZAE
airbag
system,
starting
in
model
year
1994
(pro-
duction
date9/93
and
later),
provides
both
a
driver
side
and
a
passenger
sideairbag
.
On
ZAE
vehicles,
the
crash
sensorsare
integrated
into
the
airbag
control
module,
located
under
thecenter
of
the
rear
seat
.
The
ZAE
control
module
triggers

deployment
of
the
airbags
When
it
sensos
the
vehicle
deceler-
ating
at
a
rate
equivalent
to
a
head-on
collisionof
at
least
13
mph
(18
km/h)
.

In
some
1997
4-door
models
and
all
1998
models,
side-impact
airbags
were
installed
in
the
front
doors
.
The
airbag
units
are

mounted
behindthe
door
trim
panels
.
Caution
mustbeused

when
working
on
vehicle
systems
in
the
proximity
of
air
bags,
such
as
the
steering
column,
the
dashboard,
or
the
doors
.

AIRBAG
SYSTEM
(SRS)



721-1

GENERAL
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.......
.
......
.
.
.
.
721-1



Front
side-impact
airbag
crash
sensor,
removing
and
installing
....
.
.....
.
.....
.
721-5

AIRBAGS



..............
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
721-5

Driver
side
airbag,
removing
and
installing
.
.
.
721-5

Passenger
side
airbag,

removing
and
installing
..............
.
.
.721-6

Front
side-impact
airbag,
removing
and
installing
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
......
.721-7

WARNING
-

"
Airbag(s)
are
inflated
byan
explosive
device
.
Handled
improperly
or
without
adequate
safe-
guards,
the
System
can
be
very
dangerous
.
Spe-
cial
precautions
must
be
observed
prior
to
any
work
ator
near
the
driverside
airbag,
the
passen-
ger
side
airbag
(where
applicable)
or
the
side-im-
pact
airbags
(where
applicable)
.

"
The
airbag
is
a
vehicle
safety
system
.
Serious
in-
jury
may
result
if
System
service
is
attempted
by
persons
unfamiliar
with
the
BMW
SRS
and
its
ap-
proved
service
procedures
.
BMW
advises
that
all
inspection
and
service
be
performed
by
an
autho-
rized
BMW
dealer
.

"
Always
disconnect
the
battery
and
cover
the
neg-
ative
()
battery
terminal
with
an
insulator
before
startingdiagnostic,
troubleshooting
or
service
worknot
associated
with
SRS,
and
before
doing
any
welding
on
the
car
.

"
If
an
airbag
has
been
activated
due
to
an
acci-dent,
BMW
specifies
that
SRS
components
be
replaced
.
For
more
information
on
post-collision
SRS
service,
see
an
authorized
BMW
dealer
.

"
Do
not
allow
the
airbag
unit
to
come
in
contact
with
cleaning
solutions
orgrease
.
Never
subject
an
airbag
unit
to
temperatures
aboye
212°F
(100°C)
.
When
reconnecting
the
battery,
no
per-
son
should
be
inside
the
vehicle
.

"
Always
place
an
airbag
unitthat
has
been
re-
moved
from
its
packaging
with
the
padded
sidefacing
upward
.
Do
not
leave
an
airbag
unlt
unat-
tended
.

"
!f
the
airbag
unit
or
airbag
control
modulehas
been
dropped
froma
height
of
!
1
2
meter
(1
Y2
ft.)
ormore,
theairbag
unit
should
not
be
installed
.

Aírbag
system
components
are
shown
in
Fig
.
1.

GENERAL

721-2



AIRBAG
SYSTEM
(SRS)

Fig
.
1
.



Airbag
system
components
.

AIRBAG
SENSORSAND
ELECTRONICS

CA
UTION-

"
If
an
airbag
is
activated,
the
following
compo-
nents
must
be
replaced
:
Airbag
with
contact
ring
;
-Pyrotechnic
seat
belt
tensioners
(if
fitted)
;
-SRS
Control
module
;
-Impact
sensors
;
All
airbags
which
did
not
deploy
.

"
Consult
your
BMW
dealer
for
parts
and
service
information
.

TheE36
airbag
system
consists
of
the
following
compo-

nents
:
crash
sensors
(in
earlycars,
through
1993),
an
elec-

tronic
control/monitoring
module
(with
integrated
crash

sensor
in
ZAE
systems),
an
indicator
light
in
the
instrument
panel,
and
inflatable
airbags
equipped
with
gas
generators
in

the
steering
wheel
and
in
the
passenger
side
of
the
instrument

panel
(ZAE
systems)
.

Some
1997
and
al¡
1998
carsalso
have
side-impact
airbags

in
the
front
doors
.

AIRBAG
SENSORS
AND
ELECTRONICS

1.
Crash
sensors
(through
1993)



wheel
2
.



SRS
control
module
in
front
of



5
.



Side-impact
airbags
(1997/98)
glove
compartment
(through



6
.
ZAE
control
module
under
rear
1993)



seat
(from
1994)
3
.



Passenger
side
airbag
unit
in



7
.
Side-impact
airbag
crash
sensors
dashboard
(ZAE
system)



in
door
silis
(1997/98)
4
.



Driver
side
airbag
unitin
steering



8
.



Knee
bolsters

In
addition
to
the
airbags,
the
vehicles
are
equipped
wíth

knee
bolsters
for
extra
protection
.

SRS
Warning
Light
and
Fault
Display

The
airbag
system
utilizes
a
self-diagnostic
control
module

to
detect
and
store
system
faults
.
If
a
fault
is
detected,
the

SRS
indicator
in
the
instrument
cluster
comes
on
and
stays

on
.

When
the
ignition
key
is
tumed
on,
the
indicator
light
will
illu-

minate
for
approximately
4-6
seconds
.
The
illuminated
light

indicates
the
self-testof
the
electronic
control/monitoring

module,
the
ignítors
and
crash-sensorcircuits,
and
the
system

wiring
.
The
airbag
system
should
be
inspected
byan
autho-

rized
BMW
dealer
if
the
indicator
light
does
not
come
on,
ifit

does
not
go
out
in
approximately
4-6
seconds
after
switching

onthe
ignition,
or
if
the
light
comes
on
during
driving
.
If
the

system
has
detected
a
fault,
the
light
will
come
on
and
stay
on
.

1
.
Disconnect
negative
(-)
cable
from
battery
and
cover

negative
terminal
with
insulating
material
.

CA
UTION-

Prior
to
disconnectiog
the
battery,
read
the
battery
disconnection
cautions
given
at
the
front
of
this
manual
on
page
viii
.

2
.
Remove
driver
sideairbag
from
steering
wheel
.
See

Driver
side
airbag,
removing
and
installing
in
this

repair
group
.

3
.
With
wheels
facing
straight
ahead
and
steering
wheel

centered,
remove
steering
wheel
.
See320
Steering
and
Wheel
Alignment
.

4
.
Remove
contact
ring
cover
(flat
plastic
ring
containing

warning
text)
from
steering
wheel,
íf
applicable
.

5
.
Disconnect
ground
wire,
if
applicable

6
.
Lift
out
plastic
lock
from
steering
wheel,
if
applicable
.

See
Fig
.
2
.

0011903

Fig
.
2
.



Airbag
contact
ring
lock(arrow)
.
Pry
out
lock
and
remove
spríng
from
behind
lock
.
Some
airbag
steering
wheels
are
not
equipped
with
contact
ring
lock
.

WARNING
-

"
The
contact
ring
lock
holds
the
contact
ring
in
the
centered
position
.
Once
the
lock
is
removed,
the
contact
ring
is
free
to
rotate
.
Do
not
allow
the
con-

tact
ring
to
rotate
once
the
lock
is
removed
.

"
If
the
contact
ring
is
accidentally
rotated
outof
center,
turn
the
ring
either
fully
clockwise
orcoun-
terclockwise,
then
turn
in
the
opposite
direction
3
complete
revolutions
until
the
alignment
arrow
canbe
seen
through
the
lock
opening
.

AIRBAG
SYSTEM
(SRS)



721-
3

Airbagcontact
ring,
replacing



7
.
Remove
mounting
nutsor
screws
from
contact
ring
.

See
Fig
.
3
.
Disconnect
wire
lead(s)
andremove
contact

The
airbag
contact
ring
is
mounted
to
the
rear
of
the
steer-



ring
from
rear
of
steering
wheel
.

ing
wheel
and
is
made
up
of
a
wireribbon
that
cofs
and
un-

coils
as
the
steering
wheel
is
tumed
.
The
contact
ring
assures
continuous
electrical
contact
to
the
driver
side
airbag
unit
.

Fig
.
3
.



Airbag
contact
ring
mounting
fasteners(arrows)
.

8
.
Installation
is
reverse
ofremoval,noting
the
following
:

"
Coat
horn
slip
ring
(electrical
contact
ring)
with
CRC
®
copper
paste
before
installing
steering
wheel
.

"
Press
on
lower
lock
until
it
ís
fully
engaged
.

"
When
installing
contact
ringlock,
make
sure
lock

spring
engages
pins
on
lock
and
lock
cover
.

"
Special
instructions
apply
when
installing
airbag

equipped
steering
wheel
.
See320
Steering
and

Wheel
Alignment
.

Early
cars
(through
1993)
:

"
Route
wiring
lead
for
horn
through
squareopening
in

steering
wheel
.

"
When
installing
a
new
contact
ring
from
BMW,
remove

locking
screw
after
installing
the
contact
ringto
steer-

ing
wheel
.
See
Fig
.
4
.

"
Lock
contact
ring
mounting
fasteners
in
place
using

lacquer
paint
or
varnish
.

0011904

Fig
.
4
.



Airbag
contact
ring
locking
screw
(arrow),
as
installed
on
new

replacement
part
from
BMW
(early
production
cars)
.

AIRBAG
SENSORS
AND
ELECTRONICS

Fig
.
8
.



Airbag
crash
sensor
mountingscrews
(arrows)
on
early
cars
.
Note
Torx
screws
with
anti-tamper
pin
in
screw-head
.

ZAE
control
module,
replacing

NOTE-

Some
versions
of
early
ZAE
control
modules
are
no
longer
available
from
BMW
.
When
replacing
control
modules
on
cars
built
between
September
1993
and
June
1994,
consulta
BMW
parts
department
for
the
lat-
est
information
on
retrofitting
the
later
module
.
3
.
Remove
orange
SRS
connector
from
its
holder
and
carefully
separate
connector
.
Refer
to
Fig
.
7
.
1
.
Disconnect
negative
(-)
cable
from
battery
and
cover

negative
terminalwith
insulating
material
.



4
.
Working
behind
steering
wheel,
completely
loosen
Torx

screws
(T30)
while
holdingairbag
in
place
.
See
Fig
.
9
.
2
.
Lift
rearseat
cushion
.
Unplug
harness
connectors
and



Support
airbag
unit
toprevent
it
from
falling
out
.
remove
ZAE
airbag
control
module,
which
is
bolted
to

top
of
driveshaft
tunnel
.

3
.
Installation
is
reverse
of
removal
.

Front
side-impact
airbag
crash
sensor,

removing
and
installing

1
.
Disconnect
negative
(-)
cable
from
battery
and
cover

negative
terminal
with
insulating
material
.

2
.
Remove
front
seat
.
See520
Seats
.

3
.
Convertible
:
remove
rear
seat

4
.
Remove
plastic
door
sill
trim
.

5
.
Fold
up
carpet
in
back
of
front
seat
.

6
.
Pull
off
connector
from
crash
sensor,
which
is
located

under
rugnext
to
door
si¡¡
.

7
.
Remove
sensorby
removing
screws
.
Note
direction
ar-

row
before
removing
sensor
.

8
.
Installation
is
reverse
of
removal,noting
direction
arrow

on
sensor
.

AIRBAGS

AIRBAG
SYSTEM
(SRS)



721-
5

Driver
side
airbag,

removing
and
installing

1
.
Disconnect
negative
(-)
cable
from
battery
and
cover
negative
terminal
with
insulating
material
.

WARNING
-

On
cars
with
ZAE
system
:
If
theairbag
system
has
detected
a
fault
(SRS
indicator
illuminated),
a
wait-
ing
period
ofat
least
ten
minutes
must
be
observed
before
removing
the
airbag
from
the
steering
wheel
.
This
will
allow
the
system
capacitor
to
discharge,
re-
ducing
the
possibility
of
a
trigger
pulsebeinggener-
ated
to
the
airbag
.

CAUTION-

Prior
to
disconnecting
the
battery,
read
the
battery
disconnection
cautions
given
at
the
front
of
this
manual
on
page
vi¡¡
.

2
.
Remove
lower
steering
column
trim
mounting
screw

andremove
lower
trim
.
Refer
to
Fig
.
6
.

Fig
.
9
.



Driver
sideairbag
unit
mounting
screws
(arrows)
.

0011893

AIRBAGS

GENERAL

This
section
contains
wiring
diagrams
for
1992
through

1998
BMW
3
Series
models
.

WARNING
-

On
cars
equipped
with
airbags,
special
precautions
apply
to
any
electrical
testing
or
repair
.
The
airbag
unit
is
an
explosive
device
and
must
be
handled
with
exterme
care
.
Before
starting
any
work
onan
airbag
equipped
car,
refer
to
the
warnings
and
cau-
tions
in
720
Seatbelts
and
721
Airbag
Systems
(SRS)
.

NOTE-

The
"



gear
position/neutral
safetyswitch
is
also
some-
timesreferred
to
as
the
automatic
transmission
range
switch
.

"
The
EWS
11
system
is
also
sometimes
referred
to
as
the
Driveaway
Protection
System
or
the
electronic
im-
mobilization
system
.

ELECTRICAL
WIRING
DIAGRAMS



ELE-1

Electrical
Wiring
Diagrams

GENERAL
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
................
.
.
.
ELE-1



Horns



.....
.
.....
.
.
.
....
.
.
.
.
.
...
.
.
ELE-153

Instrument
Panel
.
.
.
.
.
.
..............
ELE-165

ELECTRICAL
WIRING
DIAGRAMS
...
.
.
.
ELE-2



Interior
Lights/Illumination
.............
ELE-211

ABS



..............
.
.
.
.....
.
.....
ELE-117



Lumbar
Control
.
....................
ELE-247

ABS/AST
.............
.
.
.
...
.
.
.
.....
ELE-120



On-Board
Computer
..................
ELE-173

Airbag
(Supplemental
Restraint
System)
..
ELE-140



Park
Ventilation
.
.
.
...........
.
...
.
..
ELE-139

Air
Conditioning
and
Heating
.
.
.
.
.
.
.....
ELE-129



Power
Distribution
......
.
...
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
...
.
ELE-2

Anti-Theft
(Alpine)
..........
.
.
.
...
.
...
ELE-144



Power
Door
Locks
.
.
......
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
ELE-226

Anti-Theft
(EWS
II)
.
........
.
.
.
...
.
...
ELE-150



Power
Mirrors
...
.
.
.
......
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
ELE-241

Body
Computer
Module
.....
.
.....
.
...
ELE-176



Power
Seats
......
.
......
.
.
.
...
.
.
.
..
ELE-243

Charging
System



.
.
................
.
.
.
ELE-67



Power
Sunroof
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
...............
ELE-248

Convertible
Top
.
.
.
.
................
.
.
ELE-253



Power
Windows
.
.
.
.
.
.
.....
.
.........
ELE-231

Cruise
Control
..
.
.
.
...........
.
....
.
.
ELE-112



Radio/Cassette/CD/Speakers
..........
ELE-255

Data
Link
Connector
................
.
.
.
ELE-86



Rear
Window
Defogger
...............
ELE-160

Engine
Cooling
.......
.
.......
.
....
.
.
.
ELE-94



Shift
Interlock
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
...............
ELE-110

Engine
Management
...
.
.......
.
....
.
.
.
ELE-70



Starting
....
.
.
.
.
.
...
.
................
ELE-63

Exterior
Lights
........
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
......
ELE-194



Transmission
Electronics
.
..............
ELE-96
Ground
Distribution
....
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.......
ELE-35



Warning
System
:
Chimes
.............
ELE-178

Headlights/Foglights
...
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
......
ELE-180



Wiper/Washer
.
.....
.
...............
ELE-155

Heated
Seats
........
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
......
ELE-245

ELECTRICAL
COMPONENT
LOCATIONS

Relayand
fuse
positions,
ground
locations
...........
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
................
seeRepair
Group
610

CAUTION-

Always
switchthe
ignition
off
and
disconnect
the
negative
(-)
battery
cablebefore
removing
any
electrical
components
.

"
Prior
to
disconnecting
the
battery,
read
the
bat-tery
disconnection
cautions
given
at
the
front
of
this
manual
on
page
viii
.

"
Connect
and
disconnect
ignition
system
wires,
multiple
connectors
and
ignition
test
equipment
leads
only
while
ignition
is
switched
off
.

-Always
switch
a
test
meter
to
the
appropiate
func-
tion
and
range
before
making
test
connections
.

"
All-Season
Traction
(AST)
is
also
referred
to
as
ASC
or
ASC+T
.

GENERAL